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PubMed2005

Effect of a protein preload on food intake and satiety feelings in response to duodenal fat perfusions in healthy male subjects.

The control of food intake and satiety requires a coordinated interplay. Oral protein and duodenal fat inhibit food intake and induce satiety, but their interactive potential is unclear. Our aim was therefore to investigate the interactions between an oral protein preload and intraduodenal (ID) fat on food intake and satiety feelings. Twenty healthy male volunteers were studied in a randomized, double-blind, four-period crossover design. On each study day, subjects underwent one of the following treatments: 1) water preload plus ID saline perfusion, 2) water preload plus ID fat perfusion, 3) protein preload plus ID saline perfusion, or 4) protein preload plus ID fat perfusion. Subjects were free to eat and drink as much as they wished. An oral protein preload significantly reduced caloric intake (19%, P < 0.01). Simultaneous administration of an oral protein preload and ID fat did not result in a positive synergistic effect with respect to caloric consumption, rejecting the initial hypothesis that the two nutrients exert a positive synergistic effect on food intake. An oral protein preload but not ID fat altered the feelings of hunger and fullness. These data indicate that the satiety effect of an oral protein preload is not amplified by ID fat; indeed, the effect of a protein preload does not seem to be mediated by cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, or peptide YY. Much more information is necessary to understand the basic physiological mechanisms that control food intake and satiety.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Metabolic effects of moderate alcohol intake with meals in insulin-dependent diabetics controlled by artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP) and in normal subjects.

In order to evaluate the effects of moderate alcohol intake on intermediate metabolites, five normal subjects and five euglycemic insulin-dependent diabetics (IDDM) were administered two different isocaloric diets; in one diet 35% of the caloric intake consisted of red wine. The insulin-dependent diabetics were connected to an artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP), and glucose levels were continuously monitored. Blood lactate, pyruvate, acetoacetate (AcAc), 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB), glycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), and alanine levels were measured over a 15-hour period from 9 AM to 12 PM. The results showed that alcohol intake did not significantly influence the glucose profiles in either group (111 +/- 4 mg/100 ml versus 110 +/- 4 mg/100 ml for IDDM; 72 +/- 2 mg/100 ml versus 82 +/- 3 mg/100 ml for controls, 15-hour mean +/- SEM), but in both groups it induced a marked increased in the levels of lactate (1.115 +/- 0.067 mM/liter with alcohol versus 0.706 +/- 0.031 mM/liter without alcohol for IDDM; 0.847 +/- 0.052 mM/liter with alcohol versus 0.666 +/- 0.035 mM/liter without alcohol for controls), in the lactate/pyruvate ratio (24.04 +/- 2.12 with alcohol versus 11.42 +/- 0.20 without alcohol for IDDM; 20.84 +/- 2.16 with alcohol versus 11.62 +/- 0.27 without alcohol for controls), in the levels of 3-OHB (0.081 +/- 0.007 mM/liter with alcohol versus 0.046 +/- 0.003 mM/liter without alcohol for IDDM; 0.067 +/- 0.007 mM/liter with alcohol versus 0.025 +/- 0.002 mM/liter without alcohol for controls) and in the 3-OHB/AcAc ratio (1.452 +/- 0.153 with alcohol versus 0.599 +/- 0.036 without alcohol for IDDM; 1.723 +/- 0.198 with alcohol versus 0.439 +/- 0.040 without alcohol for controls) because of a more reduced redox state. Alcohol intake during meals depressed alanine concentration, while glycerol levels showed a transient increase. Reduced blood FFA concentrations after alcohol intake were observed only in controls. This study demonstrates that moderate alcohol intake with meals also affects intermediate metabolites despite euglycemia. These effects were similar both in normal subjects and in IDDM, even if the harmful effects of alcohol may be enhanced by poor metabolic control in the latter.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Energy intake and body composition in anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Energy intake during the weight gain phase and the weight maintenance phase was examined in three groups of inpatients: 64 anorectic restrictors (AN-R), 37 anorectic bulimics (AN-B), and 74 normal-weight bulimics (BN). The influence of body composition and other variables such as weight, exercise, and bingeing and purging frequencies on energy intake was analyzed. Eating disorder subgroups were found to differ in energy intakes to gain weight and to maintain weight within a target weight range. Anorectic restrictors consumed significantly more energy to gain weight than did the anorectic bulimics (a mean of 3055 kcals per day vs. a mean of 2788 kcal per day). Energy intake for weight gain was inversely related to admission body mass index (BMI) and to admission fat-free mass. Bingeing and purging frequencies did not predict caloric intake for either weight gain or maintenance for anorectics. Energy intake of the anorectic patients when they were maintaining weight within a target weight range did not differ between restrictors and anorectic bulimics (means of 2204 and 2134 kcal/day, respectively). Energy needed to maintain weight within a target weight range was predicted by the amount of fat-free mass at target weight and by the mean number of calories ingested per week during weight gain. Bulimics consumed fewer calories than either of the two anorectic groups during the weight maintenance phase (1538 kcal/day). Other than BMI at hospital admission, bulimics' energy intakes were unrelated to all demographic and eating disorder-related variables, including body composition.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1976

