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PubMedDate not supplied

Adrenaline and noradrenaline effects on diuresis.

The experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats administering the tested catecholamines intraperitoneally. Water for diuresis induction and indomethacin solutions were introduced into the stomach through a tube. The hypophysis was destroyed totally with a needle inserted into an ear under stereotaxic controls. Lower adrenaline doses increased water diuresis, higher doses decreased it. Noradrenaline exerted only in antidiuretic effect. There was an analogy between the effects of these amines in diuresis and on adrenergic receptors. Hypophysectomy increased the antidiuretic action of adrenaline which could be due to absence of ACTH. Lower doses of indomethacin inhibited and higher doses enhanced the antidiuretic effect of amines. Intermediate doses were ineffective.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effectiveness of bumetanide in nephrotic syndrome: a double-blind crossover study with furosemide.

A double-blind crossover study was undertaken to delineate the renal tubular sites of action of bumetanide and to compare its effects upon electrolyte excretion to that of furosemide in six nephrotic patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Bumetanide was found to be a potent oral natriuretic agent without producing changes in either GFR or effective renal plasma flow. The natriuresis was associated with inhibition of proximal tubular transport as evidenced by an increased distal delivery (CH2O+CNA+K) and inhibition of sodium transport in the loop of Henle as shown by a fall in CH2O/CH2O+CC1 during sustained water diuresis and an unchanged TCH2O with continued hydropenia. The increases in free-water clearance induced by furosemide and bumetanide were equivalent, but bumetanide produced significantly higher flow rate, greater solute delivery from the proximal tubule, and a greater natriuresis. The data indicate that at the dosages used, bumetanide has a proportionately greater inhibitory effect than furosemide in both the proximal tubule and the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Aquaretic effect of the stable dynorphin-A analog E2078 in the human.

Dynorphin-A is an endogenously released hormone that is now recognized as a kappa-opioid receptor agonist. Because kappa-agonists have been reported to induce water diuresis through negative modulation of antidiuretic hormone release and/or action, in the present study we investigated the aquaretic effects and safety of E2078, a metabolically stable dynorphin-A analog, in 21 healthy subjects after single (1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg, i.m.) and repeated (5.0 mg t.i.d. for 4 and 1/3 days) administration. E2078 dose-dependently increased the 0 to 4-hr urine volume, which plateaued between 1032.4 +/- 130.1 and 1286.2 +/- 113.0 ml/4 hr (mean +/- S.E.M.) at doses of between 5.0 and 10.0 mg. The drug decreased urine osmolality (Uosm) markedly, by 17 to 27%, and the free-water clearance (CH2O) became positive, changing from -1.8 +/- 0.2 (placebo) to 0.8 +/- 0.3-2.8 +/- 0.4 ml/min after a single E2078 administration (P < .01). In the repeated-dose study, the first dose of E2078 increased the 0 to 5-hr urine output (1256 +/- 164.9 ml/5 h), lowered Uosm (151.8 +/- 13.3 mOsm/kg) and brought about a positive CH2O (1.9 +/- 0.2 ml/min). These values were similar to those seen after the single dose, but after the subsequent doses these aquaretic effects were attenuated, although the ranges of these same parameters were still significantly greater (P < .01-0.05) (441.4 +/- 102.4-585.3 +/- 131.9 ml/5 hr, 322.8 +/- 21.9-378.2 +/- 47.7 mOsm/kg and -0.2 +/- 0.2-(-)0.6 +/- 0.2 ml/min, respectively) than the day -1 base line (164.1 +/- 41.3 ml/5 hr, 992.0 +/- 80.6 mOsm/kg and -1.2 +/- 0.2 ml/min, respectively). Urinary excretion of electrolytes (Na, K and Cl) was not altered during either study period. A single E2078 administration reduced plasma antidiuretic hormone dose-dependently. On repeated dosing, the plasma concentration had rebounded to approximately 3 pg/ml by the time of the first dose on days 3 and 5, which lowered it again. The present results suggest that E2078 is a safe and effective aquaretic and could be a useful therapeutic tool for patients with water-retaining diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Saluretics in the treatment of hypertension (author's transl)].

