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PubMed2000

Humoral immune response following hepatitis B vaccine booster dose in children with and without prior immunization.

One hundred and twenty-three children who had received no, incomplete and complete primary hepatitis B vaccination but had negative or very low anti-HBs titer were immunized with a single dose of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Blood tests for anti-HBs were obtained at 30 +/- 5 days after the booster immunization. Twelve of 18 (66.7%) children without prior immunization (group 1) seroconverted following the single dose Seroconversion rates in children who had undetectable anti-HBs with incomplete and complete primary immunization (group 2 and 3) were 83.34% and 94.5%, respectively. All children with complete 3- dose vaccination but who had low anti-HBs titer (group 4) also seroconverted. This study confirmed that immunological memory, allowing a protective anamnestic response, lasted at least 8 years in children who had received primary HB immunization with undetectable anti-HBs. Therefore, we conclude that the booster dose after complete vaccination is not necessary in healthy children.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2001

Commentary: Immune escape versus tumor tolerance: how do tumors evade immune surveillance?

Despite an increasing understanding of immunological mechanisms it is still not clear how tumors evade immune-surveillance of the host and how tumors interact with the immune-system. In particular, the question whether tumors arise because of an insufficient immune response or whether tumor cells employ active strategies to escape the control of the immune system is still open. Data from a great number of in vitro studies and animal models offer arguments for both the theory of an immune escape as well as that of tumor tolerance. In this article the available results regarding the mechanisms of host-tumor-interaction are discussed with focus on these two contrary hypotheses.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Studies on rat complement. I. Immune adherence and immune hemolysis activities of rat serum.

The measurement of immune adherence reactivity of rat complement is possible at 20 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, EA rat C1423b site was destroyed by C3b inactivator present in rat serum. The optimal temperature for immune hemolysis reactivity of rat serum is either at 20 degrees C or 21 degrees C and dose response curve showed Von Krough equation with 1/n = 0.25 +/- 0.02. Al lower temperature, rat complement showed much more effective formation of C3 site to reacti with human erythrocyte in immune adherence as compared with guinea pig complement. The measurement of immune adherence reactivity of rat complement was not possible due to C3b inactivator at 37 degrees C but possible at 20 degrees C. It is possible due to lowering the reactivity of C3b inactivator and keeping the reactivity to form active C3b site in immune adherence reaction. Rat complement is more effective to make C3 site as compared with guinea pig complement. This explains the reason why EDTA rat serum has known to be most effective source of late acting complement for measurement of C1 and C2.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Investigations on the immune status of operated and irradiated cases of cervical and breast cancer I. immune status before and after surgery of cancer of the cervix, stages I b and II a(author's transl)].

12 patients were investigated in regard to their state of humoral immunity by means of the following determinations: IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations in the serum, hetero- and isoagglutinins, tetanus antitoxin before and after immunization with toxoid measles antibodies and the percentage of lymphocytes with membrane fluorescence. The cellular immunity was investigated in some patients with determination of the percentage of spontaneously-rosetting lymphocytes, of the DNCB skin-test reactivity before and after sensitization with DNCB and of skin-test reactivity to candida, trichophyton, varidase, OT and staphylo antigen. The functional efficiency of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was investigated by means of the NBT test and Staph. aureus, E. coli and Latex particles. All investigations were performed before, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after surgery. 4 methods only amongst the entire spectrum employed in the investigation proved to give sufficient evidence of signs of decreased efficiency of the immune response in the investigated patients: determination of tetanus antitoxin before and after immunization, a distinct increase in titre being observed only in 5 cases, determination of the sensitization to DNCB, which was positive only in 4 cases and determination of skin-test reactivity to varidase and OT, which was found to be less frequently positive than in controls. However, all these reactions showed no evidence of any correlation to surgical management and appeared merely to reflect characteristic responses of these cancer patients. Moreover, with the exception of the decrease in lymphocytes, no changes were detected in the data obtained by the other methods used in this study which might show some reflection of an alteration in response following surgery.

Antibodies, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1975

Influence of antibody-mediated immune suppression on clinical, viral, and immune responses to swine influenza infection.

