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PubMed2005

[Preparation and characterization of a novel adsorbent made by cellulose acetate].

A novel adsorbent made by cellulose acetate was developed. Preparation method, structure, and adsorbing characterization of the adsorbent were discussed. SEM results showed that the surface of round adsorbent was stable membrane of cellulose acetate, free from obvious cracks, holes, or other defects; while the cross section of the adsorbent was meshy and a lot of cavities were found. The adsorption results of 4 organochlorinated pesticides, such as Dieldrin, Aldrin, Endrin and Heptachlor, show that the adsorbent has higher efficient for organic pollutants, the adsorption rate is about 85% after 12 h. The adsorption rate is faster with the higher lgKow, and the removal efficiency of Heptachlor and Aldrin is up to 99% after 0.5h. The adsorbent can be used to remove persistent organic pollutants effectively.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1990

[Organochlorine compounds in human milk].

The impact of life style characteristics and chemical exposure conditions of about 80 nursing women on the contents of Organochlorine compounds (OCC) in their breast milk is analyzed and described by a robust statistical procedure. Information on independent variables such as age, diet, smoking, occupation and chemical exposures is obtained by a questionnaire. Concentrations of HCB alpha-, beta-, gamma-HCH, Heptachlorepoxide, Dieldrin, DDE and PCB in milk samples are measured and serve as dependent variables. By logistic regression we quantify the influence of combinations of several independent variables on the probability of being extremely contaminated with at least one OCC. We also study the pattern in which OCC are associated with each other. There are distinct pairwise correlations of the four main contaminants: HCB, beta-HCH, DDE and PCB. These correlations entail that a woman with a high PCB concentration, for example, is more likely of being also contaminated above average with the remaining contaminants. We define a simple load score and compare its different theoretical distributions under the assumption of presence or absence of the correlations. By this we can show that the proportion of heavily contaminated women is underestimated, if the OCC associations are ignored. We therefore recommend that the pattern of OCC-correlations in human milk is further studied in more representative samples. These investigations should also comprise occupationally exposed women.

Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene↗
PubMed1977

Role of the Food and Drug Administration concerning chemical contaminants in animal feeds.

Chemical contamination of animal feeds and feed ingredients is of concern to the Food and Drug Administration. Contamination by industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls; heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury; and pesticides such as dieldrin and chlordane exemplify the problem in feeds and the resulting problem of tissue residues in human foods.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Effects of pesticides on 3H-dihydrotestosterone binding to cytosol proteins from various tissues of the mouse.

These in vitro studies, utilizing cytosols prepared from various tissues (viz. anterior prostate gland, seminal vesicle, kidney and liver) taken from mice 3 days post-castration, were undertaken in order to determine whether or not certain pesticides could alter the binding of 3H-DHT to cytosolic androgen binding components. Estrone, cyproterone acetate, and unlabeled DHT were employed to confirm the presence of specific 3H-DHT binding components in the cytosols. The effects of various pesticides on 3H-DHT binding in these tissue cytosols were then assessed. Parathion (10(-8)--10(-5) M) was found to be an effective inhibitor of total 3H-DHT binding in the prostate, seminal veiscle, kidney and liver. This organophosphate was unable to compete with 3H-DHT for cytosol binding sites in the intestine. Similar in vitro binding studies using dieldrin, DDT, or carbaryl failed to reveal any interference with 3H-DHT binding in any of the tissue studied. The mechanism of parathion's interference with 3H-DHT binding is unclear.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Macrophage functional activities versus cellular parameters upon sublethal pesticide exposure in mice.

