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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

[Quality assurance in food microbiology laboratories].

In the paper the quality assurance system in food microbiology laboratories to ensure the reliability of the analytical data are discussed. To introduce quality assurance system in the laboratory all activities such as sampling, method selection, laboratory environment, equipment, reagents and media, staff, reference materials, internal quality control and external quality control (proficiency testing) that effect on the results must be documented and controlled. The kind of food sample, condition and time of storage before analysis and proper selection of methodology have significant influence on the result of the microbiological analysis. Equipment used to carry out the test must work properly. Implementation of of the internal and external quality control to the routine work of the food microbiology laboratory means that the production of the results is under control and that the data are reliable. If the quality assurance system is properly implemented and well documented it makes the base for the laboratory to get the accreditation.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1997

Characterization of clofazimine metabolites in humans by HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry.

Clofazimine (CAS 2030-63-9) is an important drug used in the treatment of leprosy. Its important metabolites are investigated by thin layer chromatography (TLC), HPLC (diode array) and HPLC-electrospray mass spectrometry. The resulting analytical data, extraction, isolation and characterization methods are presented. Their applicability is described for human urine analysis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cystinolysinuric lithiasis].

Cystinuria is a disease characterized by the excessive elimination of cystine and of dibasic amino acids (lysine, arginine, and ornithine) through urine of homozygotes. This study included 6 children complaining of abdominal pain with or without hematuria. The existence of renal radio-opaque lithiasis was confirmed in 5 of them and in the sixth, it was vesical. The clinical and analytic data were practically normal with the exception of the qualitative test of the amino acid urinary excretion that showed increase in urinary excretion of cystine. Likewise, percentages of tubular reabsorption were pathological in all the patients showing values between 35.4% and 74%. The diagnosis of systini-lysinuric lithiasis was established through amino acid excretion study in the six patients which was below normal; it fluctuated between 36% and 74%. Lysine, together with cystine, was the most frequently affected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Transference phenomena in initial interviews.

Transference phenomena can be used effectively in pursuing diagnostic and therapeutic aims in initial interviews. Theorectical and clinical aspects of transference phenomena are discussed with special reference to preformed transference expectations, the dynamic and genetic aspects of transference, the differentiation of transference phenomena from transference and the transference neurosis, and their relevance to other analytic data. A case is presented, and two transference phenomena is the initial interviews are traced through later stages of the analysis; their origins and multiple determinants are demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A reconsideration of object choice in women: phallus or fallacy.

Within the context of Freud's theory of instinctual drives, analytic data from three female patients are presented which refute his concept that penis envy is the basis for female object choice. Contrary to Freud's theory, these patients did not feel their genitalia or genital arousal were inadequate. Rather, they believed their genital sexuality and fantasies were powerful and gratifying, but dangerous and bad. Their subsequent guilt and fears led secondarily to their defensive wish to have a penis to avoid their core conflicts; their penis envy was pathological. The data unequivocally demonstrate that the clitoris is not an inferior organ, but is the locus for the initiation of intense pleasure and occasional orgasm as early as ages four to six, when vaginal awareness also is present. In addition the material provides evidence that girls choose fathers to feel loved and valued, and that their wish for a baby is not a substitute for a relinquished wish for a penis. Observational studies and a vignette suggest that the instinctual drives of the genital phase coalesce with a change in object relations, forming an important motivation for a girl to switch her primary love object from her mother to her father.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

In vivo study of the kinetics of thiamine and its phosphoesters in the deafferented rat cerebellum.

The effects of chemical (CD) and surgical (SD) deafferentation of the cerebellum on different steps of the metabolism of thiamine (Th), thiamine monophosphate (ThMP) and thiamine pyrophosphate (ThPP) were evaluated in vivo in rats. CD was carried out by i.p. injection of 3-acetylpyridine, followed by harmaline and niacinamide. SD was carried out by complete dissection of the peduncles of the left cerebellar hemisphere. Under steady state condition the radioactivity of Th and its phosphoesters was determined in plasma and whole cerebellum after an i.p. injection of thiazole-[2(14)C]-thiamine (30 micrograms:1.25 micro Ci). Analytical data were processed by using an improved mathematical compartmental model, which allowed the calculation of fractional rate constants (FRC), turnover rates (TR) and turnover times (TT). Both CD and SD caused a significant reduction of TR values for Th phosphorylation to ThPP, dephosphorylation of ThPP to ThMP and Th, and ThMP, but not Th, release. TT for all Th compounds were increased compared to controls, indicating a general slowing of thiamine metabolism in the deafferented cerebellum. These results indicate an imbalance in the thiamine metabolism resulting from the impaired activity of cerebellar neurons. The possible implications of the changes in rate of Th compound turnover with respect to biochemical changes in cerebellar ataxia are discussed.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1997

N-nitroso compounds and man: sources of exposure, endogenous formation and occurrence in body fluids.