Antibody-mediated immune suppression occurred when newborn pigs with naturally acquired passive antibody were exposed to seine influenza virus. Frequency and relative ease of recovery of virus from nasal secretions were inversely related to the concentration of specific passive antibody existing at time of exposure. Severe overt respiratory signs during the acute stages of the disease were observed only in pigs with low passive antibody concentrations. The concentration of passive antibody at the time of exposure determined the immune status of the pig during the convalescent stage of disease. Infection could occur in the presence of high passive antibody concentrations, but the pig was not immunologically stimulated. Reexposure after the decay of passive antibody produced primary immune respone, severe clinical reinfection, and recovery of virus from nasal secretions for a period of time similar to that seen in pigs having their first exposure. Infection of newborn pigs with low passive antibody concentrations led to immunologic priming. A second exposure to virus produced a secondary immune response, mild clinical disease, and shortened time during which virus was recovered from nasal secretions. The relevance of these studies for the practice of vaccination or infections of the dam before parturition so that the neonate will have specific passive immunity is discussed.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2005

The immunization data quality audit: verifying the quality and consistency of immunization monitoring systems.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the consistency and quality of immunization monitoring systems in 27 countries during 2002-03 using standardized data quality audits (DQAs) that had been launched within the framework of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. METHODS: The consistency of reporting systems was estimated by determining the proportion of third doses of diphtheria-tetanuspertussis (DTP-3) vaccine reported as being administered that could be verified by written documentation at health facilities and districts. The quality of monitoring systems was measured using quality indices for different components of the monitoring systems. These indices were applied to each level of the health service (health unit, district and national). FINDINGS: The proportion of verified DTP-3 doses was lower than 85% in 16 countries. Difficulties in verifying the doses administered often arose at the peripheral level of the health service, usually as the result of discrepancies in information between health units and their corresponding districts or because completed recording forms were not available from health units. All countries had weaknesses in their monitoring systems; these included the inconsistent use of monitoring charts; inadequate monitoring of vaccine stocks, injection supplies and adverse events; unsafe computer practices; and poor monitoring of completeness and timeliness of reporting. CONCLUSION: Inconsistencies in immunization data occur in many countries, hampering their ability to manage their immunization programmes. Countries should use these findings to strengthen monitoring systems so that data can reliably guide programme activities. The DQA is an innovative tool that provides a way to independently assess the quality of immunization monitoring systems at all levels of a health service and serves as a point of entry to make improvements. It provides a useful example for other global health initiatives.

Child↗
PubMed1991

Immunization with soluble murine CD4 induces an anti-self antibody response without causing impairment of immune function.

The T cell surface molecule CD4 (L3T4 in mouse) is important in the T lymphocyte response to Ag presented in association with MHC class II molecules. To examine the role of CD4 in immune function, we expressed a soluble form of murine CD4 by deleting the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the L3T4 gene and transfecting the altered gene into Chinese hamster ovary cells. The recombinant soluble mouse CD4 (smCD4) retained the native conformation of the external portion, as indicated by the binding of L3T4 mAb. In vitro, smCD4 did not inhibit class II-dependent, Ag-specific, T cell proliferation or MLR, even at concentrations 300-fold greater, on a molar basis, than that of anti-CD4 mAb. Immunization of mice with smCD4 induced a strong anti-CD4 response. These antibodies showed some binding to native cell surface CD4, indicating that immunization with smCD4 generated an anti-self response. Analysis of lymphoid cells from spleen, lymph node, and thymus of smCD4-treated mice revealed no alteration in subset phenotypes. Also, Th cell function, as measured by response to soluble Ag, was not compromised. Thus, smCD4 did not inhibit T cell activity in vitro, and the autoimmune response arising from immunization with smCD4 had no apparent consequences for normal immune function.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of specific immune response to unadsorbed concentrated tetanus vaccine administered by intradermal route to non-immunized persons in the last ten years.

