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PubMed1987

[Effects of various disinfectants on the development and survival possibilities of the pre-parasitic stages of Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora and Ascaris suum].

Eleven disinfectants varying in chemical composition and containing active chlorine, phenol, cresol, sodium or potassium hydroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehydes or paraformaldehyde were tested for their lethal effect on eggs and infective larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora and non-embryonated and embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum. Suspensions of all tested stages were mixed with the disinfectants in the concentrations recommended by the manufacturer and with double concentrations during the recommended period of exposure or for 24 hours. Survival of eggs of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora was evaluated by incubation for 24 hours at 20 degrees C of thoroughly washed, treated eggs followed by microscopic examination and differentiation into developed or undeveloped eggs. Survival of non-embryonated eggs of A. suum was measured by incubation for thirty days at 30 degrees C of thoroughly washed, treated eggs followed by microscopic examination of their development. Survival after treatment of infective larvae of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora and of embryonated eggs of A. suum was determined by the motility of the larvae. When 90 per cent of killing was considered to be effective, then none of the disinfectants was effective against the eggs of O. ostertagi or the two types of A. suum. Eggs of C. oncophora were killed by phenols, and infective larvae of O. ostertagi and C. oncophora were killed by sodium hydroxide.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Prophylactic disinfection of the housing for suckling sows under commercial swine-raising conditions].

Cleansing and prophylactic disinfection were carried out on a premise for nursing sows with 31 raised boxes over a flooring area of 250 m2. The effect of these treatments was ascertained through bacteriologic investigations of impression preparations and washings taken by means of cotton swab. It was found that cleaning and washing with a water jet at 40 atm. pressure led to 96.58 per cent drop of the total microbial count of the air, while disinfection with 3 per cent water solution of sodium hydroxide resulted in 98.73 per cent drop. Surface coli bacteria dropped by 66.70 per cent, and staphylococci--by 78.50 per cent, however, both species of organisms were totally destroyed with disinfection.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1986

Factors affecting the bactericidal action of disinfectants. Implications for selection of resistant strains.

The efficacy of some disinfectants was studied in the presence of known interfering factors by the AFNOR test (NFT 72-150, 170 and 171) with five bacterial strains: P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, S. faecalis and M. smegmatis. These factors included proteins (albumin and yeast extract), hard water and pH (5 and 9). The effect of each interfering factor was found to depend on the bacterial strain and on the chemical composition of the disinfectant. For Gram-negative bacteria, especially P. aeruginosa, and for M. smegmatis the minimal bactericidal concentration rose significantly in the presence of hard water and of proteins. This phenomenon may explain the selective effect of disinfectants at their commonly used concentrations.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1977

[Automatic disinfection of fiberendoscopes (author's transl)].

Bacteremia following endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with impaired resistance even fatal septicemia has been reported. Transmission of pathogenic bacterias via endoscopes has been described. We could demonstrate a considerable high number of gramnegative bacteria obtained from biopsy channel of fiberendoscopes after conventionell cleaning of the instruments. In seven different endoscopy units we found high bacterial contamination of all 22 fiberendoscopes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in concentrations up to 4 X 10(6)/ml was cultivated on the instruments including cleaning utilities (flasks etc., Table 1). The new apparatus we demonstrate here has the advantage of cleaning and disinfecting the endoscopes. One or two endoscopes are placed into a U-shaped pipe which is interconnected with a pumping system. In this automatic apparatus a disinfectant which recycles through all channels is used (Fig. 1). We investigated solutions of 2% glutardialdehyde, of 5% succindialdehyde respectively 1% peracetic acid. Disinfection of instruments was effective. No bacteria could be detected in material obtained from biopsy channels, HBsAg also could not be detected on the instruments after this procedure. The use of dialdehyde is recommended.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1977

[Morphological alteration and desintegration of dane particles after exposure with "Gigasept". A first methological attempt for the evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant against hepatitisvirus B ( author's transl)].