In a presentation of the treatment of high blood pressure with saluretics, the course of action especially and the therapeutic aspects of medical prohibition of salt in this indication are discussed in addition to referring to the pathogenetic importance of sodium for hypertension. Two phases of action can be differentiated in the lowering of blood pressure after saluretics. The antihypertensive action in the first (renal) phase is based on the reduction in volume of the extracellular fluid which accompanies the elimination of sodium and water, in the second (extrarenal) phase a lowering of vessel tone and peripheral resistance is responsible.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Opiate receptors within the blood-brain barrier mediate kappa agonist-induced water diuresis.

Data suggest that kappa opioid agonist-induced water diuresis involves inhibition of vasopressin (AVP) secretion; however, it is not clear whether this action involves kappa receptors in the neurohypophysis or receptors behind the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We have investigated the site of action using three selective kappa agonists, BRL 52656 (S(-)-2-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) acetyl piperidine hydrochloride), BRL 53114 ((-)-1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl) acetyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinymethyl)3,3- dimethyl piperidine hydrochloride) and BRL 52974 (4-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)5-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl-4,5,6,7-t etrahydroimidazo [4,5-c] pyridine), with varying abilities to cross the BBB. Chemical and functional assays indicate that BRL 52974 has limited ability to cross the BBB, whereas BRL 53114 and BRL 52656 can freely penetrate. BRL 52974 was significantly less potent than BRL 52656 and BRL 53114 in causing a water diuresis in conscious rats. The ED10S (i.v. doses to cause a positive free water clearance of 10 microliters/min.100 g) for BRL 52974, BRL 52656 and BRL 53114 were 181, 9 and 3.4 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, in dogs BRL 52656 and BRL 53114 but not BRL 52974 (30 micrograms/kg i.v.) were able to cause a significant water diuresis. The data demonstrate that opiate receptors behind the BBB are primarily involved in kappa agonist-induced water diuresis and possibly inhibition of AVP secretion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions between acute effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and salt balance on the renal function and urinary prostanoids. Studies in healthy women.

The acute effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the renal function and urinary prostanoids were studied. Healthy women were studied in both sodium depletion (n = 8) and normal balance of sodium and potassium (n = 6). Each woman underwent paired renal functional explorations (by the clearance method during hypotonic polyuria and subsequent antidiuresis) in the absence and in the presence of enalapril. In both experimental conditions enalapril failed to affect urinary prostanoid excretions. Only in the presence of hyperreninemia induced by salt depletion, enalapril was effective in inducing renal tubular effects only partly consistent with a depressed activity of angiotensin-aldosterone system. Specifically, in sodium depletion enalapril treatment promoted a decreasing trend in urinary salt excretion, dependent in turn on selective stimulation of the distal tubule NaCl transport. Furthermore, plasma potassium concentration was reduced despite the concomitant decrease in urinary potassium excretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Consensus on diuresis renography for investigating the dilated upper urinary tract. Radionuclides in Nephrourology Group. Consensus Committee on Diuresis Renography.

UNLABELLED: There is great variation in technique and interpretation of diuresis renography between different establishments. METHODS: To address this problem, an International Consensus Committee was appointed by the Ninth International Symposium on Radionuclides in Nephrourology in 1994. RESULTS: The final document was produced and addressed: objectives, equipment, data acquisition, choice of radiopharmaceutical, patient preparation, position, dosage of furosemide, timing of furosemide, role of bladder catheter, duration of study, pediatric considerations, evaluation of the furosemide response, interpretation, and conclusion. CONCLUSION: The report presents a standardized approach to diuresis renography that, if adopted, will improve reproducibility between centers, discourage unacceptable practice and stimulate further discussion between nuclear medicine and urology health care professionals who treat patients with dilated and obstructed upper urinary tracts.

Adolescent↗