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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

The smoking habits of New Zealand doctors: a review after ten years.

A second survey of New Zealand doctors' smoking habits in 1972 elicited an 83 percent response from 3113 doctors. 38.5 percent had never smoked compared with 23.8 percent in a 1963 survey; 29.2 had given up smoking, and 33.3 percent still smoked. Only 21.3 percent smoked cigarettes compared with 35.3 percent in 1963. There has been a sustantial increase in non-smokers among recent graduates. Both sexes now smoke cigarettes less frequently but pipe and cigar smoking by male doctors has risen sharply. Obstetricians smoke cigarettes more often than other groups of doctors, while pathologists, medical administrators and academics smoke the least. Giving up smoking was not difficult for most former smokers except for the heavy smokers who now make up most of the persistent smoker group.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery and surgical wound infections.

Wound infection remains a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality among surgical patients, despite the relative success of prophylactic antibiotics. In modern efforts to control healthcare costs while improving the quality of patient care, we must not overlook the basic principles of wound infections and their appropriate treatment. Predisposing factors for the development of surgical wound infection include the creation of a surgical wound, the presence of bacteria, and a susceptible host. The selection of an appropriate antimicrobial drug depends on the identification of the most likely pathogens associated with a given procedure, as well as the expected antibiotic susceptibility of those pathogens. Ideally, a prophylactic antibiotic should achieve high peak tissue concentration at the site of the wound before the first incision and should be maintained until the time of closure. Currently, the administration of prophylactic antibiotics is indicated for contaminated and clean-contaminated wounds. Despite the proven effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis, many researchers would argue that contemporary dosing regimens should be reevaluated. The debates concerning the dosage and timing of ideal prophylactic administration are likely to continue.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis↗
PubMed2000

Counseling dilemmas in EEC syndrome.

In this report we describe a prenatally diagnosed case with four-limb ectrodactyly and cleft lip/palate. The family history reveals three-generation oligodontia. The difficulties in counseling of the families with EEC syndrome are discussed.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2001

Concentration of interleukin-12 in the peritoneal fluid is not influenced by the presence of endometriosis, its stage or the phase of the menstrual cycle.

BACKGROUND: IL-12 is a key immunomodulatory cytokine. Its presence or concentration in peritoneal fluid is not related to the presence of endometriosis or the stage of the disease. A study was carried out to gain insight into the role of IL-12 in the development and maintenance of endometriosis in relation to menstrual cycle. METHODS: A prospective study recruiting 64 consecutive women undergoing laparoscopic surgery for benign gynecological indications. Peritoneal fluid was obtained during laparoscopy. Concentration of IL-12 was measured and correlated to the presence of endometriosis, its stage and the phase of the menstrual cycle. RESULT(S): Peritoneal fluid concentrations of IL-12 showed no correlation with the presence of endometriosis, the AFS stage of the disease or the phase of the menstrual cycle. CONCLUSION(S): IL-12 is a normal constituent of peritoneal fluid in around one third of the population tested and is not involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis at any stage of the disease or the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Ascitic Fluid↗
PubMed2001

Peritoneal fluid concentrations of interleukin-4 in relation to the presence of endometriosis, its stage and the phase of the menstrual cycle.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a cytokine with both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the inflammatory system such as macrophage inhibition and T-cell activation. It is known to regulate several monocyte functions, including inhibition of the synthesis of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha as well as potentiating IL-8. METHOD: In an attempt to clarify the association between IL-4 and endometriosis, we measured the concentration of IL-4 in the peritoneal fluid of 52 women; 24 with endometriosis and 28 with no endometriosis, controlling for the phase of the cycle and the stage of disease. RESULTS: There was no difference in the concentrations of IL-4 between women with (n=28) and without endometriosis (n=24). No difference was found between the IL-4 concentrations in women with different stages of endometriosis. Levels of IL-4 did not show a difference according to the phase of the cycle in either group. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate no association between peritoneal fluid levels of IL-4 and endometriosis and hence suggest that IL-4 is not involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Ascitic Fluid↗