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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The baseball bat: a popular mechanism of urban injury.

From January 1989 through December 1990, 74 patients were admitted to our urban level I trauma center with injuries inflicted by baseball bats. We investigated the demographics and dynamics of injury in these patients by retrospective analysis of the patient's medical record and Trauma Registry data. The average victim was 30 years old. Ninety-two percent of the patients were male, and approximately 89% tested positive for substance abuse. Injury to both the head and body occurred in 80% of our patients, isolated head injury occurred in 42%. Twenty percent suffered injury to the body only. On admission, 7% went directly to the operating suite, 16% were admitted to the trauma ICU, one patient was admitted to the pediatric ICU, and the remainder were admitted to the floor shock/trauma unit. These patients had a length of stay (LOS) that was not significantly different than the LOS for patients with penetrating trauma or the general trauma population. The mean Trauma Score was 13.8 (range, 6-16), and the average Injury Severity Score was 10.5 (range, 1-34). The mortality in our study was 3%. Four percent of the patients were left with some degree of permanent disability. Intentionally inflicted injury is most commonly seen in the thorax and abdomen. In contrast, head injury was evident in 80% of our patients with baseball bat injury. This represents a departure from classic patterns of violent injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Histoplasmosis associated with exploring a bat-inhabited cave in Costa Rica, 1998-1999.

Between October 1998 and April 1999, 51 persons belonging to two separate groups developed acute pulmonary histoplasmosis after visiting a cave in Costa Rica. The first group consisted of 61 children and 14 adults from San Jose, Costa Rica; 44 (72%) were diagnosed with acute histoplasmosis. The second group comprised 14 tourists from the United States and Canada; 9 (64%) were diagnosed with histoplasmosis. After a median incubation time of 14 days, the most common symptoms were headache, fever, cough, and myalgias. Risk factors for developing histoplasmosis included crawling (odds ratio [OR] = 17.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3-802) and visiting one specific room (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.0-12.3) in the cave. Washing hands (OR = 0.1, 95% CI = 0.01-0.6) after exiting the cave was associated with a decreased risk of developing histoplasmosis. Histoplasma capsulatum was isolated from bat guano collected from inside the cave. Persons who explore caves, whether for recreation or science, should be aware of the risk bat-inhabited caves pose for developing histoplasmosis, especially if they are immunocompromised in any way.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lissavirus in bats residing in the South of West Siberia].

We caught, 2002-2003 in caves of Novosibirsk Region and Altai Territory, 52 bats (Myotis daubentoni, Myotis brandtii, Murina leucogaster, Plecotus auritus). Examinations of the animals' brain samples by fluorescence antibody microscopy and RT-PCR revealed lyssaviruses, genotype 1, which were close to strains provoking rabies in the local animals. According to the results, bats can be involved in keeping alive the rabies foci in Western Siberia, which must be taken into account in antiepizootic measures.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Effects of backward masking on the responses of the inferior collicular neurons in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus.

Temporal features of sound convey information vital for behaviors as diverse as speech recognition by human and echolocation by bats. However, auditory stimuli presented in temporal proximity might interfere with each other. Although much progress has been made in the description of this phenomenon from psychophysical studies, the neural mechanism responsible for its formation at central auditory structures especially at the inferior colliculus (IC), a midbrain auditory nucleus which practically receives massive bilateral projections from all the major auditory structures in the brainstem, remains unclear. This study was designed to investigate it in vivo by using electrophysiological recording from the inferior collicular neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. In our results, the responses of 12 (38%, n= 31) neurons to the test sound (leading sound) were obviously inhibited by the masker (lagging sound). The inhibitory effects in these neurons were correlated with the inter-stimulus level difference (SLD) and the inter-stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) interval. The strength of backward masking increased with the masker intensity increasing, the test sound intensity decreasing and the SOA interval shortening. There were no obvious effects of backward masking on the responses of many other neurons (52%, 16/31), and yet in a part of these neurons, the neural inhibition of responses to the test sound was observed at the special SLD and the special SOA intervals. Moreover, few of the 31 sampled IC neurons (10%, 3/31) displayed facilitating responses to the test sound at the special SLD and the special SOA intervals. These data demonstrate that a lot of IC neurons are involved in the generation of the backward masking of acoustical perception. It is conjectured that the temporal dynamic integration between the leading inhibitory inputs evoked by the masker sound and the excitatory inputs evoked by the test sound might play a key role in shaping the acoustical response characteristics of the IC neurons.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

[Progressive human viral encephalitis associated to a bat bite].

