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PubMed1996

Distribution of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols within blood fractions of ruminants.

This is a comparative study of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in plasma, red blood cells, and in lipoprotein fractions, and their interrelationships with plasma cholesterol and total lipids were studied in camel, cattle, and in sheep. Plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in cattle were significantly higher than in camel or sheep (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Erythrocytes of the three species contained similar amounts of both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Plasma tocopherols distributed equally between plasma lipoprotein fractions of camel and cattle, but sheep had significantly higher LDL/HDL tocopherol ratios than camel or cattle (P < 0.05). All species had similar plasma tocopherol to total lipid ratios, but varied in RBC-to-plasma tocopherol ratios where sheep had significantly the highest ratio (P < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol and total lipids were positively correlated with plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in all species, and were negatively correlated with alpha-tocopherol in the erythrocytes. gamma-Tocopherol in red blood cells correlated with cholesterol and total lipids negatively in camel and positively in cattle. The camel's unique adaptations to dehydration and rehydration may not be related to deference in vitamin E distribution within blood fractions. Plasma cholesterol level is probably the main determinant of blood tocopherol concentration and distribution pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

PCR amplification of RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Trypanosoma evansi isolates in Kenya.

A direct card agglutination test for Trypanosoma evansi, CATT/T. evansi based on the predominant variable antigen-type (pVAT) RoTat 1.2 was evaluated previously in the field in Isiolo District, Kenya. Sixteen out of 51 (31.4%) parasitologically positive camels were negative by the antibody detection test. In the present study, trypanosomes isolated from the camels were analysed in an attempt to determine the cause of the false negative results of CATT/T. evansi. A total of 20 field isolates comprised 16 stocks from camels that were negative by CATT/T. evansi, and 4 from CATT/T. evansi-positive camels. In addition, 15 known T. evansi and four T. brucei were used as reference. Purified DNA samples were tested using an established RoTat 1.2-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that yields a 488 bp product for the specific detection of T. evansi. Antibodies to RoTat 1.2 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) were used in Western blotting to detect RoTat 1.2 VSG linear epitopes. Results of PCR and Western blot showed that the 16 stocks isolated from CATT/T. evansi-negative camels fell into three groups. In Group 1, both the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene and the VSG were absent in three stocks. In five trypanosome stocks in Group 2, the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene was detected, but Western blot was negative indicating absence of the expressed VSG. Five other stocks containing the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene were also in this group. The RoTat 1.2 VSG gene was detected and Western blot was positive in all four trypanosome stocks in Group 3. All four stocks from CATT/T. evansi-positive camels contained the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene and the expressed VSG. The reference T. evansi KETRI 2479 lacked the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene and there was no immune reactivity detected by Western blot. The rest of the reference T. evansi stocks examined contained the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. All the four T. brucei samples examined were negative by PCR and Western blot. In conclusion, this study showed that the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene was absent from some T. evansi trypanosomes in Kenya.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Association of point-of-purchase tobacco advertising and promotions with choice of usual brand among teenage smokers.

The objective is to determine the relationship between brand-specific advertising and promotions in convenience stores for Marlboro and Camel cigarettes and choice of usual brand among school students. A cross-sectional survey was designed that merged records of store tobacco advertising and promotions. The survey was administered to 3,890 U.S. high school smokers with a usual brand, matched to 196 convenience stores. Choice of Marlboro as a usual brand was associated with presence of a Marlboro gift with purchase (p <.001) and a greater brand share of interior (p = .05) and exterior (p = .05) advertising voice for Marlboro. Choice of Camel as a usual brand was associated with a greater share of interior advertising voice for Camel (p <.001) but was unrelated to a Camel gift with purchase promotions (p > .05) and negatively associated with a greater share of exterior advertising voice for Camel (p < .001). The results are consistent with the notion that Marlboro-specific advertising and promotions may influence choice of Marlboro as a usual brand to smoke among teens, but resultsfor Camel are mixed and inconclusive. Further research is required to confirm and extend these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Experimental camelpox infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated dromedaries.