A test system based on morphological alterations and desintegration of hepatitis virus B (HBV) is presented for the approximative evaluation of the virucidal efficacy of a chemical disinfectant. Dane particles, supposed to be the infectious entity of HBV, were partially purified by a trap and a rate zonal ultracentrifugation from serum samples of a patient with chronic hepatitis undergoing an immune suppressive treatment because of leukemia. "Gigasept" on the basis of succine dialdehyd and formaldehyd served as disinfectant for this investigation. In one experiment partially purified Dane particles were exposed to the action of a 5% solution of "Gigasept" on electron microscopic grids. Morphological alterations resulting in derounding, break up of the outer membrane, spiral uncoiling as well as asymmetric enlargement of the space between the outer membrane and the core of the HBV was observed after 2 mins. After 15 mins, the HBV were diffusely stained with loss of the characteristic substructure and became polygonal. The decrease of the number of the particles was proportional to the length of the contact time with the disinfectant. In a second series equal volumes of a 5% solution of "Gigasept" and of a HBV containing serum were in contact for 2 hours, with consecutive purification and morphological characterization of the HBV. The sedimentation of the HBs antigenicity differed from the control. A part of the Dane particles was diffusely stained and lost its substructure. Moreover empty particles in the range of the HBc antigen were found. Another part of Dane particles, however, was morphologically unchanged. The relation of intact and non intact particles could possibly serve as parameter for the HBV virucidy.-Thermo inactivation (3 mins, +98 degrees C) of the HBV in a serum was undertaken for comparison.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1984

Quantitative evaluation of the effects of disinfectants against viruses in suspension experiments.

Time concentration relations in virus-disinfection by formaldehyde, benzalkonium-chloride, ethanol and isopropanol are evaluated. The exposure time needed to reduce the number of plaque-forming units (PFU) by 10(-3) (99.9%) at a given disinfectant concentration was determined. Influenzavirus, Coxsackie B viruses, Herpesvirus and Mumpsvirus were used in the experiments. Formaldehyde is effective at very low concentrations, provided that sufficient time is allowed for reaction, but has little use in short-term applications. Alcohols act very rapidly at the optimal concentration, but are almost completely ineffective if the reagent is only slightly diluted. Isopropanol does not neutralize entero-viruses to any considerable extent. The effect of the alcohols on viruses is greatly enhanced by the addition of alkali. An 80% (or higher) ethanol solution containing 0.01 n NaOH is very promising as a potent antiviral disinfectant for skin and surface decontamination. Even closely related virus types may differ greatly in their sensitivity to ethanol. The Herpesvirus hominis has a peculiarly high sensitivity to benzalconiumchloride, a sensitivity which is not shared by the Influenzavirus and enteroviruses.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed1982

[Destroying of antigenicity and influencing the immunochemical reactivity of hepatitis B virus antigens (HBsAg, HBcAg and HBeAg) through disinfectants--a proposed method for testing (author's transl)].

So far, hepatitis B virus cannot be grown in tissue cultures. Consequently, the inactivating effect of disinfectants upon the infectivity of hepatitis B virus could only be insufficiently investigated. Investigations using the only suitable test animal, the chimpanzee, are associated with substantial efforts and high cost and are also limited in their extent. A relatively simple and probably reliable method as test model for disinfectants used in hepatitis B prophylaxis is outlined: the destruction of the antigenicity and the decrease in the immunochemical reactivity of hepatitis B virus antigens (HBsAg, HBcAg and HBeAg). Effects of one alcoholic antiseptic and two peracetic acid containing disinfectants are investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Inactivation of disinfectants by proteins and calcium ions as a function of their chemical constitution and bacterial species].

Activity of nine disinfectants was evaluated with interfering substances (albumin-yeast mixture and hard water), by two methods (NFT. 72 170, NFT. 72 171 and without interfering substance NFT. 72 150, NFT 72 151 respectively). Interference indexes were defined as the ratio of bactericidal concentration without interfering substances to bactericidal concentration with interfering substances. Five different ratings of interference effects were arbitrarily defined (no effect, moderate, average, strong, very strong). Proteins and hard water significantly inactivate aldehydes and quaternary ammonium salts : interference index is usually 25 but may reach 100-500. Inactivation of phenolic products by these two interfering substances is either lacking or inconsiderable. Conversely to Gram negative bacteria, activity of disinfectants on Gram positive bacteria is not significantly affected by proteins or hard water. P. aeruginosa can survive despite high concentrations of disinfectant in the presence of proteins and calcium ions. This finding may be a reason why this microorganism is difficult to eliminate from hospital wards.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1984

[Bactericidal activity of various disinfectants with or without interfering protein substances].