INTRODUCTION: Human rabies is a rapidly progressive encephalitis that is transmitted by the bites of an infected mammal. METHODS: In June 2004, a male patient was admitted to a hospital emergency department after a 5-days history of progressive right arm pain, paresthesias and muscle weakness. He reported contact with a sick bat 5 weeks before admission. He suffered steady neurologic decline with fever, confusion, disorientation, hydrophobia and aerophobia the following day. The patient died two days later. RESULTS: Postmortem histopathology showed perivascular mononuclear infiltration and extensive neuronolysis. When the fluorescent antibody technique was applied, most residual neurons were infected by the rabies virus. Lyssavirus isolation was achieved in a murine neuroblastoma cell culture. A nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was positive in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid as well as the tissues of the bat Lasionycteris noctivagans. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should suspect rabies when unexplained progressive encephalitis is observed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Genetic variability in species of bats revealed by RAPD analysis.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA molecular marker was utilized as a means of analyzing genetic variability in seven bat species: Molossus molossus, M. rufus, Eumops glaucinus, E. perotis, Myotis nigricans, Eptesicus furinalis, and Artibeus planirostris. The determination of genetic diversity was based on 741 bands produced by a 20-random primer set. Only eight bands were considered monomorphic to one species. The greatest number of bands and the most polymorphic condition were exhibited by M. molossus, followed by M. nigricans, A. planirostris, E. furinalis, E. glaucinus, M. rufus, and E. perotis. Nei's genetic diversity index in the seven species considering the 20 primers was not greater than 0.22, but some primers were capable of detecting values between 0.39 and 0.49. Nei's unbiased genetic distance values and the UPGMA clustering pattern show that M. molossus and M. rufus have a close genetic relationship, unlike that observed between E. perotis and E. glaucinus. The latter was clustered with A. planirostris and E. furinalis. The low values for genetic diversity and distance observed indicate a genetic conservatism in the seven species. The fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments did not confirm a monomorphic condition for the eight bands identified, demonstrating that the monomorphic bands obtained by random amplified polymorphic DNA are insufficient for the identification of bat species.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Maintenance of Glossina palpalis fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood.

Teneral laboratory-bred Glossina palpalis flies were successfully fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood by means of a technique developed in this laboratory. Using this technique almost 100% of the flies engorged blood through the membrane. Ten to fifteen flies were kept in Standard 'Geigy 10' or 'Geigy 15' cages and records were kept of mortality and the weights of the pupae produced; over 78% of the flies were still after 60 days of the experiment. Over 75% of the membrane-fed G. palpalis females produced pupae in the first 30 days of the females' reproductive life. The mean weight of the pupae produced by the membrane-fed flies was 24.9 mg. The results indicate that membranes made from the African fruit bat wings are usable, and that this type of membrane would be valuable for a medium scale rearing programme for tsetse flies.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Bacterial, viral and parasitological study of a population of Chaerophon pumila bats in Anjiro, Madagascar].

This bacterial, viral and parasitical study of the insect eater bats Chaerophon pumila allowed to isolate, from stools of 88 of them, 115 bacterial strains to Enterobacteriaceae family: some of them were identified as very atypical, rare or potentially pathogenic for man. From salivary glands, brain and blood, 13 viral strains were also isolated: 8 of them were less identified as Dakar-bat virus. Any parasite was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Differential ascending projections to aural regions in the 60 kHz contour of the mustache bat's inferior colliculus.

The inferior colliculus of the mustache bat is similar in many respects to the inferior colliculus of more commonly studied mammals. However, the isofrequency contour devoted to processing 60 kHz, the dorsoposterior division (DPD) is greatly expanded, encompassing an area approximately equal to one-third of the central nucleus. Of particular significance is that monaural and binaural neurons are segregated in the DPD into 4 spatially distinct aural regions. In this study we exploit the great enlargement of the 60 kHz region in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) of the mustache bat to determine the source of ascending projections to the 4 different aural regions of the DPD. Small iontophoretic deposits of HRP were made within each of the physiologically defined aural regions, and the locations and numbers of retrogradely labeled cells in the auditory brainstem nuclei were determined. Two major features of collicular organization were found. The first is that each aural region receives a unique set of projections from a subset of lower auditory nuclei and thus is distinguished both by its neural response properties and by the pattern of ascending projections it receives. The dorsomedial EE region receives inputs primarily from the ipsilateral intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL) and ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL), and the contralateral ICc. In contrast, the ventrolateral EE region receives projections from the ipsilateral medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO), VNLL, and INLL. The inputs to the EI region originate primarily from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) bilaterally and from the ipsilateral INLL. The afferents to the EO region include the contralateral cochlear nucleus, the ipsilateral VNLL and INLL and MSO. The second major organizational feature is that the binaural nuclei of the brain-stem project upon the DPD in a more restricted manner than do some of the lower monaural nuclei, such as the VNLL and INLL, which project in a more widespread manner. The unique set of projections terminating in each aural region of the DPD suggests that the neurons should have substantially different properties, even when neurons in different regions are of the same general aural type. Moreover, the elucidation of the micro-organization of the DPD provides insights into the different ways that binaural properties of DPD neurons are created by the convergence of inputs from particular subsets of lower auditory nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1989