Four dromedaries were infected with a virulent camelpox virus strain which was isolated from the lung of a Saudi Arabian camel. The camels which were infected intradermally and subcutaneously developed severe generalized camelpox. One of these camels had to be euthanized on humane grounds and the second one died 13 days after being infected. This dromedary also developed internal pox. Neither dromedary showed camelpox antibodies before infection. The other two camels which had been vaccinated with Ducapox 6 years prior to the viral challenge did not develop any clinical symptoms when given 5 ml of the field virus intravenously and intramuscularly. They seroconverted after the challenge. Although only two camels were used for this trial, the results indicate that a single dose of Ducapox can protect 1-year-old camels from camelpox infection for several years.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Adolescents' responses to cigarette advertisements: links between exposure, liking, and the appeal of smoking.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate adolescents' responses to cigarette advertisements for different brands. DESIGN: Adolescents were shown one print advertisement for each of five cigarette brands (Camel, Marlboro, Kool, Benson & Hedges, and Lucky Strike). They indicated on a structured questionnaire how many times they had seen the advertisement (or one almost like it), how much they liked it, whether or not they thought it made smoking more appealing, and whether or not it made them want to smoke cigarettes of that brand. SETTING: Middle school and high school classrooms, seven schools in four states in the United States (New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Texas). The classrooms were selected randomly within each school. PARTICIPANTS: 534 adolescents in grades 6-12 (ages 11-18 years) from seven schools in four states, 54% female, 76% white. RESULTS: The advertisements for Camel and Marlboro were more likely than the advertisements for the other brands to be seen, to be liked, to be viewed as making smoking appealing, and to influence adolescents to want to smoke cigarettes of that brand. More than 95% of the adolescents had seen an advertisement featuring Joe Camel or the Marlboro Man at least once, and more than 50% had seen these advertisements six or more times. Nearly half believed that the Joe Camel advertisement makes smoking more appealing, and 40% believed that the Marlboro Man advertisement makes smoking more appealing. Adolescent smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to believe that the advertisements for Camel and Marlboro make smoking more appealing. CONCLUSIONS: The advertisements most popular among adolescents are for two of the brands they are most likely to smoke--Marlboro and Camel. The results of the study are consistent with the view that certain cigarette advertisements enhance the appeal of smoking to many adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[A survey of Echinococcus granulosus infection in Camelus bactrianus in north Xinjiang].

AIM: To determine the situation and characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus infection in camels (Camelus bacterianus) in our country. METHODS: The camels slaughtered in abattoir were examined for visceral infection of larval cestode of Echinococcus. The number and diameter of cysts were recorded and the content of cysts were examined microscopically to detect the protoscoleces. RESULTS: 185 out of 375 camels were positive, the infection rate was 49.3%. The metacestodes parasitized mainly in the liver and lung, the ratio between liver and lung involved was 1:0.64. The fertile cyst rate was 39.2%, the fertile cyst-carrying rate of camels was 34.8%, the cyst index was 7.53. The cyst wall was relatively thin and the cysts located singly on the surface of liver. There was no daughter cyst seen in fertile cysts. The average diameter of fertile cysts was 5.6 +/- 2.65 cm in liver and 4.83 +/- 2.03 cm in lung. The percentage of animals harboring calcified cysts was 64.3%. CONCLUSION: The infection rate of metacestodes of Echinococcus granulosus in Bactrian camel was very high in north Xinjiang and the characteristics of infection differ in some aspects from the local sheep and cattle and from dromedaries in Africa as well. Further study is needed to elucidate the significance of the infection of E. granulosus in Bactrian camels.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Does tobacco advertising target young people to start smoking? Evidence from California.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether tobacco advertising encourages teenagers younger than 18 years to start smoking. DESIGN: Comparison of 1990 California telephone survey data with data from a 1986 national telephone survey (both used a random-digit dialing system); 95% confidence intervals were calculated. To test our hypothesis, we considered whether the perception of advertising was related to age, whether the pattern of market share across age and sex groups followed the pattern of perceived advertising, and whether changes in market share paralleled changes in advertising as perceived by the youngest age group. PARTICIPANTS: There were 24,296 adults and 5040 teenagers. RESULTS: The most advertised brands of cigarettes were Marlboro, according to 33.6% of adults and 41.8% of teenagers, and Camel, according to 13.7% of adults and 28.5% of teenagers--named most often by 12- to 13-year-olds (34.2%). The brands that were purchased most often were Marlboro and Camel. Together these were the brands of choice of 79.9% of males and 85% of females aged 12 through 17 years. Marlboro's market share increased in youths and young adults up to age 24 years and then decreased gradually with age; Camel's market share decreased abruptly with age: it was the brand of choice of 24.5% +/- 5.8% of males aged 12 through 17 years but was chosen by only 12.7% +/- 3.6% of males aged 18 through 24 years; for females, 21.7% +/- 13.7% aged 12 through 17 years chose Camels, while only 5.5% +/- 3.2% aged 18 through 24 years preferred this brand. Both Marlboro and Camel brands had a higher market share in California in 1990 compared with that for the United States in 1986. Of interest is that the market share for Camel increased among the younger smokers but was more evenly distributed for Marlboro. CONCLUSIONS: Perception of advertising is higher among young smokers; market-share patterns across age and sex groups follow the perceived advertising patterns; and changes in market share resulting from advertising occur mainly in younger smokers. Cigarette advertising encourages youth to smoke and should be banned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