Investigations of anti-tetanus response, in 404 subjects, most of them aged 60, being non-immunized for at least 10 years, stressed out the fact that 28.7% were not protected and 6.18% presented a protecting titer of 0.01 IU/ml, evaluated by "in vivo" protection test in mice. Some subjects were immunized with unadsorbed Tetanus vaccine (10 Lf/0.1 ml/dose) by i.d. route, using Jet-injector, and the others with adsorbed Tetanus vaccine (0.5 ml/dose), by i.m. route, using the needle and syringe. The vaccines were well tolerated and adverse reactions were not recorded. After 30 days, a single vaccine dose produced a protecting effect in 97.45% of non-protected subjects, belonging to i.d. immunized group, and also in 93.33% belonging to i.m. immunized group. 30 days after the administration of a second dose, protection set up in all subjects, no matter of vaccine type and administration route used. For a continuous reduction of tetanus morbidity, the authors suggest a specific periodical immunization of non-protected persons, selected by serological screening, using unadsorbed Tetanus vaccine, administered by i.d. route by means of the Jet-injector.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1990

[Immune response and post inoculation reactions of simultaneous administration of hepatitis B vaccine with routine vaccine in children, III. Immune response and post inoculation reactions of simultaneous administration of hepatitis B vaccine and BCG, meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine].

The results of the immune response and post inoculation reactions of simultaneous administration of BCG, meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine were reported. 360 newborn babies (1-3 days of age) were divided into five groups. The babies in group No. 1 were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine alone, babies in group No. 2 were vaccinated with BCG for scarification within 3 days after delivery and meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine in 6 months of age; babies in group No. 3 were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, BCG for scarification and Meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine simultaneously, babies in group No. 4 were vaccinated with intradermal BCG and Meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine separately, babies in group No. 5 were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine, intradermal BCG and meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine simultaneously. The results of the immune response of the combination of hepatitis B vaccine with BCG, meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine were similarly to the immune response observed after immunization of each vaccine alone in children. The general post inoculation reactions of all vaccines were mild. There was no significant difference among all 5 groups. The data showed that children could be immunized with hepatitis B vaccine, BCG and meningococcus group A polysaccharide vaccine simultaneously.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

[The resistance of a maternally-derived immunity of baby mice against mousepox--experiments regarding a special possibility of immunization with orthopox viruses (author's transl)].

In the scope of research concerning new proplylactic possibilities against mousepox we tested the resistance of a passive immunity of baby mice whose mothers had been immunized before or during pregnancy several times with either the vaccinia virus strains MVA, CVB or the so-called attenuated ectromelia virus strain "Hampstead" respectively. The vaccines CVB and "Hampstead" were found to cause the production of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies only. A passively-transmitted immunity of baby mice was proven to be effective against an intraperitoneal challenge-infection with a virulent ectromelia virus strain for as long a period as 3 weeks after birth, if their mothers had been vaccinated with either of the following: 10(2,0) and 10(4,0) KID50 of the "Hampstead" strain, or one of the vaccinia virus strains in a dosage 100-times as large. The vaccination did not lead to an intrauterine infection of the fetuses. After 224 tissue culture passages in mouse fibroblast cells (line 3T6), THE "Hampstead" strain was found te be still virulent for baby mice; however, female adult mice which had been intraperitoneally inoculated with 10(2,0) and then 10(4,0) KID50 two weeks later demonstrated no signs of mousepox. The possibility for using this ectromelia virus strain instead of vaccinia virus for active immunization against mousepox of young animals under the protection of a homologous passive immunity is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Protective immunization against Treponema pallidum using specific immune complexes--an attempt.

Rabbits were immunized using isolated and dissolved specific immune complexes obtained from patients suffering from early syphilis. After immunization the rabbits were infected intradermally with living Treponema pallidum. Some of them did not develop lesions at the infection sites. In comparison to controls there was a delayed and reduced production of antibodies. The effect of immunization may be induced by a treponemal protein antigen as a constituent of the specific immune complexes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Selection of an intravenous immune globulin for the immunoprophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infections: an in vitro comparison of currently available and previously effective immune globulins.