Noradrenaline enhances temporal auditory contrast and neuronal timing precision in the cochlear nucleus of the mustached bat.

In the mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii, noradrenaline (NA) was applied iontophoretically to single units in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. NA suppressed tonic components of auditory responses and enhanced phasic onset responses to pure tone stimuli. The enhancement of onset activity was most pronounced in awake bats and was due to a decrease in the latency jitter of the first tone-evoked spikes from 0.55 msec in controls to 0.28 msec during NA application. In addition, NA reduced spontaneous neuronal activity. Noradrenergic antagonists suppressed phasic onset activity and increased the latency jitter of onset spikes. Opposite to the effect of NA, the tonic response component increased during application of the beta-antagonist propranolol but decreased during injection of the alpha 1-antagonist corynanthine. Other putative transmitter substances tested, nonselectively depressed both phasic and tonic response components (GABA, glycine) or increased both components either similarly or had more pronounced effects on the tonic response components (ACh, glutamate). Thus, NA specifically enhances auditory temporal contrast in favor of transients and improves neuronal timing precision, which may be of relevance for auditory tasks like passive sound localization, echolocation, and recognition of temporal patterns.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1989

Synthesis, characterization, and biodistribution of [113mIn]TE-BAT: a new myocardial imaging agent.

In order to develop a new myocardial perfusion agent, new lipid-soluble complexes containing a net charge of +1 were evaluated. Synthesis, radiolabeling, characterization, and biodistribution of a unique indium complex, [113mIn]TE-BAT (tetraethyl-bis-aminoethanethiol), are described. The complex formation between In +3 and TE-BAT ligand is rapid, simple, and of high yield (greater than or equal to 95%). This process is amenable to kit formulation. The complex has a net charge of +1 and an In/ligand ratio of 1:1. Biodistribution in mice shows higher heart uptake and longer retention as compared to 201TI. This complex, when labeled with 111In, shows promise as a possible tracer for myocardial perfusion imaging.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Connectional basis for frequency representation in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus of the bat Eptesicus fuscus.

To study the role of the lateral lemniscus as a link in the ascending auditory pathway, injections of neuronal tracers were placed in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and in the inferior colliculus of the bat Eptesicus fuscus. To correlate the anatomical results with tonotopic organization, the characteristic frequency of cells at each injection site was determined electrophysiologically. Pathways from AVCN diverge to 3 major targets in the lateral lemniscus, the intermediate nucleus and 2 divisions of the ventral nucleus (VNLL). Projections from these 3 nuclei then converge at the inferior colliculus. One cell group is particularly notable for its cytoarchitectural appearance. It is referred to here as the columnar area of VNLL because its cells are organized as a tightly packed matrix of columns and rows. The connections of the columnar area are organized in sheets that are precisely related to the tonotopic organization of both AVCN and the inferior colliculus. Sheets of cells in the dorsal part of the columnar area receive projections from low-frequency parts of AVCN and project to low-frequency parts of the inferior colliculus. These sheets of connections occupy successively more ventral locations as the tonotopic focus of the injection site increases in frequency. The entire range of frequencies audible to the bat is systematically represented along the dorsal-ventral dimension of the columnar area. Because each column is only 20-30 cells in height, frequency representation must be compressed in this dimension. Within the columnar area there is an overrepresentation of frequencies between 25 and 50 kHz, which corresponds roughly to the range of the FM echo-location call in Eptesicus. The connections of the other nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are not as precisely related to the tonotopic organization of the system as are those of the columnar area.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1988

Adult phyllostomid (bat) enamel by scanning electron microscopy--with a note on dermopteran enamel.