Based on recent analytical data, total human exogenous exposure to N-nitrosamines is estimated to be 1.10 mumol/day; the major exposure sources are the diet (0.79 mumol/may, 80-120 micrograms/day; 72%), occupational exposure (0.15-0.30 mumol/day; 25%), cigarette smoking (0.02 mumol/day, 3.4 micrograms/day; 2%), and miscellaneous minor sources, including pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, indoor and outdoor air (0.001 mumol/day, 0.1 micrograms/day; 1%). Excretion of apparent total N-nitroso compounds (ATNC) in healthy adults is estimated to be 1.30 +/- 1.05 mumol/day in urine and between 1.56 +/- 1.56 and 3.17 +/- 2.58 mumol/day in faeces. The excretion of volatile N-nitrosamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine), and N-nitrosamine acids and their derivatives (N-nitrososarcosine, N-nitrosoproline, N-nitrosothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and N-nitroso-2-methylthiazoline-4-carboxylic acid) accounts for approximately 0.03% and 16.0% of urinary ATNC, respectively. 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its O-glucuronide conjugate, two metabolites of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone present in urine of smokers, account for 0.2% of the urinary ATNC response; < 1.5 of the excretion of currently identified N-nitroso compounds in urine. The remaining N-nitroso compounds excreted in urine and those present in faeces are still unidentified. A crude mass balance between exogenous exposure and excretion in urine and faeces indicates that 45-75% of the total human exposure to N-nitroso compounds results through in vivo formation.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stability of sulfonamide antibiotics in spiked pig liver tissue during frozen storage.

A bulk portion of homogenized pig liver tissue was spiked at room temperature with 0.2 mg/kg (twice the Australian maximum residue limit) of each of sulfathiazole, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimidine (sulfamethazine), sulfaquinoxaline, and sulfadimethoxine. After subsampling and packaging, selected individual packaged units were tested to confirm homogeneity of the prepared material. The material was stored frozen at -20 degrees C and analyzed in replicate by liquid chromatography on 11 sampling dates over a period of about 6 months. Analytical data were plotted on a log-linear scale and subjected to linear regression on the basis of first-order kinetics for the decay. Storage stabilities (decay half-lives at -20 degrees C) calculated from the mean slope of regression lines were sulfadimethoxine, 567 days; sulfadimidine, 457 days; sulfachlorpyridazine, 312 days; sulfathiazole, 291 days; and sulfaquinoxaline, 271 days. Significant depletion (65% loss) of residue was observed for sulfaquinoxaline during preparation of spiked bulk liver tissue. An extension of the study to measure the storage stability of sulfaquinoxaline under accelerated decay conditions (refrigerator temperature, 4 degrees C) showed it to be relatively unstable, with a decay half-life of 11 days. Results demonstrate the need for both regulatory agencies and testing laboratories to be aware of potential errors associated with improper transport, storage, and handling of tissue samples submitted for antibiotic testing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

Interlaboratory survey of enzyme analyses. I. Preliminary.

Enzyme survey specimens were prepared by spiking portions of a normal serum pool with creatinine, urea, and five enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate and alanine aminotransferases), and preparing admixtures of the spiked pools with the original serum. This admixture technic established linear interspecimen relationships that could be confirmed by analyses for creatinine and urea nitrogen. Both ethylene glycol-stabilized liquid serum specimens and lyophilized specimens were prepared as sets of six to eight samples having six concentrations of each enzyme. The sets were distributed on five occasions to about ten laboratories that were widely separated geographically, and the specimens were analyzed by a variety of methods, by various instrumental systems, and in different reaction conditions, and results were reported in diverse units. This report describes how the analytic data obtained through the use of these specimens that were specifically designed for survey purposes can be analyzed statistically to provide meaningful assessments of laboratory performance in enzyme analyses.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1997

[Course and prognosis of levels of CD4 molecules in HIV-infected patients].