In an attempt to select an i.v. immune globulin to be used for the immunoprophylaxis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants, we conducted an in vitro comparison of three newly available commercial i.v. immune globulins with two CMV hyperimmune globulin products shown to be efficacious in previous CMV immunoprophylaxis studies. We compared these products for both CMV immunoreactive antibody titer by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for in vitro functional activity by virus neutralization using both standard laboratory and wild clinical isolates of CMV. All five products had high titers of CMV-specific IgG when assayed by ELISA, ranging from 1:1600 to 1:25,600; the two hyperimmune products had the highest titers as expected. However, both hyperimmune products, despite having much higher CMV-IgG titers by ELISA, had CMV neutralizing antibody titers only equivalent to those found in two of the three standard i.v. immune globulin products tested (mean of 1:500-1:1000). One of the three commercial immune globulins tested had a lower mean neutralizing antibody titer in lots assayed compared to the other products (mean of 1:50). There was thus no direct or predictable correlation in any of the products tested between the quantity of CMV-IgG as measured by ELISA and in vitro functional activity as measured by virus neutralization. We also noted marked variation between different lots of the same product in all three commercially available immune globulin products. To insure that both current and future CMV immunoprophylaxis trials are standardized, the quantity as well as the functional activity of CMV-specific antibodies in products used need to be determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1979

Immune activation by T-independent antigens: lack of effect of macrophage depletion on the immune response to TNP-LPS, PVP and dextran.

Carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide, and rabbit anti-mouse macrophage serum, were used to inhibit macrophage function in BALB/c mice as well as to deplete macrophages from spleen cell cultures in an attempt to determine the requirement for macrophages in the immune response to several thymus-independent antigens. Carrageenan inhibited macrophage function and was cytotoxic at low concentrations. The ability of T and B lymphocytes to undergo mitogen-induced proliferation in the presence of PHA and PLS, respectively, was not affected by in vitro exposure of lymphoid cells to carrageenan. BALB/c mice injected with carrageenan demonstrated a suppressed immune response to SRBC, a thymus-dependent antigen, but not to E. coli LPS, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone or dextran B-1355S, all of which are known to be thymus independent antigens. The sensitivity of the in vivo immune response to SRBC after depletion of macrophages by carrageenan treatment was confirmed in vitro using the Marbrook--Diener culture system. The in vitro immune response to TNP-LPS was unaffected by either carrageenan treatment or treatment of BALB/c spleen cells with AMS and complement. The results of experiments which utilized the two anti-macrophage reagents, carrageenan and AMS, both in vivo and in vitro systems, suggest that the immune response to thymus-independent antigens does not require the participation of macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The humoral immune response of mice to intra-mammary immunization with ovalbumin.

Groups of lactating mice were immunized intra-mammarily on the second day of lactation with 20 micrograms, 150 micrograms or 400 micrograms of ovalbumin (OVA). This resulted in the appearance of IgG in serum, and IgA and IgG in milk. In serum, no IgA antibodies were detected 16 days after immunization in any of the groups. The serum response of IgG was variable and not related directly to the immunizing dose. Both IgA and IgG antibodies were absent in milk 5 days after immunization and IgG antibody level in milk increased significantly throughout lactation as measured 10 and 15 days after inoculation. No IgA antibodies appeared in the milk of the 20 micrograms and 150 micrograms group; however, responses appeared in milk with the highest dose (400 micrograms), but the number of responders for IgG increased in milk but not in blood. The results suggest that intra-mammary immunization can provoke a local IgA response in milk, and that serum is not a major source of IgG in that fluid. Moreover, the kinetics of the IgA and IgG responses differ.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Disturbed immune-endocrine communication in autoimmune disease. Lack of corticosterone response to immune signals in obese strain chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis.

