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PubMed1989

UCHL1-positive extranodal lymphoma resembling multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were done on paraffin sections from a patient with alimentary tract lymphoma resembling multiple lymphomatous polyposis of the gastrointestinal tract (MLP). Diffuse, but not follicular, proliferation of medium-sized lymphoid cells was noted in the polypoid lesions of the alimentary tract, peripancreatic lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. These cells possessed a T-cell-related antigen (UCHL1), but were negative for the B-cell-related and myeloid cell-related antigens examined. Because neoplastic cells in MLP are usually of B-cell origin, the current case will provide important information on the relation between phenotypes and morphologic patterns of proliferation.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Deceptive bizarre stromal cells in polyps and ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract.

The clinical and pathologic features of 33 pseudomalignant lesions of the gastrointestinal tract with bizarre stromal cells are reported. Deceptive histologic changes were identified in ulcers of seven patients and in inflammatory polyps of 26. A misdiagnosis of malignant neoplasm was made in six of the 33 patients (three polyps and three ulcers). A history of gastrointestinal bleeding and/or inflammatory bowel disease was common. The bizarre stromal cells were usually distributed beneath the ulcerated mucosa or within granulation tissue. They stained strongly for vimentin in 20 of 23 cases. Some of the bizarre cells also stained for muscle specific actin (seven of 23 cases). The cells appear to be reactive fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. Follow-up information obtained on 24 of the 33 patients (including four of the six cases initially diagnosed as malignant) revealed 22 patients to be alive without evidence of a malignant neoplasm (average follow-up, 13 months). Two patients died of other causes. Correct recognition of these bizarre stromal cells in gastrointestinal ulcers and inflammatory polyps will prevent a potentially serious diagnostic pitfall.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Locations and innervation of cell bodies of sympathetic neurons projecting to the gastrointestinal tract in the rat.

The locations of cell bodies of sympathetic neurons projecting to the stomach, the duodenum, the ileum, the colon, the spleen and the pancreas have been studied using retrograde tracing. Projections arose from both pre- and paravertebral ganglia. In the rat, the prevertebral ganglia are the paired coeliac ganglia lying caudo-lateral to the root of the coeliac artery, paired splanchnic ganglia in the abdominal segments of the greater splanchnic nerves, unpaired superior mesenteric and inter-renal ganglia and the inferior mesenteric ganglia. The projections from the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia to the different parts of the gut were organised somatotopically. The most rostral ganglia (splanchnic, coeliac, and superior mesenteric ganglia) contained neurons innervating all regions of the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas and the spleen. The inter-renal and inferior mesenteric ganglia, located more caudally, contained neurons innervating the distal part of the gut (distal ileum and colon). The innervation of the spleen and the pancreas came from the closest ganglia (sympathetic chains, splanchnic and coeliac ganglia). This organotopic organisation was not found in the sympathetic chain ganglia; the innervation of all organs came predominantly from the lower part of the thoracic chains. A large proportion of the retrogradely labelled nerve cells in the splanchnic ganglia received nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive innervation probably from the spinal cord. In the other prevertebral ganglia, most of the neurons received nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive innervation and/or bombesin immunoreactive innervation. This leads to the conclusion that, in these ganglia, many neurons receive projections from the gastrointestinal tract in addition to the spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

The actions of caerulein on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract and the gall bladder.

1. In the intact conscious dog, caerulein causes emesis and evacuation of the bowel. The mean effective dose by the intravenous route is 0.4-0.5 mug/kg, and by the subcutaneous route 3-4 mug/kg.2. The gall bladder in situ or as an isolated preparation is highly sensitive to caerulein. A few ng/kg injected intravenously are sufficient to stimulate the gall bladder in situ and less than 1 ng/kg per min is effective when infused intravenously. The isolated gall bladder is contracted by caerulein in concentrations as low as 0.03-2 ng/ml. Krebs solution. There is no tachyphylaxis but, generally, a good dose-response relationship. Hence the gall bladder, especially that of the guinea-pig, appears to be very suitable for the bioassay of caerulein and related peptides.3. In situ, the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract is also highly sensitive to caerulein. Doses as low as 1-5 ng/kg, administered intravenously, have a spasmogenic action on jejunal loops of the dog, and slightly larger doses contract the small intestine of the cat. The stomach and the large intestine seem to be somewhat less sensitive to the polypeptide. Caerulein has a considerable spasmogenic action on the rat pylorus but relaxes the sphincter of Oddi of the guinea-pig.4. Isolated preparations of the gastrointestinal tract are relatively insensitive to caerulein and tachyphylaxis occurs readily.5. Blockade with atropine produces different effects in different intestinal segments and in different animal species. The spasmogenic action of caerulein on the gall bladder is atropine-resistant.6. The effects of caerulein are similar to those of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in the organs tested in situ or as isolated preparations. Caerulein, however, is always more potent than cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, even on a molar basis. Compared with caerulein, human gastrin I has negligible activity.7. The possible use of caerulein in cholecystography is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Immunohistochemistry of HLA-H, the protein defective in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, reveals unique pattern of expression in gastrointestinal tract.