Influence of diet on survival of mice.

The longevity of mice of the (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W) strain and the DBA/2f strain of mice is dramatically prolonged by dietary restriction. B/W mice are susceptible to, and die at an early age from, immunocomplex nephritis. Mice of the DBA/2f strain are also relatively short-lived. Restriction of caloric intake prolonged life of B/W mice more than did protein restriction. DBA/2f mice showed prolongation of life when the diet was restricted only with respect to protein. Caloric restriction alone prolonged life less in DBA/2f mice than in B/W mice. These observations show that dietary manipulations have profound effects on immunity functions, including inhibition of the development of life-shortening autoimmune disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Intestinal bypass surgery for obesity decreases food intake and taste preferences.

Food intake was measured in 22 obese patients before and after jejunioleostomy for obesity. Most of the weight loss could be accounted for by the observed reduction of caloric intake. Malabsorption was also present as indicated by increased loss of fat in the stools, and decreased absorption of D-xylose and vitamin B12. A dislike for sweet tastes developed after surgery in most patients. Preferences for concentrated solutions of sucrose and glucose were reduced after patients showed a depression of food intake by a 440-calorie preload which had not been detected before surgery. These studies show a decrease in food intake after intestinal bypass surgery and suggest a role for taste or other gastrointestinal factors in regulating food intake.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary factors and endometrial cancer risk. Results of a case-control study in Mexico.

Daily diet factors that could potentially be related to endometrial cancer (EC) in Mexico are still unknown. This study aims to evaluate the association between EC and Mexican dietary factors. A case-control study in Mexico City was conducted during 1995-1997 in a social security hospital, using 85 incident cases of EC and 629 controls. A validated questionnaire with 116 items about the frequency and type of food intake was used. The analysis of nutrients was performed using the residual method, adjusting by predictor variables through logistic regression methods. In addition, partitional models estimated total caloric intake for other sources. We found no association between EC risk and consumption of animal or vegetable proteins, saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat, although high intake of nutrients such as lactose (odds ratio [OR], 0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-1.01, P for trend = 0.004), vitamin D (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.82, P= 0.003), and calcium (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.17-0.89, P= 0.02) were inversely associated with EC. Our results suggest that dietary vitamin D and calcium play an important role in the development of EC, although the mechanisms postulated should be explained with additional studies with large populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Heterogeneity of hypertension: the diverse role of electrolyte intake.

Nonpharmacologic approaches to treating patients with hypertension are both medically worthwhile and laudable as a public health goal. Reduced salt intake has been the primary dietary measure, but now attention is being directed at potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the anions accompanying these cations. The importance of total caloric intake and of confounding dietary variables such as alcohol consumption are also being acknowledged. It is important to recognize that nutrients are not ingested in isolation, but as interactive constituents of a total diet. This principle may account for some of the heterogeneity of the human blood pressure response to variations of individual electrolyte intake. Moreover, failure to appreciate the heterogeneity and interactive influences may result in other than the desired effect in the population at risk.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Energy balance of rats with lateral hypothalamic lesions.

Rats with lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions maintain body weight at a chronically reduced percentage of nonlesioned controls. An assessment of how they achieve energy balance at subnormal weight levels entailed a determination of both their energy intake and their energy expended or lost in processing ingested food, on basal heat production, on activity, and in feces or urine. It was found that the caloric intake and expenditure of LH-lesioned animals, though significantly lower than those of controls, were appropriate to the reduced metabolic body size (BW0.75) that they maintained. Likewise, energy expenditure in the LH-lesioned animals was normal in that the proportion of their ingested energy relegated to 1) basal metabolism, 2) the processing food, and 3) activity was the same as that of nonlesioned controls. Thus, unlike nonlesioned rats, which at lowered body weights both decrease their energy needs and reorder the pattern of energy expenditure, LH-lesioned animals display a normal pattern of energy utilization at reduced weight levels. These findings provide further evidence that lateral hypothalamic mechanisms play an important role in setting the level at which body weight is regulated.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Energy expenditure in humans: effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate.