TCR reconstitution in Jurkat reporter cells facilitates the identification of novel tumor antigens by cDNA expression cloning.

The identification of novel tumor antigens is of extreme importance for effective immunotherapy against cancer. A major obstacle in this field is the limited life span of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. Therefore we searched for a method to isolate the tumor specificity of these CTLs, i.e., their T-cell receptors (TCRs) and transfer it to an immortalized T-cell line. For this purpose, a TCR-negative Jurkat T-cell line was equipped with a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-luciferase reporter construct to allow measurement of TCR-mediated activation. To establish the feasibility of this tumor-specific TCR transduction, we cloned the TCR genes of a known T-cell clone specific for the tumor antigen CAMEL (CTL-recognized antigen on melanoma) into a retroviral construct. Jurkat reporter cells transduced with this construct, Jrt-TCRalpha3beta5, were tested for their reactivity against CAMEL-expressing melanoma cells, peptide-loaded T2 cells and CAMEL-transfected COS-1 cells. The melanoma cell lines were poorly recognized, but peptide-pulsed and -transfected cells effectively stimulated NFAT signaling. The activation of TCR(+) Jurkat reporter cells was shown to be dependent on the antigen density on the target cells and the expression level of the coreceptor CD8 on the Jurkat cells. To verify the benefit of this TCR reconstitution method for identification of novel antigens, pools of the cDNA library from which CAMEL was originally cloned were transfected in COS-1 cells and screened with Jrt-TCRalpha3beta5. Identical cDNA pools were found that were positive with these cells and with the CAMEL-specific CTL clone. Our results illustrate that TCR-reconstituted Jurkat reporter cells are a useful tool in the identification of novel tumor antigens by cDNA expression cloning.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Lens lipids and maximum lifespan.

Unlike in most organs, the lipid composition of lenses varies dramatically among species and with age. The focus of this study is to assess how these changes relate to lifespan. Studies on cataract suggest that the lens may serve as a window into the processes leading to accelerated mortality. As a first step toward elucidating cellular processes in the lens that may serve as markers for accelerated mortality, we examined the correlation between species-dependent and age-related lens lipid compositional differences and maximum life span. We included data from camels, which, even in old age, rarely develop cataracts although they live under adverse conditions. Camel lens lipids were mainly composed of sphingolipids (77%) and phosphatidylcholines (23%). Bovine lens lipid composition was comparable to a previous study, and both bovine lens sphingolipids, phosphatidylcholines and camel lens phosphatidylcholines content fit well (within the 95% confidence limits) in the curve obtained by plotting maximum life spans of other species with sphingolipids and phosphatidylcholines. Lifespan was directly related to lens sphingolipid content and indirectly related to lens phosphatidylcholine content. The camel lens sphingolipid value was significantly above the curve for other species. Except for the camel lens nucleus, lipid order and sphingolipid content were linearly related, p < 0.005 with a slope of 0.85+/-0.07, and intercept of 6.9+/-3.8. Lipid phase transition temperature and sphingolipid content were also linearly related, p = 0.01 with a slope of 0.20+/-0.07, and intercept of 21.7+/-5.3. Our data support the hypothesis that humans have adapted so that their lens membranes have a high sphingolipid content that confers resistance to oxidation, allowing these membranes to stay clear for a relatively longer time than is the case in many other species. Age-related changes in human lens lipid composition may serve as a marker for oxidative stress and may reflect systemic oxidative insult, providing a window into the health of an individual.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An outbreak of cameline filariasis in the Sudan.