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a common autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism that leads to excessive iron storage in the liver and other organs. Recently, between 83 and 100% of HH patients have been found to be homozygous for the same mutation in a novel major histocompatibility complex class I-like gene, called the HLA-H gene. The Cys-282 --> Tyr mutation in HH patients would be expected to disrupt the function of the HLA-H gene product by altering a critical disulfide bridge. As a first step in understanding the function of the HLA-H gene product, we generated an antibody to a C-terminal peptide and used it for immunolocalization of the HLA-H protein in the gastrointestinal tract of Finnish and American subjects presumed not to have HH. Although staining for the HLA-H protein was seen in some epithelial cells in every segment of the alimentary canal, its cellular and subcellular expression in the small intestine were quite distinct from those seen in other segments. In contrast to the stomach and colon, where staining was polarized and restricted to the basolateral surfaces, and in contrast to the epithelial cells of the esophagus and submucosal leukocytes, which showed nonpolarized staining around the entire plasma membrane, the staining in small intestine was mainly intracellular and perinuclear, limited to cells in deep crypts. Prior genetic evidence suggested that a defective HLA-H protein is the molecular basis of HH. Here we show that the HLA-H protein not only varies in its pattern of expression along the cranial/caudal axis of the gastrointestinal tract but that it has a unique subcellular localization in the crypts of the small intestine in proximity to the presumed sites of iron absorption.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1998

[The inhibitory effect and the mechanism of ethanol absorption by L-carnosine zinc complex in mouse gastrointestinal tract].

The effect of L-carnosine-zinc complex(Car-Zn) on ethanol absorption was investigated after oral administration(adm) to mice. One hour after oral adm of Car-Zn, and 14C-ethanol was given orally or intraperitoneally(i.p.). After passage of time, the blood was drawn from the tail vein, and 14C-radioactivities determined. The Car-Zn showed a dose-dependent inhibition of the appearance of 14C-radioactivities in blood following oral 14C-ethanol loading, while Zn acetate did not induce any alteration as compared with control. Car-Zn pretreatment did not induce any change in the blood 14C-radioactivity when ethanol was given i.p. The 14C-radioactivity and zinc in gastrointestinal tract after oral adm of Car-Zn and 14C-ethanol showed significantly higher levels than those of control for 7 hr. Distribution of 14C-radioactivities in other organs of Car-Zn treated mice were lower than those of control 3 hr after adm, while it was similar or higher than those of control 7 hr after adm. The excretions of 14C-radioactivity through expiration in Car-Zn group was a lower than that of control. Also, the urinary and fecal excretions of 14C-radioactivity were low values at 5.0% and 0.5% of the administered dose 72 hr after adm, respectively. Also, the 14C-radioactivities remaining in the organs did not detect or were very low values. In vitro study, Car-Zn stimulated the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetic acid in 9,000 g supernatant of small intestine. The major route of excretions of 14C-radioactivity may be excreted into the expired air. The results suggest that Car-Zn shows a long-term adhesive and permeable action on gastrointestinal tract in the mouse; as a result, this may inhibited ethanol absorption.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

[The inhibitory effect and the mechanism of ethanol absorption by zinc complex in mouse gastrointestinal tract].