OBJECTIVE: To measure CD4 molecule concentration on lymphocyte surface. And observe its evolution during one year, in HIV infected patients. To assess the importance of this measure as a prognostic marker for disease progression, compared with the total number of CD4 lymphocytes. METHODS: Clinical and analytical data from 107 patients were collected; 64 fulfilled a one-year follow-up. 45 were initially asymptomatic (ASN), 13 had AIDS-related complex (CRS) and 6 had AIDS. CD4 cell count was higher than 500 in 16, between 500 and 200 in 20, and lower than 200 in 28. CD4 molecule concentration in lymphocytes was measured with immunoassay capcellia CD4/CD8 (Pasteur Institute, Paris). During one year 12 patients progressed cunically. RESULTS: There was significant decrease of T4 lymphocytes in the following groups whole population, CRS, more than 500 (initially). There were significant decreases of CD4 molecules in the following groups: whole population, ASN, CRS, more than 500 (initially), between 500 and 200 (initially), the mean number of T4 lymphocytes was 140/mm3 in progressors versus 358 in non-progressors (p < 0.05). Initial CD4 molecule concentration was 3.87 pmol/l in progressors versus 11.50 pmol/l in non-progressors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both total number of T4 lymphocytes and CD4 molecule concentration decrease with time. However, in asymptomatic patients only CD4 molecule decrease reaches statistical signification. Both T4 lymphocyte number and CD4 molecule concentration were lower in progressors. Measurement of CD4 molecule concentration is a parameter of similar value with respect to T4 lymphocyte count, and with similar value as progression marker.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Acceptance of, compliance with and tolerance to antiretroviral treatment in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection].

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study is to assess the acceptance, compliance and side effects of antiretroviral therapy in relation to age, gender, risk group, HIV infection stage and type of treatment. METHODS: This is a cohort-observational study. Inclusion criteria were: consecutive non-selected IIV patients in which antiretroviral treatment was indicated on medical grounds. The study was carried out from February 1990 to February 1996. We measured: a) poor compliance, when suspicion (by medical history, analytical data and administered drug control by the hospital pharmacy) more than a 25% of prescribed treatment was not taken; b) adverse events that obliged to discontinued the drug; and c) long-term therapy, when treatment acceptance and compliance and regular follow-up was stated. Statistics methods: Ji-square and Student's t- test. RESULTS: 567 patients were included, with a median follow up of 609 days. Male 413, female 154. Mean age: 32.9 years. Average CD4+ cells: 0.260 x 10(9)/L. There was a history of intravenous drug use (IDU) in 60.4% of cases and CDC classification group C (1993) 34.2%. Antiretroviral treatment was refused by 16.6% of patients, more frequently IDU patients (21.3%, p < 0.0001). There was a drop-out rate of 17.3%, with no differences among different groups. Poor compliance was found in 23% of cases, more frequently in IDU and group-C patients. Adverse events were observed in 22.6% of cases, more frequently in female (33.8%, p < 0.0004) and group C patients (28.6%, p < 0.04). The treatments used (AZT monotherapy, DDI monotherapy, AZT DDI and AZT + DDC) had no influence on compliance or follow-up. Long-term follow-up and compliance was achieved in 47.6% of patients, with a lesser degree in IDU (42.4%, p < 0.002) and group C patients (39.7%, p < 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral agents, not enrolled in clinical trials, had similar rates of compliance that patients with other chronic diseases. Treatment refusal and poor compliance were more frequent in IDU patients, while adverse events were more frequent in patients with more advanced HIV infection stage.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Latex allergy. Reaction to intraoperative anaphylaxis].

We report a case of anaphylaxis during surgery as a result of reaction to latex. The patient was a 26-year old woman undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy. Sixty minutes after the start of the procedure, rash, confluent cutaneous wheals and severe bronchospasm appeared. An allergic reaction was suspected and treatment with corticoids, H1 and H2 antihistamines, theophylline and adrenalin was begun, after which the symptoms disappeared. We wish to emphasize that in the presurgical taking of the patient's case history, no relevant diseases or known allergies were mentioned, and that all complementary analytical data obtained before surgery were within the normal limits. The woman had had a cesarean section seven months before, with no anesthetic complications. Later, the patient mentioned suffering sinusitis and food allergies, describing a clear history of atopy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Advanced cancer of the prostate. Study of 60 cases treated in our milieu].

Prostate carcinoma is currently the third cause of cancer death among the male population, showing a clear trend to increase in terms of the number of cases detected over the last few years. 180 clinical reports of patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer since 1983 were revised. The study included 60 cases with a correct extension diagnosis, as well as clinical and analytical follow up. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the treatment received: maximum androgen blockade (group A), ablative treatment with diethylstilbestrol or orchiectomy (group B), and patients with other treatment (chemotherapy). Survival results were compared with due consideration to the prognostic factors. The comparative statistical analysis done on patients included in group A and B relative to age at diagnosis, time interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis, analytical data at time of diagnosis, duration of treatment response and overall survival yielded significant differences in the variables studied. No conclusive data can be drawn from the results of our series as to whether treatment with maximum androgen blockade is superior to ablative treatment, therefore it is still necessary to carry out further studies to define which is the best therapeutical tool for use in prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Limitations of the toxic equivalency factor approach for risk assessment of TCDD and related compounds.

Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), are industrial compounds or by-products that have been widely identified as environmental contaminants. Hazard and risk assessment of complex HAH mixtures have utilized a toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach, where the toxic equivalents (TEQs) of any mixture are equal to the sum of the concentration of individual (i) congeners times their potencies (TEFi) relative to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, TEF = 1.0). TEQ = sigma [PCDDi] x TEFi + sigma [PCDFi] x TEFi + sigma [PCBi] x TEFi. The TEQ (or TCDD equivalents) can be readily calculated from analytical data and provides an estimate of the toxicity of any mixture containing HAHs. Several in vivo and in vitro studies with some PCDD/PCDF and PCB mixtures have demonstrated correlations between experimentally determined and calculated TEQs. However, results of several studies have also shown that for specific responses, the TEQ for some HAH mixtures are non-additive. For example, PCB mixtures and individual PCB congeners such as 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl inhibit toxic and biochemical responses induced by TCDD and related compounds. Another problem associated with hazard and risk assessment of background exposure to HAHs is the relative contribution of trace levels of HAHs (exodioxins) compared to relatively high exposure to naturally occurring aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, which act through the same mechanistic pathway.

Benzofurans↗
PubMed1998

[Prostatic xanthoma].

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of prostatic xanthoma, a benign condition of inflammatory origin related with granulomatous prostatitis. METHODS: A 70-year-old patient with voiding syndrome and a DRE suggestive of grade II hyperplasia of the prostate is described. A bilateral biopsy of the prostate was negative. The patient was submitted to transurethral resection with normal analytical data. Histological examination of the specimen showed benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with sclerosing adenosis and a clear, foamy cytoplasmic cell and an unremarkable nucleus. Immunocytochemical analysis with the KP-1 lysosomal marker (CD-68) disclosed macrophages. Cytokeratin labelling (AE1-AE3) was negative, thereby discarding any type of epithelial cell proliferation. CONCLUSION: Due to its rarity, making the differential histological diagnosis of prostatic xanthoma can be difficulty in certain cases and it can occasionally present as a palpable mass. However, it must be emphasized that it is a benign condition and clinically irrelevant in most of the cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Clenbuterol residues in non-liver containing meat as a cause of collective food poisoning.

beta 2-adrenergic agonists, particularly clenbuterol, are illegally used as growth promoters to obtain lean in meat. Their administration in feedlots can constitute a severe risk for animal welfare and exposes consumers to involuntary drug consumption at pharmacological active concentrations. Reported poisoning episodes have been associated with the consumption of beef liver where clenbuterol residues concentrate. In August 1996, 62 persons asked for medical help at the emergency rooms of 2 hospitals near the city of Caserta (Italy). Their clinical profile was characteristic of previously occurring clenbuterol intoxication, which reported superventricular extrasystoles and atrial fibrillation. All patients had non-liver beef meat consumption 10-30 min to 2-3 h before symptoms developed. An ELISA screening test specific for clenbuterol confirmed the drug's presence. Definitive confirmation of clenbuterol and determination of the drug content in meat samples were obtained by GC-MS, using 2 different derivatization. Concentrations in the meats ranged from 0.8 to 7.4 mg/kg. These analytical data provided evidence of the seriousness of the poisoning and helped the National Health System identify other possible misinterpreted cases. This case demonstrates that clenbuterol poisoning can also occur after consumption of beef meat other than liver.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for epinephrine bitartrate was tested for preparation of the "Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 951)" of National Institute of Health Sciences. Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 148.6 degrees C (decomposition); UV spectrum, lambda max = 279 nm; IR spectrum, the same as that of JP Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 792); optical rotation, [alpha]20D = -52.8 degrees; thin-layer chromatography, one impurity was detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, no impurity was detected; loss on drying, 0.01%; assay, 99.6% by potentiometric titration, 100.3% by spectrophotometry. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Epinephrine Bitartrate Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences (Japanese Pharmacopoeia).

Epinephrine↗
PubMed1997

[Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for riboflavin was tested for preparation of the "Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 951)" of National Institute of Health Sciences. Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 284.6 degrees C (decomposition): specific absorbance, E1cm1% = 857 (267 nm), 277 (373 nm), 326 (445 nm); IR spectrum, the same as that of JP Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 921); optical rotation, [alpha]20D = -135.6 degrees; thin-layer chromatography, three impurities were detected; high-performance liquid chromatography, a small amount of 10 impurities were detected: loss on drying, 0.10%; assay, 100.4% by spectrophotometry. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Riboflavin Reference Standard (Control 951) of National Institute of Health Sciences (Japanese Pharmacopoeia).

Japan↗