Sheathed microfilariae (mean length 278 +/- 10 microns SEM; mean width 7.2 +/- 0.8 microns) were detected in the blood of 7/14 housed camels (Camelus dromedarius). Microfilaraemic camels of either sex were inappetent, lethargic, reluctant to move and exhibited weakness in the hind limbs; some remained in sternal recumbency. Cardiac disorders, orchitis and skin nodules were conspicuously absent. The microfilariae showed a biphasic pattern in the blood that peaked at 20:00 and plateaued between 04:00 and 06:00. Adult filarial worms were recovered from the mesenteric and femoral arteries. Marked clinical improvement within 1-2 weeks was seen in three camels treated at 10:00 with a single subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin. These camels became amicrofilaraemic 2-5 days after treatment and remained so for the length of the observation period (133 days). Treatment of two camels at the time of high microfilaraemia (06:30) resulted in adverse reaction and death.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Production of novel recombinant single-domain antibodies against tandem repeat region of MUC1 mucin.

Recently, the existence of "heavy-chain" antibody in Camelidae has been described. However, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to peptides. In addition, there was not any report of production of single-domain antibodies in two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus). In the present study, these questions are addressed. We showed the feasibility of immunizing old world camels, cloning the repertoire of the variable domain of their heavy-chain antibodies, panning and selection, leading to the successful identification of minimum-sized antigen binders. Antigen-specific fragments of the heavy-chain IgGs (V(HH)) are of great interest in biotechnology because they are very stable, highly soluble, and react specifically and with high affinity to the antigens. In this study, we immunized two camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) with homogenized cancerous tissues, synthetic peptide, and human milk fat globule membrane (HMFG), and generated two V(HH) libraries displayed on phage particles. Some single-domain antibody fragments have been isolated that specifically recognize the tandem repeat region of MUC1. The camels' single-domain V(HH) harbor the original, intact antigen binding site and reacted specifically and with high affinity to the tandem repeat region of MUC1. Indeed soluble, specific antigen binders and good affinities (in the range of 0.2 x 10(9) M(-1) to 0.6 x 10(9) M(-1)) were identified from these libraries. This is the first example of the isolation of camel anti-peptide V(HH) domains.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Hybridizing Old and New World camelids: Camelus dromedarius x Lama guanicoe.

Thirty female dromedary camels were inseminated on a total of 50 occasions with 2-4 ml of fresh guanaco semen diluted with an equal volume of commercially available camel semen extender. Similarly, nine female guanacos were inseminated on 34 occasions with 4-6 ml of fresh, diluted camel semen. Only two of the dromedary females conceived; one aborted a female foetus on day 260 of gestation and the other gave birth to a stillborn female calf on day 365. Six conceptions occurred in the female guanacos. Two of these conceptuses, diagnosed by ultrasound, were resorbed between days 25 and 40 of gestation, one female foetus was aborted on day 291, another female foetus was aborted on day 302, and one female calf was stillborn on day 365 of gestation. The sixth foetus, a male, was born prematurely but alive after a 328-day gestation. It had a phenotypic appearance intermediate between that of a camel and a guanaco and its hybrid parentage was confirmed by the DNA fingerprinting of eight llama microsatellites. To our knowledge, this is the first viable hybrid ever to be produced between Old World and New World camelids, which have been reproductively isolated from one another for at least 11 million years. The preponderance of female hybrids is in accordance with Haldane's law. Histological examination of their ovaries revealed a failure of meiosis, with only an occasional abnormal oocyte surrounded by follicle cells. Although the diploid chromosone number of camels and guanacos is the same (2n = 74), sufficient genetic change has taken place to make the pairing of homologous chromosomes no longer possible.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Light and transmission electron microscopy of immature camelus dromedarius oocyte.