The inhibitory effect of ethanol absorption by zinc cysteine (Cys-Zn) and zinc acetylcysteine (ACys-Zn) were studied in mice. This mice orally received Cys-Zn, ACys-Zn, Cys or Zn acetate, and after 1 hr, 14C-ethanol was given orally or intraperitoneally (i.p.). At various times, blood was drawn from the tail vein and 14C-radioactivities determined. Cys-Zn and ACys-Zn inhibited the appearance of 14C-radioactivities in blood following oral 14C-ethanol loading, but Cys and Zn acetate caused no changes as compared to the control. Cys-Zn pretreatment did not induce any change in the blood 14C-radioactivity when ethanol was given i.p. The levels of 14C-radioactivity and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration (adm) of Cys-Zn and 14C-ethanol were significantly higher than those of the control for 7 hr. At 72 hr after adm, the urinary and fectal excretions of 14C-radioactivity were low when Cys-Zn was given at the dose of 5.0% or 0.5%. The excretion of 14C-radioactivity through expiration in both cys-Zn and control mice was about 28% of the dose at 5 hr after adm. Distributions of 14C-radioactivities in other organs of Cys-Zn treated mice were lower then those of the control. In the vitro study, Cys-Zn stimulated the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetic acid in the 9,000 g supernatant of the small intestine. The results suggest that zinc complex shows a long-term adhesive and permeable action on the gastrointestinal tract in mice, and this inhibited ethanol absorption.

Acetates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon release from a soil matrix in the in vitro gastrointestinal tract.

Soil ingestion is an important exposure route by which immobile soil contaminants enter the human body. We assessed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) release from a contaminated soil, containing 49 mg PAH kg(-1), using a SHIME (Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem) reactor comprising the stomach, duodenal, and colon compartments. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon release was defined as that fraction remaining in the digest supernatant after centrifugation for 5 min at 1500 x g. The PAH release in the stomach digest was only 0.44% of the total PAH present in soil, resulting in PAH concentrations of 23 micrograms PAH L(-1) chyme. The lower PAH releases in duodenum (0.13%) and colon (0.30%) digests, compared with the stomach digest, were thought to be attributed to combined complexation and precipitation with bile salts, dissolved organic matter, or colon microbiota. We studied these complexation processes in an intestinal suspension more in depth by preparing mixtures of 9-anthracenepropionic acid, a Bacillus subtilis culture, and cholin as model compounds for PAHs, organic matter, and bile salts, respectively. Bile salts or organic matter in the aqueous phase initially enhance PAH desorption from soil. However, desorbed PAHs may form large aggregates with bile and organic matter, lowering the freely dissolved PAH fraction in the supernatant. Using the model compounds, mathematical equations were developed and validated to predict PAH complexation processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Contaminant release and subsequent complexation in the gut is an important prerequisite to intestinal absorption and thus bioavailability of that contaminant. The data from this research may help in understanding the processes to which PAHs are subjected in the gastrointestinal tract, before intestinal absorption.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

Managing side-effects in radiotherapy with regard to the gastrointestinal tract.

Three different means of diminishing discomfort during radiation therapy of the gastrointestinal tract are demonstrated and discussed: 1. Use of the smallest possible treatment volumes in medically well developed regions with good possibilities for follow-up of all patients. 2. Regular consultations, with advice concerning food intake and dental hygiene 3. Use of the drug sucralfate, which may improve tolerance against the radiation-induced damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Liaison Office: an attempt to organise clinical research in Europe.

The Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer Liaison Office (GITCLO) was developed in an attempt to organise the increasing body of clinical research in gastrointestinal tumours in Europe. This paper represents an analysis, by tumour localisation, of the trials collected for the second edition of the GITCLO booklet. The list of cooperative groups, chairmen and study coordinators is given with their respective telephone and telefax numbers. A total of 84 trials were collected, conducted by 46 co-operative groups in 14 countries. For each organ and stage of disease, a summary of concepts investigated is given with the references of the study co-ordinator. Obviously, too many questions are raised at the same time. In colorectal cancer, for example, a total of 41 trials exploring 22 concepts are currently open for patients' registration. We hope that the present attempt to clarify the situation of clinical research in the field of gastrointestinal cancers in Europe will speed up therapeutic progress in the best interest of the patients.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1985

A prospective study of the treatment of high-grade histology non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the gastrointestinal tract.

Thirty-six patients presenting with stage II-IV primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of high-grade pathology were treated in a prospective study from 1975 to 1983 with combined modality therapy. A complete response rate of 56% was obtained and the overall 5-yr survival rate was 36%. The 5-yr relapse-free survival rate of the complete remitters was 79%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the remission achieved (P less than 0.001) and the completeness of primary surgery (P = 0.018) would reliably predict the duration of overall survival. The finding of diffuse histiocytic histology (Rappaport) predicted longer relapse-free survival. The majority of deaths were related to intra-abdominal complications and not to disseminated lymphoma. Gastrointestinal tract non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of high-grade pathology of all stages is curable with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy following surgery to remove as much macroscopic disease as is possible.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