A high-dietary fat intake may be an important environmental factor leading to obesity in some people. The mechanism could be either a decrease in energy expenditure and/or an increase in caloric intake. To determine the relative importance of these mechanisms we measured 24-h energy expenditure in a whole body calorimeter in 14 nondiabetic subjects and in six subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, eating isocaloric, weight-maintenance, high-fat, and high-carbohydrate diets. All subjects were Pima Indians. In nondiabetics, the mean total 24-h energy expenditure was similar (2,436 +/- 103 vs. 2,359 +/- 82 kcal/day) on high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets, respectively. The means for sleeping and resting metabolic rates, thermic effect of food, and spontaneous physical activity were unchanged. Similar results were obtained in the diabetic subjects. In summary, using a whole body calorimeter, we found no evidence of a decrease in 24-h energy expenditure on a high-fat diet compared with a high-carbohydrate diet.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hypothalamic amenorrhea and hidden nutritional insults.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether abnormal nutrition is an associated event in idiopathic hypothalamic amenorrhea. METHODS: Eighteen amenorrheic subjects were compared to 36 normal controls using endocrine, nutritional, and psychological evaluations. RESULTS: Controls were closer to their ideal weight (97.2 versus 89.7%; P < .05) than amenorrheics despite similar ages and heights. Amenorrheics denied eating disorders; however, our evaluation showed more eating disorders (55 versus 26%; P < .05), higher scores on a scale of eating behavior (22.28 versus 10.36; P < .001), twice as much fiber intake (26.14 versus 14.69 g/day) and less fat intake (20.7 versus 27.10 g/day) (P < .001), more aerobic activity (85 versus 58%) despite expending fewer calories per day (2303.7 versus 2576.7 kcal/day; P < .05), and similar caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS: Significant abnormalities suggest that a greater percentage of hypothalamic amenorrhea occurs on a nutritional basis than previously suspected and should be searched for in depth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Slimming diet and the development of acute leukemia: a possible relationship? Report of three cases.

Diet may play a key role in the pathogenesis of cancer and evidence for the role of a reduced intake of micronutrients with antioxidant properties have been increasingly reported. Until now, epidemiologic research in humans has focused on the negative effect of different diets containing excessive caloric intake and relatively little is known on the possible correlation between slimming diets and the incidence of acute leukemia. In this report we describe the temporal association of imbalanced slimming regimens and the subsequent diagnosis of acute leukemia in three cases. This association may be coincidental or perhaps suggests a possible relationship of the diet with the development or progression of acute leukemia.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1984

Feeding inhibition produced by concurrent sucrose ingestion in gerbils and hamsters.

The daily 1-h intake of solid diet, 7% sucrose solution, and water of gerbils and hamsters tested for a 15-day period was investigated. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that gerbils provided with sucrose solution in addition to Purina rat chow showed an inhibition of food intake relative to control gerbils not given access to sucrose solution. However, experimental animals did not differ from control animals in either body weight loss or total caloric intake. For Experiment 2, results indicated that hamsters provided with sucrose solution in addition to sunflower seeds did not differ in their daily 1-h intake of seeds from control hamsters that had access to sunflower seeds. In Experiment 3, gerbils were tested under the same conditions as those of Experiment 2, and results indicated that concurrent sucrose ingestion inhibited the intake of sunflower seeds. The implications of these species differences in reactions to the test conditions are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Protein and calorie effects on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of dietary protein and calories on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats. ANIMALS: 28 young adult female cats. PROCEDURE: Renal mass was reduced surgically, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined. Cats were alloted to 4 groups of 7 with similar mean GFR (1.52 to 1.55 ml/min/kg of body weight). Diets were formulated to provide: low protein and calorie (diet A), low protein and high calorie (diet B), high protein and low calorie (diet C), and high protein and calorie (diet D) intakes. Cats were fed their prescribed diet for 12 months, then blood and urine biochemical variables were measured, after which kidney specimens were examined microscopically. RESULTS: Protein intake by cats of groups C and D (9.0 g/d/kg) was substantially greater than that by cats of groups A and B (5.3 and 5.2 g/d/kg, respectively). Caloric intake by cats of groups B and D (73 and 71 calories/d/kg, respectively) was greater than that by cats of groups A and C (58 and 55 calories/d/kg, respectively). Renal glomerular lesions were mild and not affected by protein, calories or their interactions. Nonglomerular lesions, though mild, were significantly influenced by calorie intake, but not by protein or calorie-protein interactions. The GFR did not decrease in any group. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio increased significantly in all groups after reduction of renal mass, but values from all groups remained within the reference range (0 to 0.3). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diets replete in protein were not associated with increased severity of glomerular or nonglomerular renal lesions, increased proteinuria, or decreased GFR. Diets replete in calories were not associated with increased severity of glomerular lesions, but were associated with mild increase of nonglomerular lesions. Factors other than protein and calorie intake must be considered potential causes of progression of renal failure in cats. Results raise questions about the practice of restricting quantity of protein in the diet of cats with chronic renal failure, with the intention of ameliorating development of further renal damage.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Effect of dieting on plasma leptin, soluble leptin receptor, adiponectin and resistin levels in healthy volunteers.