The toxicity of selected organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate pesticides on the functions and cellular parameters of peritoneal macrophages was examined in inbred C57Bl/6 mice. Effects of single, sublethal pesticide exposure on macrophages were determined by analysis of the cell viability, cell adherence capacity, generation of superoxide anion (O2-), antigen processing, phagocytosis of Salmonella typhimurium, and resistance to in vitro virus-induced cytopathic effects (cpe) after infection with mouse hepatitis virus 3 (MHV3). Most of the studies were done for the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin, which inhibited several macrophage functions, such as phagocytosis of S. typhimurium, release of the single processed protein antigen avidin, and resistance to MHV3 virus-induced cpe. The virus-induced cytolysis in macrophage cultures was significantly increased after in vivo exposure to single sublethal doses of other selected pesticides, such as guthion, carbofuran, sevin, and matacil. However, none of the selected pesticides, used in sublethal (0.4 less than or equal to LD50 less than or equal to 0.6) doses appeared to be a factor impairing the O2- -generating system in chemically elicited or immunologically activated peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, sublethal pesticide exposure can induce a significant impairement of several macrophage functions, such as phagocytosis, antigen processing, and resistance to virus-induced cytolysis. Inhibition of the O2- -generating system by sublethal pesticide exposure, however, can be excluded as a mechanism of potential suppressory action of these pesticides on antiviral and antibacterial host defence systems in which macrophages play a primary role.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Metabolism and in vitro binding of several organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides to calf thymus DNA and rat liver microsomal proteins].

The organophosphorus insecticide ethyl-parathion was transformed by rat liver microsomes into metabolites which were bound to calf thymus DNA, in large amount. When the rats were treated by phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, the metabolite binding to DNA was increased two-fold. By contrast, in the same conditions, the organochlorine insecticides, aldrin, dieldrin and gamma hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane), did not yield metabolites able to bind to DNA and to proteins.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1979

Organochlorinated pesticides in the Argentine Antarctic sector and Atlantic coastline waters.

The presence of organochlorinated pesticides in water samples drawn in the Argentine Antarctic Sector and Atlantic coastline has been proved. In general, these samples showed quantities that varied between a few hundredths of a ppmm to slightly more than 1 ppmm, although in some cases and for certain pesticides, depending on the locations, the levels found were definitely higher. With the exception of Dieldrin, which appeared in only one sample/in what would seem to be its course few hundredths of a ppm, to slightly more than 1 ppmm, although in some cases and for certain pesticides found were the same as those reported in previous investigations. The isolated cases of high pesticide contents in water samples drawn at wharves and of snow in the vicinity of Almirante Brown Base show up clearly the influence of human activity on the contamination of the environment.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1977

A study of pesticide residues in Michigan's general population, 1968-70.

A study undertaken in Michigan from August 1968 to April 1970 showed that the county of residence was the most significant factor for determining pesticide residue levels in humans. Occupation, sex, and location of residence were also determined to be associated with blood residue levels. Residues of sigmaDDT and dieldrin were greater in persons 45 years or older. No relationships were detected between blood hemoglobin and blood residue values. In general, as the blood levels for glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, and creatinine increased, so did the levels of pesticide residues. However, when all variables were used, no equation could be developed which would reliably predict a blood residue level given these demographic characteristics.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Residues of chlororganic and phosphorganic phitodrugs in samples of honey produced in Emilia-Romagna (author's transl)].

Forty-five samples of honey produced in Emilia-Romagna between June and September 1974 have been subjected to gaschromatography to check for the presence of residues of chlororganic and phosphorganic phytodrugs. Residues of chlororganic phytodrugs in appreciable amounts have been found to be present in 11 samples only, more precisely lindane has been reported in 6 samples, aldrin in 4 samples, DDT in 4 samples, DDD and dieldrin respectively in one sample only. The higher concentration for DDT has been 0,04 ppm. No residues of phosphorganic phytodrugs have been found to be present in any of the samples examined. As the presence of residue has been observed only in a small number of samples and low concentration have been found, we belive that the problem of honey pollution by phytodrug residues is a minor one, even when related to the situation of foods in general.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1982

In vitro uptake and transfer of chlorinated hydrocarbons among human lipoproteins.