This study assesses the enamel of five phyllostomids of differing feeding habits; only one example of the microchiropteran super-family Phyllostomoidae having previously been studied by SEM. A dermopteran was also examined to ascertain whether the enamel might reveal insectivore, chiropteran or primate characteristics. The five phyllostomids were found to display the additional crystallite discontinuity feature (minor boundary plane or seam) which is a major characteristic of all the bats we have so far examined - with the exception of two megachiropterans. The enamel of the four fruit and nectar feeders (Phyllostomus, Carollia, Glossophaga and Artibeus) is essentially similar and different to that of the blood feeder (Desmodus). The differentiating factor for the two groups is the poor degree of prism development in Desmodus; the prisms being restricted to the inner two thirds of the enamel over the cusps or sectorial ridge, and lacking in the greater part of the axial and the sulcular enamel. The poor prism development in the vampire bat raises interesting questions from both an ontological and a phylogenetic point of view. The dermopteran (Cynocephalus sp.) displays horse-shoe shaped prisms with associated minor boundary planes (seams); an appearance entirely similar to those microchiroptera we have examined. This finding could be advanced as evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between the Dermoptera and Chiroptera as these features are not found to the same extent in insectivores or in primates; the other two orders to which dermopterans are assigned. The evolutionary significance of the seam feature is being studied further; it is very likely to be of importance in unravelling the history of mammalian enamel.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimentally induced rabies in four cats inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a bat.

Four cats were inoculated IM with rabies virus isolated from the salivary gland of a naturally infected big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). The 4 cats developed clinical signs of rabies after a median incubation period of 42 days. The median duration of clinical illness was 5 days. Results of fluorescent antibody evaluation, mouse inoculation, and tissue culture isolation indicated large differences in virus concentrations in various areas of the CNS of individual cats. These differences also were observed between cats. Rabies virus was isolated from the salivary glands and saliva of 2 cats; urinary bladder was the only other nonneural tissue found infected. Our observations indicated that cat rabies can be caused by bat rabies virus; that cats thus infected have infectious saliva during aggressive behavior and can therefore transmit the disease; and that adequate specimens of hippocampus, cerebellum, and brain stem are essential for reliable determination of rabies infection. The findings support recommendations for regular rabies vaccination of cats, even in areas of rabies-free terrestrial mammals.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Eimeria from bats of the world: a new species in Tomopeas ravus from Peru.

Two of 17 (12%) crevice bats, Tomopeas ravus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), from Peru had coccidian oocysts in their feces when examined. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tomopea n. sp. are ellipsoid to subspheroid, 30.6 X 24.6 (26-34 X 20-28) micron with ovoid sporocysts 13.9 X 9.0 (12-15 X 8-10) micron. A micropyle and substieda body are absent, but polar bodies, oocyst and sporocyst residua, and small, indistinct Stieda bodies are present. The oocyst wall is thick, approximately equal to 1.5 micron and consists of 2 layers, the outermost being rough and mammillated. This is only the 13th eimerian to be described from bats worldwide. The currently recognized species of Eimeria are listed, and a possible New World-Old World phyletic split within the genus is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

An analysis of implantation in Indian hipposiderid bats.

The meagre information on the early developmental stages and the evolutionary and taxonomic position of hipposiderid bats has stimulated the present study. The cranial segment of the uterus forms a balloon-like enlargement at the time of implantation, and the antimesometrial part of its huminal slit expands into a spacious implantation chamber. Implantation is superficial and circumferential and the embryonic disc is orientated towards the side of the uterus which lies between the lateral and the antimesometrial sides. Reichert's membrane develops early, and the formation of a symplasma is described. A comparative account of implantation in the four species of hipposiderid bats of the family Hipposideridae is given, and the taxonomic position of this family is discussed on the basis of the present observations and earlier work on the embryology of Chiroptera.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Wangiella dermatitidis isolated from bats in Manaus Brazil.

Wangiella dermatitidis was isolated for the first time from the macroscopically asymptomatic internal organs of 2 Phyllostomus discolor, 1 Molossus molossus, 1 Sturnira lilium and 1 Myotis albescens among bats captured in the region of Manaus, Brazil. The dermatiaceous fungi isolated exhibited polymorphism at 25 and 37 degrees C, showing toruloid hyphae, integrated and terminal phialides without collarettes and yeast-like cells. The fungi did not hydrolyze gelatin, casein or starch. Some ecological aspects of bats in relationship to the epidemiology of phaeohyphomycosis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Studies on digenetic trematodes of the genus Prosthodendrium Dollfus, 1931 from some Egyptian bats. 2. Trematodes of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, 1911.

A review of the subgenus Paralecithodendrium Odhner, 1911 is presented. Prosthodendrium (Paralecithodendrium) glandulosum (Looss, 1896) is redescribed from some Egyptian bats. The present study indicated that this species is a very variable one. Moreover, a new species P. (Paralecithodendrium) aegyptiacum is described from two species of bats.

Animals↗