OBJECTIVE: Recent findings demonstrating important effects of the adipokines on metabolism, energy homeostasis and body weight regulation have prompted research on the possible role of negative energy balance in altering adipocytokine regulation. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of a hypocaloric diet in healthy normal-weight volunteers. An additional goal was to help clarify the contribution of restricted caloric intake to altered plasma adipokine levels in the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. DESIGN: Participants were studied before and after a 4-week reduced-calorie diet (1000-12000 kcal/day). patients Subjects included 15 healthy, normal-weight women (age 22 +/- 3 years). MEASUREMENTS: Plasma concentrations of leptin, soluble leptin receptor protein (sOB-R), adiponectin, resistin, thyroid hormones and beta-hydroxybutyrate were determined following overnight fast before and after the 4-week reduced-calorie diet. RESULTS: Subjects lost a mean of 3.4 +/- 2.1 kg in response to the reduced-calorie diet. The weight loss phase was associated with a 60.3% decrease in plasma leptin levels (P < 0.001), a 43.5% increase in sOB-R levels (P < 0.002) and a 16.2% decrease in plasma adiponectin levels (P < 0.04). There was no significant change in plasma resistin levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that a modest decrease in energy intake sustained over several weeks may play an important role in altering levels of plasma leptin and sOB-R. The findings also provide preliminary evidence that, in contrast to previous results in obese subjects, caloric restriction with accompanying weight loss in healthy, normal-weight volunteers may lead to decreased circulating adiponectin levels. Additional studies will be needed to clarify the contribution of altered energy intake to abnormalities in cytokine levels in the eating disorders.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗

PubMed1987

Effects of chronic amitriptyline and desipramine on food intake and body weight in rats.

Long-term treatment with tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) can induce excessive body weight gain in a significant proportion of patients. Such weight gains, which appear to be largely independent of clinical improvement, are in many cases severe enough to interfere with continuation of treatment. In efforts to model this effect in experimental animals, seven experiments were performed in which two commonly used TCAs, amitriptyline and desipramine, were administered chronically to rats. Despite manipulations of drug dosages (2.5 mg-17 mg/kg), route of administration (intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, oral; daily injections vs. continuous release from osmotic pumps), diet composition and palatability (regular Purina Chow pellets or powder with or without added high fat and high carbohydrate sources; high vs. low protein diets) and animal sex and housing conditions (single vs. group housing), chronic TCA treatment was never observed to increase daily food intake or rates of body weight gain. Desipramine treatment invariably caused decreased food intake and weight loss. Amitriptyline treatment either caused no change in food intake and body weight or slightly reduced levels in comparison to vehicle-treated controls. However, both amitriptyline- and desipramine-treated rats showed a potentiation of acute caloric intake after a single systemic injection of the glucoprivic agent 2-deoxy-D-glucose. These results are considered against the background of human clinical observations. Possible reasons for the differences between human and animal data are discussed.

Amitriptyline↗

PubMed1999

Low calorie diet enhances renal, hemodynamic, and humoral effects of exogenous atrial natriuretic peptide in obese hypertensives.

