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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Isometric muscle force response of the human lower limb.

This paper deals with isometric muscle force response of the human lower limb when the leg is subjected to various external forces applied on the knee and ankle joints. The major components of the research apparatus are a subject restraint system, a force application device which employs three sonic emitters, and an upper leg cuff with four sonic emitters. The sonic emitters are used to determine the direction and the location of the force application on the lower limb and the orientation of the upper leg with respect to the torso. The numerical results are presented from experiments conducted on three male and three female subjects to determine their isometric muscle resistance against external forces trying to dislodge their lower limbs from several initial configurations. Quantitative results on the isometric muscle force capability of the subjects, when their lower limbs are dislodged from the initial stowed position, are also presented. It is concluded that, although there are intra- and inter-subject variations for the maximum values of the resistive muscle forces of the lower limb, there are some trends in the behavior of their magnitudes. Incorporating the results of the present research into multi-segmented models of the human body should improve the long-time response capabilities of these models so that they can simulate more realistically the biodynamic events which take place when the human body is subjected to high magnitudes of external forces lasting more than a fraction of a second.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Design considerations for the brain-machine interface.

Implantation of prosthetic devices designed to complement the function of the human brain is a rare but well recognized innovative treatment for some patients. If this technique is to become clinically useful special attention will have to be paid to the bio-engineering requirements of the prosthesis-brain interface.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2001

Physics and engineering: milestones in medicine.

The history of the development of the applications of physics and engineering in medicine provides an insight into contemporary practice and can help to mould the future. Physics and engineering form a continuum, and, in the present context, engineering is indistinguishable from applied physics. The modern scientific era, which extends over 500 years, is characterised by numerous significant developments: for example, the Nobel prizes which most closely relate to physics and engineering in medicine were for X-rays and radioactivity, the electrocardiogram, the scattering of radiation, the cyclotron, nuclear magnetic resonance, the transistor, radioimmunoassay and computed tomography; and a medical physicist has received the Peace Prize. The origins and development of nuclear medicine, magnetic resonance and ultrasonic imaging are representative of the whole field. Physics and engineering rank alongside other medical sciences and underpin many of their applications. In what is now the developed world, human life expectancy has increased dramatically, but the costs and risks of modern medicine have meanwhile become a huge problem. The growing divergence of rich and poor is now arguably the greatest challenge. The future cannot be predicted, but the potential of physics and engineering to improve medicine has never been greater.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed2001

Tissue engineering of vascular bypass grafts: role of endothelial cell extraction.

Surgical treatment of vascular disease has become common. The use of synthetic materials is limited to grafts larger than 5-6 mm, because of the frequency of occlusion observed with small-diameter prosthetics. An alternative would be a hybrid or tissue-engineered graft with the surface coated with a monolayer of the patients' own endothelial cells. This review examines the various techniques and technologies used to date in order to extract endothelial cells for such graft engineering.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical engineering in Switzerland.

The clinical engineering or medical engineering departments in the hospitals in Switzerland are in a phase of rapid development. In particular, staffing, as well as official recognition by hospital management, needs improvement in many of the hospitals, as is also found in other countries. An overview is given of the current state of affairs in medical engineering in Switzerland, and of the amount of annual investment in medical equipment in the public hospitals. The activities of the Swiss Association of Hospital Engineers in this field are described. The main goals, responsibilities, and tasks of medical engineering departments are presented. The importance of the integration of the medical engineering operation in the management decision process is stressed.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Career opportunities in clinical engineering.

The varied career opportunities open to clinical engineers are described in this paper. Many of these opportunities are within the medical device industry in research, development, manufacturing design, regulatory activities, production, operations, sales, marketing, service, and management. Additional opportunities are available in hospitals, with the Veterans Administration, or working as an entrepreneur or a consultant. Each of these careers requires specific training and skills, and they all require a fundamental scientific knowledge of physical principles and mathematics. Research and management, however, require different educational preparation. The research emphasis should be on theoretical principles and creativity; the management emphasis should be on financial and labor problems. In all clinical engineering careers, the individual is a problem solver.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The future of clinical engineering: the challenge of change.

Clinical engineering is at a strategic inflection point. Technical, economic, regulatory, and cultural dynamics are at work shaping the future of healthcare delivery. As the nature of healthcare delivery is transformed by these forces, the types and mix of technology management and support services needed by the industry are changing significantly. Clinical engineering has a relatively short opportunity to adopt a service model that will meet these changing needs. Delay or failure to adopt an effective service model as we pass through the inflection point will result in a diminished role for clinical engineering in healthcare technology management as other technical professionals move in to fill the need. The question is: will clinical engineering rise to the challenge?

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1968

Occupancy principle for radioactive tracers in steady-state biological systems.

Bergner's theoretical analysis of tracer dynamics has important ap plications in biology, not only for the measurement of exchangeable mass (as he demonstrated) but also for elicitation of otherwise inaccessible information on total masses of particular elements in body organs or systems-as well as in Chemical engineering and geophysics.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2004

Biomaterials: where we have been and where we are going.

Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of the latest advancements in biomaterials that aim to control biological responses and ultimately heal. This new generation of biomaterials includes surface modification of materials to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption in vivo, precision immobilization of signaling groups on surfaces, development of synthetic materials with controlled properties for drug and cell carriers, biologically inspired materials that mimic natural processes, and design of sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) architectures to produce well-defined patterns for diagnostics, e.g., biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMs), and tissue engineering.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The central equipment pool, an opportunity for improved technology management.

A model for a central equipment pool managed by a clinical engineering department has been presented. The advantages to patient care and to the clinical engineering department are many. The distribution of portable technology that has been traditionally managed by the materials management function is a logical match to the expanding role of clinical engineering departments in technology management. Accurate asset management tools have allowed us to provide reliable measures of infusion pump utilization, permitting us to predict future needs as programs expand. Thus we are more actively involved in strategic technology planning. The central equipment pool is an excellent opportunity for the clinical engineering department to increase its technology management activities.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMed1997

[Tissue engineering study on repairment of injured nerve gap in rat].

The combined substances composed of chitosan gel and rough abstract contained schwanns cell (RSC) plus extra nerve growth factor (NGF) were filled in silicone chambers to bridge a 10 mm nerve gap in rat. The RSC were created by removing autonerve's epineurium and perineurium. The very same other silicone chambers with only NGF saline solution were used as control. Electrophysiologic recording and transverse section imaging analysis at 12 weeks postoperatively showed better result in the experimental group, compared with the control group. The research suggests a new tissue engineering method for repairing nerve gap.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The concept of intensive medicine. A systems approach of importance to medical engineers.

The paper demonstrates how planning, organizing, equipping, and running all Intensive Care Unit (ICU) should be carried out, using a systems approach, and by keeping in mind that quality and degree of overall performance is a function of effectiveness and efficiency. The interactions of the ICU with its "environment" are discussed; a method of estimating the size of the ICU is mentioned. Then, the elements determining performance are analyzed: personnel, pathophysiologic states of the patients, financial and material resources. Furthermore, the problem of goal-oriented systems synthesis is outlined and suggestions for more detailed studies on the structure of some of the "subsystems" are put forward. The paper summarizes some important consequences for medical engineering as applied to intensive medicine.

Adolescent↗