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PubMed2001

[Involvement of pharyngeal muscles in compensatory responses of the respiration system to inspiration resistance load].

The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that recruitment of upper airway muscles in loaded breathing is a result of integration of peripheral chemoreceptor and pulmonary mechanoreceptor afferents. Experiments were performed in spontaneously breathing tracheostomized anesthetized rabbits. It had been studied the effects of inspiratory resistive loading to EMG activity of genioglossus muscle. In the intact rabbits the peak value and duration of inspiratory activity of genioglossus increased in loading. Imposition of resistive load in vagotomized animals did not evoke alteration in inspiratory activity of genioglossus in the first loaded breath. Hyperoxia decreased the response of genioglossus muscle to inspiratory loading and vagatomy. We conclude that hypoxic stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors and decrease in volume-related afferent activity from pulmonary stretch receptors are major mechanisms of the upper airway muscle recruiment in inspiratory resistive loading.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Relationship between respiratory muscle electromyogram and rib cage motion in tetraplegia.

In an attempt to understand the intersubject variation in rib cage motion in tetraplegia, and to assess the isolated action of the diaphragm on the human rib cage, we studied the pattern of rib cage motion in relation to the pattern of nondiaphragmatic respiratory muscle electromyogram (EMG) in 20 tetraplegic patients breathing at rest in the seated posture. The general pattern included a greater expansion of the lower than of the upper rib cage, and a greater and earlier expansion of the lower rib cage in its transverse than in its anteroposterior (AP) diameter. However, whereas the upper rib cage moved paradoxically inward with inspiration in 11 patients, it did not move or slightly expanded in 9 patients; in 1 of these, all rib cage diameters increased in the same proportion during inspiration as during relaxation. This intersubject variation was not related to the duration of tetraplegia, the pattern of the abdominal muscle EMG, or the presence of continuous spastic EMG activity in the parasternal intercostals. By contrast, it was related in part to the pattern of scalene EMG activity: upper rib cage AP paradox was present in 7 of 8 patients with spastic or silent scalenes but only in 4 of 12 patients with phasic inspiratory scalene EMG activity. When studied during quiet breathing in the supine posture, the 8 subjects with denervated scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles still showed inspiratory increase in the rib cage transverse diameter, but in 7 patients the lower rib cage AP diameter decreased in concert with the upper rib cage AP diameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