The expression of the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor is abundant in human and rat adipose tissue, where it is specifically inhibited by fasting. In obese hypertensives, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels were found to be lower than in obese normotensives. Therefore, the increased adipose mass might influence ANP levels and/or its biological activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the humoral, hemodynamic, and renal effects of exogenous ANP in obese hypertensives might be enhanced by a very low calorie diet. Eight obese hypertensives received a bolus injection of ANP (0.6 mg/kg) after 2 weeks of a normal calorie/normal sodium diet, and blood pressure (BP), heart rate, ANP, cGMP, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone were evaluated for 2 hours before and after the injection. Diuresis and natriuresis were measured every 30 minutes. The patients then started a low calorie/normal sodium diet (510 kcal/150 mmol/d) for 4 days, and then the ANP injection protocol was repeated. The low calorie diet induced a slight weight loss (from 90.6+/-1.1 to 87. 7+/-1.2 kg; P<0.01), which was accompanied by increase of cGMP excretion (from 146.0+/-10.1 to 154.5+/-9.5 nmol/24 h; P<0.05) together with a reduction of BP (P<0.01 versus basal levels). ANP injection after diet was followed by an increase of ANP levels similar to that observed before diet, but plasma cGMP, diuresis, and natriuresis increased significantly only after diet. Similarly, the decrease of BP after ANP administration was significantly higher after diet (change in mean arterial pressure, -6.4+/-0.7 versus -4. 0+/-0.6 mm Hg; P<0.05) as well as that of aldosterone (P<0.01). These data show that a low calorie diet enhances the humoral, renal, and hemodynamic effects of ANP in obese hypertensives and confirm the importance of caloric intake in modulating the biological activity of ANP, suggesting that the natriuretic peptide system can play a role in the acute changes of natriuresis and diuresis associated with caloric restriction.

Aldosterone↗

PubMed1994

Diet, indicators of kidney disease, and later mortality among older persons in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether diet adversely affected survival among 2572 older persons with indicators of kidney disease in a population-based cohort. Average follow-up time for survivors, of whom 1453 (57%) had died at analysis, was 14.5 years. METHODS: Kidney disease indicators were a "yes" response to "Has a doctor ever told you that you have kidney disease or renal stones?" and/or trace or greater amounts of protein in urine. Dietary protein intakes were calculated from 24-hour recalls. RESULTS: Cox proportional hazards models were used, stratified by sex, with age, body mass index, blood pressure, education, smoking status, total caloric intake, and diabetes mellitus as covariates. Relative risk of total mortality with an additional 15 g of protein per day was 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.42) among White men with kidney disease indicators, vs 1.00 (95% CI = 0.95, 1.06) among those without them; relative risks of renal-related mortality were 1.32 (95% CI = 0.97, 1.79) and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.81, 1.11), respectively. No significant differences were found for White women. CONCLUSIONS: Once chronic renal disease is present, diet may be associated with earlier mortality in White males.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1997

Chronic underfeeding increases the positive feedback efficacy of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion.

Reduced caloric intake has been shown to inhibit reproductive cycles in females of several mammalian species. Previous studies have shown that increased negative feedback efficacy of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion may be responsible. The present study was designed to test the alternate hypothesis that caloric restriction alters the positive feedback efficacy of estrogen on gonadotropin secretion. Adult, cycling female rats were placed on reduced food intake (R) equal to 50% of that consumed by ad/libitum-fed controls (C). When R rats stopped cycling, both R and C rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and immediately implanted subcutaneously with a Silastic capsule containing 100 microg 17beta-estradiol (E2). Blood samples were obtained at 0900-1000 hr and 1600-1730 hr on Days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 after OVX and implantation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and E2 were measured by radioimmunoassay in duplicate aliquots. Results indicate that underfed female rats retain the ability to respond to elevated estrogen levels with an afternoon surge of gonadotropin which is present for at least 14 days for LH. By contrast, FSH surges in R rats became progressively smaller and were no longer significant after Day 10. The present results also demonstrate that the response of R rats to elevated estrogen levels is significantly greater than that of C rats on Days 2-4 for FSH and 2-14 for LH. It is concluded that an inability to respond to elevated estrogen levels with an afternoon LH surge is not the cause of the cessation of normal estrous cycles. The progressive decrease in the afternoon surge of FSH may be, at least partly, responsible for the decreased follicular development observed in underfed rats. Possible explanations of the enhanced LH response to the positive feedback of estrogen are discussed.

Animals↗