Determination of bactericidal activity of 15 disinfectants by AFNOR standard NF T 72-151 (in distilled water) and AFNOR standard NF T 72-171 (in the presence of protein) provides practical guidelines for optimal use of the different available products. Inhibition by dirt is weak for products composed chiefly of phenol derivatives, while it is very strong for quaternary ammonium compounds as well as chlorine which therefore require prior cleansing of surfaces to be disinfected. Two strains (out of the five indicated by AFNOR standards), i.e. P. aeruginosa and M. smegmatis, are especially resistant when residual organic material is present. According to specific conditions of use, such as whether surfaces are clean or dirty, or whether a hospital or food factory is involved, appropriate AFNOR standards must be chosen to study the activity of disinfectants in various settings and on different strains.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1982

Cleaning and disinfection of fiberoptic endoscopes: evaluation of glutaraldehyde exposure time and forced-air drying.

Several alternative schedules of cleaning and disinfection of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes were evaluated during actual use in paired endoscopy suites. Thorough mechanical cleaning with detergent and alcohol was compared with the same cleaning with the addition of 5-, 10-, or 20-min immersion of the endoscope insertion tube in 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution. Endoscopes were cultured quantitatively and qualitatively for aerobic bacteria at three different times relative to procedures: after use, immediately after cleaning alone or cleaning plus disinfection, and after storage unused in a cabinet for 20-72 h. Cleaning plus glutaraldehyde immersion for 5 min significantly reduced bacterial contamination both immediately and after storage when compared with cleaning alone. Results of cleaning plus 10- and 20-min glutaraldehyde immersion were not statistically different from cleaning plus 5-min glutaraldehyde immersion. The addition of forced-air drying following disinfection significantly reduced bacterial contamination following storage when compared with storage without previous drying. Cleaning plus brief (5-20 min) glutaraldehyde immersion significantly reduced bacterial contamination of endoscopes when compared with cleaning alone (p less than 0.001) and, when combined with forced-air drying before storage, resulted in 59/63 (94%) negative endoscope cultures by the methods used in this study. These measures do not ensure sterility, but are superior to mechanical cleaning alone and sufficiently practical to be used routinely without undue interruption of busy endoscopy schedules.

Air↗
PubMed1982

Disinfectant usage and hygiene practises at Port Moresby General Hospital.

A survey was conducted during August-October 1981, to assess the need for disinfectant policy for the Port Moresby General Hospital. Data collected revealed confusion amongst the nursing staff regarding the correct use of various detergents and disinfectants, an unacceptably high incidence of post-operative infections, evidence of poor general cleaning of the hospital and evidence of contamination of the distilled water supply in the Central Sterilizing Department by Pseudomonas species. There is an urgent need for the formation of a committee to advise and promote a disinfectant policy for the hospital, to ensure that this is followed by nursing and cleaning staff and to establish continuous surveillance of hygiene standards within the hospital.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1980

Bioassay of phenol disinfectants by flow microcalorimetry.

A rapid flow microcalorimetric method for the bioassay of phenol disinfectants is described. The assay may be used for phenol within the range 50-80 mM with a reproducibility of +/- 2%. Assay results on other phenols examined indicate the range of the assay. Commercial disinfectants may be assayed directly (the flow microcalorimetric technique makes no demands for optical clarity nor absence of suspended material on the solutions used) with the same reproducibility. An in-use concentration of the chosen disinfectant may be selected from the experimental data since the flow microcalorimetric output permits "time-to-death' of the test organism to be observed directly.

Calorimetry↗
PubMed1982

[A new method for the microbiological evaluation of disinfecting laundering procedures for textiles].

A new method is described to evaluate the efficacy of disinfecting laundering processes. Testpieces (contaminated cotton fabric patches) are enclosed between a pair of membrane-filter discs. Being immersed in the wash liquor this test system acts as a perfusion chamber permeable for detergent and disinfectant solution but retaining the testbacteria to the testpieces. Tests performed in a shaking water bath as well as practical laundering processes with detergents showed the following: from contaminated test pieces wrapped in cotton fabric - as commonly used in such experiments - test bacteria can hardly be recovered even after a non-bactericidal washing process. This is a result of mechanical wash-off. In contrary, with the new method reductions of viable counts are mainly due to bactericidal effects as physical removal of testbacteria is prevented by the filter membranes. Thus, disinfecting laundering procedures are readily distinguishable from merely cleaning ones. As additional advantage the filter-method prevents test pieces from being contaminated by other bacteria carried by the wash liquor.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1981

Iodine disinfection of hydrophilic contact lenses.