In order to provide a consistent system for laboratory production of embryos, the characteristics of immature camel oocyte must first be described. The objective of this study was to define ultrastructural features of immature camel oocyte. Ovaries were obtained from camels at a local abattoir, and then transported to the laboratory within 2 h. Camelus cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from 2-6 mm follicles using a 22-gauge needle. Excellent and good quality COCs were selected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy study using a cavity slide. The fine structure of camel oocyte is morphologically similar to that of other mammalian oocytes. However, some minor differences exist between COC of camel and other mammalian species. Different size and shape of membrane-bound vesicles, lipid droplet, mitochondria and cortical granules were distributed throughout the ooplasm. Discrete or in association with endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes were observed in the periphery of the oocytes. The majority of the oocytes were in the germinal vesicle stage.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Evaluation of a competitive enzyme immunoassay for detection of Coxiella burnetii antibody in animal sera.

A competitive enzyme immunoassay (CEIA) was established and compared with other serological techniques for detecting Coxiella burnetii antibody in camels, goats, and sheep. This technique was evaluated because a conjugated anti-camel immunoglobulin was not available to serve as a direct signal for the demonstration of antigen-antibody reaction. A C. burnetii antibody-positive human serum and a peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin G were used as an indicator system competing against antibody in animal serum or as an indicator of the absence of antibody. Sera were considered antibody positive when the A414 of the test sera plus the competing positive antibody was less than or equal to 50% of the A414 of the negative-control serum plus the competing antibody. Antibody to C. burnetii was repeatedly demonstrated in 66% of camel serum samples (n = 200) by the CEIA. Among 48 camel serum samples, 71% were positive for antibody by CEIA versus 65% by EIA using peroxidase-labeled protein A. The CEIA detected C. burnetii antibody in 63% of sheep serum samples (n = 40) and in 50% of goat serum samples (n = 96), while the indirect fluorescent-antibody technique detected antibody in 38% of sheep and 34% of goat serum samples and the EIA detected antibody in 50% of sheep and 35% of goat serum samples. These data indicate that the CEIA is a reliable and sensitive technique for demonstrating C. burnetii antibody in camels, sheep, and goats.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Using morphometry of the larval rostellar hooks to distinguish Iranian strains of Echinococcus granulosus.

Human cystic echinococcosis is widely distributed throughout Iran, where sheep, cattle, goats, camels and other animals act as intermediate hosts. It appears that morphometry of the rostellar hooks on the protoscoleces of the causative parasite, Echinococcus granulosus, can be used to separate the strains or variants of the parasite to be found in humans and livestock in Iran. Multivariate statistical procedures, including principal-component analysis and discriminant-function analysis (DFA), were used to explore the morphometric data obtained from the larval hooks of Iranian samples of E. granulosus. Although five physical variables were initially considered, the results of the PCA indicated that just two factors (based on the length of hooks and number of hooks) accounted for 91.6% of the variance observed in the hook measurements. The results of the DFA allowed the correct classification of all the samples. The presence in Iran of the sheep and camel strains of the parasite was confirmed. The sheep strain was the most common variant encountered, being recovered from sheep, cattle, goats, humans and occasionally camels. Most of the metacestode samples from camels and a few of those from cattle (five of 30), sheep (one of 27) and humans (two of 23) were found to be of the camel strain. These results indicate that larval-hook morphology is a valid method for identifying E. granulosus strains in Iran, and one that is potentially useful for epidemiological studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cystic echinococcosis of livestock and humans in central Sudan.