The uptake, distribution, and exchange of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (dieldrin and chlordecone) and biphenyls (2,4,5-2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl and 3-chlorobiphenyl) among human lipoproteins was examined by fluorescence quenching, gel filtration, and ultrafiltration. The chlorinated hydrocarbons were rapidly taken up from solution or silica particles by lipoproteins. The distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons among the lipoproteins was independent of the amount taken up by the lipoproteins. The partition coefficient for each lipoprotein and the serum concentration of individual lipoproteins determined the distribution pattern of chlorinated hydrocarbons among lipoproteins. The chlorinated hydrocarbons attached to albumin or one of the lipoproteins were rapidly transferred to all other lipoproteins. The exchange was complete in less than one minute. The role of rapid exchange of chlorinated hydrocarbons among lipoproteins in removal of these chemicals from blood and distribution to other tissues is discussed.

Biphenyl Compounds↗
PubMed1984

[Exceptional resistance of Malagasy plague-transmitting fleas to insecticides].

Two plague transmitting malagasy fleas S. fonquerniei and X. cheopis, caugh in the cities of Tananarive, Antsirabe-Betafo and Ampefy were tested in conformity with WHO standards. These two fleas were resistant to DDT, dieldrin and malathion, Moreover, X. cheopis from the cities of Tananarive and Antsirabe-Betafo were resistant fenitrothion and propoxur. It seems to be first description of simultaneous resistance to organochlorinated, organophosphorylated and carbamylated products. The authors discuss the causes of this exceptional phenomenon, and make some suggestions in order to obtain a better knowledge and understanding of this phenomenon.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Insecticide susceptibility studies of three cryptic species of the Anopheles balabacensis complex.

Susceptibilities of two colonies of the taxon An. dirus (one from Perlis and from Thailand) and one colony of An. balabacensis from Sabah to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, fenitrothion and propoxur were determined. DDT and fenitrothion tolerance was found in An. dirus species B and An. balabacensis. No resistant strain was isolated as the two colonies were not either homozygous or nearly so for resistance. Field testing of the susceptibility of the adults of An. balabacensis to DDT was carried out between 1957 to 1976. The results indicated a progressive rise in the LC50 levels greater than 1% in almost all instance. The variation in the number of sprays applied in some districts have resulted in varying sensitivities. Association between the changes in levels of DDT susceptibility and exophilic habit of An. balabacensis has been observed but needs further confirmation. The significance of these findings and the difficulties in distinguishing tolerant from truly resistant individuals are discussed in relation to accurate species identification.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Field measurement of the effective dominance of an insecticide resistance in anopheline mosquitos.

Anopheles culicifacies that were susceptible, heterozygous, or homozygous resistant to HCH and dieldrin were differentially marked with fluorescent dusts and released twice weekly into village huts in Pakistan that had been sprayed with four different dosages of HCH to see which of the genotypes died and which survived. The three highest dosages killed all three genotypes in the first four weeks, and heterozygotes and susceptibles for at least 12 weeks. The lowest dosage killed all the susceptibles throughout the period, and all but 0.07% of the heterzygotes. Thus the resistance is effectively recessive at the higher dosages and unlikely to be selected rapidly, as long as the gene frequency is low to start with and the houses are sprayed regularly. Similar releases of partially and completely resistant A. stephensi, and completely resistant A. subpictus, showed greater survival rates on exposure to the high HCH dosages than the same genotypes of A. culicifacies.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Organochlorine insecticide concentrations in fish of the Des Moines River, Iowa, 1977-78.