A simple and effective technique for disinfecting hydrophilic contact lenses uses a saturated solution of molecular iodine in water. This technique has disinfected lenses that were incubated in actively growing cultures of bacteria and fungi in concentrations of 10(7) to 10(8) organisms per ml. Ocular tolerance studies showed that lenses disinfected by this method did not damage rabbit cornea, as demonstrated by slit lamp and histologic observations. This method has a built-in safety feature because iodine-soaked lenses are yellow, while lenses rinsed free of iodine are clear.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Agents for the aerosol disinfection of the air in meat freezers].

Studies were carried out on the use of aerosol disinfection with lactic acid and sorbic acid at rates of 15, 30, and 50 mg per 1 m3 air in chambers for the conservation of meat and meat products at temperatures within the range of 0 to 2 degrees C. Moulds of the Penicillium genus and psychrophile organisms (Pseudomonas, Alkaligenes, and Flavobacter) were used as test microbial species. It was found that the disinfection effect of lactic acid used in the form of aerosol was the same as that of sorbic acid when psychorophiles served as test bacteria, and was essentially better in the disinfection of the air in refrigerators and the surface of meat when Penicillium moulds were used. In concentrations of up to 50 mg/m3 both lactic acid and sorbic acid had no adverse effect on the organoleptic indices of meat during refrigerator storage.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1981

[Microbiological investigations with decentral dosing apparatuses for disinfectants. Part 1: investigations of cell number (author's transl)].

Cell numbers have been investigated for several months in disinfectant solutions which were measured out with tap water by decentral automatically dosing apparatuses. They differed not only quantitatively but also qualitatively with respect to the products used: With one product on the bases of aldehydes + organic tin compound 3 h after samples have been collected up to 100 bacteria/100 ml could be cultivated. Thus, cell numbers in disinfectant solutions were in the same range of cell numbers of tap water. Sometimes the cell numbers in both substrates seem to go parallel (Fig. 1). The bacterial compositions in both were similar (Table 3); gramnegative, yellow bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium dominated. After the disinfectant in one apparatus has been substituted by one which is composed of aldehydes + a quaternary ammonium compound cell numbers rapidly and permanently decreased to the limit of detectability. Only coryneform bacteria survived for a longer time which were characterized (Tab. 4) but not determined taxonomically. Their facultatively methylotrophic growth was conspicuously.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1978

Disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants with peroxy acids.

Two peroxy acids, peracetic acid (PAA) and peroxy-monosulfuric acid or caro acid (CA) were tested as alternative bactericidal agents for the disinfection of effluents from municipal sewage treatment plants and their action was compared with chlorine. PAA added in a concentration of 2000 and 400 ppm, commonly used in medicin, killed in a few minutes 99.9% or more of most bacteria of the effluents (Fig. 1, A, B, C, D, E) excepted staphylococci and micrococci (Fig 1, F) and endospores (Fig. 1, G). These effects were comparable with those obtained with 5 ppm chlorine. Although these results indicate a very good killing effect, such concentrations of PAA are not applicable in practice, as they lowered the pH and increased the BOD of the effluent. When PAA was added in smaller amounts (10 and 5 ppm) no change of the pH and only a negligible increase of the BOD (Table 1) occured. These concentrations with a contact time of 15 min, gave a very good reduction of most bacterial groups, varying between 96% (total count, Fig. 1 A) and 100% (group-D streptococci, Fig. 1 E). With 1 ppm PAA the bactericidal action was slower, but after 30 minutes contact time the effects were similar to these of 5 ppm. It was also demonstrated that the effect of PAA was not affected by the number of bacteria in the effluent before treatment (Table 2), but well by the BOD. The addition of the inorganic CA in high concentrations had only a disadvantageous effect on the pH of the effluent, but no effect was noted when it was added in concentrations of 10 ppm. In this concentration, contact times of 120 min were necessary to kill about 90% of most bacteria (Fig. 2), showing that CA was only a weak disinfectant with slow action. It may be concluded that 5 ppm PAA could be a good alternative disinfectant for secondary effluents with a high degree of purification.

Disinfection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of glutaraldehyde and microwave disinfection on some properties of acrylic denture resin.

This study evaluated the effect of disinfection methods on the dimensional stability, flexural properties, and microhardness of a heat-polymerized denture acrylic resin. A 1- and 12-hour immersion period in 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, and 3- and 15-minutes exposure to microwaves were employed as disinfection or sterilization procedures. Storage in water for 1 and 12 hours were used as the control. For each procedure 10 specimens were used. The results indicated that the linear changes observed were of no clinical importance. The same conclusion can be drawn for flexural properties and microhardness. The microwave method is a useful alternative to immersion disinfection.

Acrylic Resins↗