New information was collected on cystic echinococcosis in livestock (camels, cattle and sheep) and humans in the central region of Sudan. The livestock data were collected in abattoir-based surveys in the towns of Omdurman, Tamboul and Wad Madani, between 1998 and 2001, and covered a total of 8205 animals. The highest prevalence of infection was found in the camels (44.6% of 242 infected), followed by the sheep (6.9% of 5595) and cattle (3.0% of 2368). Records were made of the sizes of the 1320 hydatid cysts detected in the livestock (907 in sheep, 71 in cattle, and 342 in camels), whether or not each cyst was fertile, and where it occurred in the body of the host. Cysts collected from cattle and camels where much more likely to be fertile (22% and 24%, respectively) than those from sheep (1%). Camels and cattle therefore appear to be the principal intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus in central Sudan, whereas sheep apparently play a marginal role in transmission. In 2002, as a preliminary assessment of the public-health impact of the disease, 300 residents of a rural village 60 km west of Wad Madani were surveyed using a portable ultrasound scanner. Only one (0.33%) of the villagers investigated was found infected. The implications of these finding are discussed in terms of the various strains of E. granulosus and the role of each in human disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Seroprevalences of zoonotic diseases in nomads and their livestock in Chari-Baguirmi, Chad].

The seroprevalences of brucellosis and Q-fever were evaluated in humans and livestock in three Chadian nomadic communities, i.e., Fulani cattle breeders and Arab camel and cattle breeders. The survey was carried out in 1999 and 2000. The total number of human sera and animal sera tested were 911 and 1637, respectively, for antibodies against Brucella spp. and 368 and 613, respectively, for Coxiella burnetii. Sixteen brucellosis positive human sera resulted in a seroprevelance rate of 2%. Male participants were significantly more often brucellosis seropositive than females. No association was found between brucellosis serostatus and physical findings or reported symptoms. Positive brucellosis serology was more frequent in cattle (seroprevalence, 7%) than in camels (1.4%) and small ruminants (0.5%). Fifteen human sera from 11 Arab camel breeders and 4 Arab cattle breeders were positive for Q-fever (seroprevalence below 1%). Being a camel breeder was a significant risk factor for Q-fever seropositivity. Camels had the highest Q-fever seroprevalence (73%) among livestock species.

Brucellosis↗
PubMed1994

Suratex: a simple latex agglutination antigen test for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi infections (surra).

A simple and rapid, field-oriented latex agglutination test for the detection of circulating invariant trypanosomal antigens in Trypanosoma evansi infections (surra) is described. In an initial evaluation, the test, Suratex, detected the antigens in 53 (88.3%) of 60 serial blood samples collected over a period of 11 weeks from 3 experimentally infected rabbits. By comparison, the buffy coat technique and wet blood film examination diagnosed the infection in 22 (36.7%) and 2 (3.3%) of the blood samples, respectively. In experimental infections in camels, Suratex diagnosed the infection in 10 of the 12 animals by day 7 post-infection, compared to 7 animals detected by the buffy coat techniques. The 5 animals misdiagnosed by the buffy coat technique remained parasite negative throughout the study period of 127 days, yet they had persistent antigenaemia. Analysis of field sera from two camel herds which were experiencing a T. evansi outbreak, confirmed the superior sensitivity of Suratex. Whereas only 5 (15.6%) animals in a herd of 32 were diagnosed by the buffy coat technique, 30 (94.0%) tested positive for antigens. This high prevalence of T. evansi infections in the herd was confirmed by the high antibody titres detected in sera from all the 32 animals. The second herd, consisting of 60 camels, was investigated using both mouse inoculation and Suratex. Twenty-eight (46.7%) of the animals were diagnosed to be infected with T. evansi by mouse inoculation, while Suratex showed all the 60 animals to be infected. Four of the 5 camels diagnosed using the BCT and all the 28 detected by mouse inoculation (32/33; 97.0%) were Suratex positive, thus showing a high degree of correlation between parasitological results and those obtained by Suratex. All the control sera from 30 camels from a T. evansi-free herd were negative.

Animals↗