Organochlorine insecticides were measured in fish of the Des Moines River, Iowa, in 1977 and 1978 to determine whether concentrations exceeded allowable levels and to compare differences among species. Significant differences in mean concentrations of dieldrin, sigma DDT, and heptachlor epoxide in whole-body samples of seven species of fish, Dorosoma cepedianum, Carpiodes carpio, Cyprinus carpio, Ictalurus punctatus, Pomoxis annularis, Micropterus salmoides, Stizostedion vitreum, could not be adequately explained by body size, position of species in the food chain, or percent body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pesticide residues in composited milk collected through the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Network.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has implemented a comprehensive monitoring program to determine the incidence and levels of organohalogen pesticide residues in milk representing most of the U.S. supply consumed in metropolitan areas. Residue findings for 806 composite milks collected through the Pasteurized Milk Program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1990-1991 are reported. Milk was collected on a monthly basis from 63 stations selected by EPA for radionuclide monitoring. These stations provide an estimated 80% of the milk delivered to U.S. population centers. At each station, milk from selected sources had been composited to represent the milk routinely consumed in its metropolitan area. Portions of these composites were forwarded to an FDA contract laboratory for pesticide residue analysis. Pesticide residues were found in 398 (49.4%) of 806 test samples, on the basis of a 0.0005 ppm limit of detection for each residue on a whole-product basis. A total of 455 occurrences of pesticide residues were found; p,p'-DDE and dieldrin accounted for 384 (84.4%) of these occurrences. The highest level was 0.019 ppm p,p'-DDE.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Control of malaria vectors in tropical Africa (author's transl)].

Indoor spraying with residual insecticides is at present the most effective method of malaria control. Following the failures observed during the campaigns of malaria control using D.D.T., B.H.C. and dieldrin, the W.H.O. has undertaken a wide programme for evaluating and testing new insecticides. The principal compounds tested are discussed. Only four insecticides have been held back: malathion, propoxur, fenitrothion and dichlorvos. However this compounds are very expensive and less remanent than D.D.T.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Lobster GABA receptor subunit expressed in neural tissues.

A cDNA encoding an ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunit was isolated from a lobster (Homarus americanus) cDNA library. A longer version of this cDNA, containing a 108-bp insert, was also detected. The two cDNAs are predicted to encode alternatively spliced proteins of 485 and 521 amino acids, respectively. The sequences were most similar to the Drosophila RDL (resistance to dieldrin) GABA subunit with 54% identity, and 30-35% identity with vertebrate ionotropic GABA receptor subunits. Only the shorter clone formed functional ion channels when transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. GABA caused a Cl(-)-selective current in the presence of GABA that was blocked by picrotoxin. The GABA-induced current was weakly sensitive to the GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline, but was enhanced by pentobarbital. Expression of the GABA receptor mRNA was highest in brain and the olfactory organ, but was not detected in leg muscle. These data suggest that the isolated cDNAs are likely to encode proteins that comprise subunits of native GABA receptors expressed in olfactory receptor neurons and projection neurons of the olfactory deutocerebrum.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1994

Cyclodiene resistance at the insect GABA receptor/chloride channel complex confers broad cross resistance to convulsants and experimental phenylpyrazole insecticides.

This study investigated the pharmacological profile of cyclodiene resistance in Drosophila melanogaster and the mode of action of a phenylpyrazole insecticide, JKU 0422. Toxicological studies were performed with a sucrose bait assay containing the synergist piperonyl butoxide. The Maryland strain of D. melanogaster was resistant to dieldrin, lindane, picrotoxinin, TBPS, p-CN-TBOB, and JKU 0422. In contrast, this strain was susceptible to cypermethrin and the avermectins MK-243, abamectin, and abamectin 8,9-oxide. Neurophysiological studies showed that both TBPS and JKU 0422 reversed the inhibitory action of GABA in central nerve preparations from susceptible D. melanogaster. However, the response to these compounds was attenuated in nerve preparations from the resistant Maryland strain, which indicated that the resistance was expressed at the level of the nerve. Topical toxicity bioassays with JKU 0422 on susceptible (CSMA) and cyclodiene-resistant (LPP) strains of German cockroach revealed a resistance ratio of 553-fold for this compound. These studies demonstrate that cyclodiene resistance in D. melanogaster confers broad cross resistance toward compounds thought to block the GABA-gated chloride channel in a manner similar to the cyclodienes. Moreover, the cross resistance extends to JKU 0422, and resistance to this compound is also present in a strain of cyclodiene-resistant German cockroach. These toxicological results, along with the neurophysiological studies, confirm that JKU 0422 has a mode of action that is similar to the cyclodienes and TBPS. These findings suggest that the introduction and use of new chloride channel antagonists as insecticides should be managed carefully in order to prevent the rapid development of resistance in the field.

Animals↗