Antigenic challenge as well as injection of lymphokine-containing media lead to a transient increase of serum glucocorticoids, a phenomenon that has been implicated in the regulation of the specificity of immune responses. In the present study we examined the dialogue between the immune and the neuroendocrine systems in Obese strain (OS) chickens, an animal model for human Hashimoto thyroiditis. The following results were obtained: A) OS and normal White Leghorn (NWL) chickens, 5-mo-old, were immunized with sheep red blood cells followed by daily monitoring of corticosterone (CN) serum levels. Whereas in NWL animals CN serum levels markedly increase 3 to 4 days after immunization, OS animals did not respond with CN elevation. B) A single i.v. injection of conditioned medium (CM) from concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells also led to a transient, dose-dependent peak in plasma CN (maximum after 30 min). This CN response to a given CM preparation was significantly lower in OS than in NWL animals. C) CM, whether obtained from OS or NWL splenocytes, were equally effective to stimulate CN production. D) A single i.v. injection of CM leads--concomitantly to the CN peak--to a decrease of the concanavalin A-mediated proliferative response of peripheral blood lymphocytes in both OS and NWL chickens. This suppression, however, was significantly more pronounced in NWL chickens. In summary, these data suggest a disturbance of the immune-neuroendocrine communication in OS chickens with spontaneous thyroid autoimmunity. The possible implications for the generation of "forbidden" autoimmune responses are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Immune protective mechanisms during pregnancy. I. Cell-mediated immunity against Listeria monocytogenes in pregnant mice.

Characteristics of protective mechanisms during pregnancy were investigated using neonatally thymectomized (NTx) and/or pregnant mice infected with sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, of which the explosive growth at an early phase of 2 or 3 days after infection is prevented by non-immune macrophages, and complete elimination at a late phase from 4 to 10 days after infection is attributed to the augmented functions of macrophages in co-operation with lymphokine-producing sensitized T lymphocytes. Although in virgin control mice there was a gradual decline of bacteria from the day after infection, viable bacteria in pregnant mice showed an increase in number until Day 3. In such pregnant mice, carbon clearance was suppressed. Thus, the enhanced bacterial growth in pregnant mice within 3 days may be attributable to the suppressed functions of non-immune macrophages. Complete elimination of Listeria from Day 4 was observed in pregnant sham-operated mice as well as in non-pregnant and pregnant NTx mice. Twenty-four hour reaction of delayed-type in normal mice induced by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) was not affected by pregnancy, while 48 hr reaction in mice immunized with SRBC in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was suppressed by pregnancy. We have reported previously that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was produced in the latter but not in the former, and that the tuberculin type of delayed hypersensitivity accompanied by MIF production scarcely participated in acquired resistance to Listeria. Effective elimination of Listeria in pregnant and/or NTx mice at a late phase may be attributable to the activity of cellular immunity comparable to 24 hr reaction. These results suggest that T cells showing a low degree of thymus dependency in the ontogenic development may be the major component required for acquired protective immunity against Listeria and may account for the protection in pregnant mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1973

Immunity in experimental cholera: effect of parenteral immunization with vaccines and toxoid.

The protection conferred by parenteral cholera vaccines and cholera toxoid was determined in the rabbit ileal loop model of experimental cholera. Vibrio cholerae strains belonging to two different serotypes were employed, for immunization and challenge, to differentiate antibacterial and antitoxic immunity patterns. It was found that vaccines were protective but cholera toxoid was not, although serum antitoxin levels were high after administration of the latter. Antibacterial immunity was strictly serotype-specific, with evidence of cross-protection only between Ogawa and Inaba subtypes of serotype 1. Bivalent serotype 1 vaccines conferred protection against homologous challenge strains but immunity to Inaba infection was of shorter duration than immunity to Ogawa infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Onset of progeny immunity against viral arthritis/tenosynovitis after experimental vaccination of parent breeder chickens and cross-immunity against six reovirus isolates.

Immunization of breeder chickens by eyedrop with viral arthritis/tenosynovitis vaccine strain S1133 (73rd egg passage) gave no immunity against day-old oral challenge of their progeny at 1 week postvaccination of the breeders, but progeny immunity was observed at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 weeks postvaccination of the breeders. Oral cross-challenge of immune progeny with viral isolates from Connecticut, West Virginia, California, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota showed that in vitro neutralization of an isolate by anti-S1133 antiserum correlated with in vivo immunity of the progeny against oral day-old challenge with such an isolate.

Animals↗