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PubMed1984

Total fasting serum bile acids and beta-hexosaminidase in alcoholic liver disease.

Total serum bile acid levels and beta-hexosaminidase activity were studied in 22 normal subjects, 35 non-cirrhotic patients with acute alcohol intoxication, 45 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and 11 patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and surgical portal-systemic shunts. Comparison was made with traditional liver function tests. beta-Hexosaminidase was most frequently elevated in acute alcohol intoxication (94%) while total serum bile acids were elevated in all patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Total serum bile acid levels were found to discriminate most efficiently between acute alcohol intoxication and liver cirrhosis. The combined determination of serum beta-hexosaminidase and total serum bile acids is proposed for evaluating alcoholic liver disease.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The forensic medical diagnosis of intoxication of alcohol surrogates by morphological findings].

The pathomorphology of intoxication of alcohol surrogates is described. A high frequency rate of DIC-syndrome is shown for the condition. A majority of thrombi accumulates at places with the highest concentrations of toxic substances as well as at those places, through which poisoning substances are brought out of the body, i.e. in the liver (since toxic substances are introduced perorally) and kidneys. Thrombi were detected in all internals, including the brain, in lethal intoxication. The immediate toxic effect from methanol and from higher spirits can matter in the genesis of changes, including acute swelling and chromatolysis with subsequent cell death. Exclusively cerebral or coagulopathic-cerebral types of thanatogenesis were registered in studied case of intoxication.

2-Propanol↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of acute alcohol ingestion on Fc-receptor-mediated clearance of IgG-tagged erythrocytes by the reticuloendothelial system in humans.

To help elucidate the pathogenesis of bacterial infections in alcoholics we documented reticuloendothelial system (RES) function in 14 healthy adults (9 males, 5 females, age: 22 +/- 2.6 years) prior to and following acute alcohol intoxication. Autologous erythrocytes were labelled with Cr51 isotope, tagged with anti-Rh IgG antibody, and infused into the systemic circulation. Blood samples were drawn at specific time intervals over a 2-h period and the radioactivity in each sample was used to develop computer-generated clearance curves from which half-lives (T1/2) were derived. Each study was carried out in the same individual on two separate occasions at least two weeks apart, once when sober and again one hour after ingestion of an intoxicating amount of alcohol (1 gm/kg over 1 h). Eleven of 14 participants showed no appreciable change in RES clearance capacity following alcohol ingestion. In the remaining three individuals alcohol prolonged the T1/2 by 38%, 38%, and 74% from when sober. These individuals were similar to other participants in terms of age, blood alcohol levels, pre- and postalcohol liver biochemistry, and hematologic and immunologic findings. Two of the three were HLA Dr5 positive, as compared to none of the 11 with unimpaired clearances. The results of this study suggest that perhaps a small subset of the population exists in whom acute alcohol intoxication impairs Fc-receptor-mediated RES clearance of IgG-tagged erythrocytes from the systemic circulation. This depression of RES function could contribute to the increased frequency and severity of bacterial infections reported in some alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The influence of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on acute and chronic ethanol administration in mice. The effect of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and L-arginine.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol disturbances, NO stimulation (by the NO-precursor L-arginine), and/or NO-synthesis blockade (by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, i.e. L-NAME) were challenged with stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, which inhibits both acute alcohol intoxication and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. MATERIAL/METHODS: Mice received intraperitoneally (i.p.) BPC 157 (10 microg/kg), L-NAME (10 mg/kg), and L-arginine (400 mg/kg), alone or in combination, 5 minutes before or after acute ethanol (4 g/kg i.p.) intoxication or after 0, 3, or 7 hours of withdrawal after drinking 20% alcohol for 13 days. RESULTS: BPC 157 rapidly opposes the strongest disturbance presentations in acute intoxication (sustained ethanol anesthesia, complete loss of righting reflex, no reaction to external stimuli, hypothermia, 25% mortality) and withdrawal (prominent seizures). NO-agents: Aggravation of acute alcohol intoxication and opposition to withdrawal are common, but the later intervals affected by L-arginine and the action throughout the experiment by L-NAME are distinctive. Given together, L-arginine and L-NAME counteract each other, while either the "L-NAME presentation" (acute intoxication) or the "L-arginine presentation" (withdrawal) predominates. BPC157+NO-agent: In acute intoxication (L-NAME predominating in NO-system functioning to aggravate intoxication), both BPC157+L-NAME and BPC157+L-arginine follow the presentation of L-NAME, but without worsened mortality. In withdrawal (L-arginine predominating in NO-system functioning to oppose disturbance symptoms), BPC157+L-NAME follows the presentation of L-NAME, while BPC 157+L-arginine imitates that of L-arginine. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships among pentadecapeptide BPC 157, the NO-system, acute alcohol intoxication, and opposed withdrawal may be important, presenting pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a suitable alcohol antagonist.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Alcohol, drug intoxication, or both at the time of burn injury as a predictor of complications and mortality in hospitalized patients with burns.

The objective of this study was to characterize the association between drug and alcohol intoxication at the time of injury and subsequent complications and mortality in hospitalized patients with burns. A computerized burn database was used to analyze data on 3047 consecutive adult (21 to 75 years) hospitalized patients with burns admitted between January 1982 and August 1994. Data for intoxicated (by history, blood alcohol content, or positive drug screen) and nonintoxicated patients were compared. The same analysis was also conducted on 429 consecutive adolescent patients with burns (ages 14 to 20 years) admitted during the same time period. The incidence of intoxication at the time of burn was 6.9%. No significant differences in age, sex, race, or burn size were noted. Intoxicated patients had a higher incidence of associated injuries. Skin graft loss, cellulitis, donor site conversion, hypotension, and pneumonia were more common in the intoxicated group. They also had more intensive care unit admissions, ventilator days, operations, transfusions, and total hospital days. Intoxicated patients had a lower mortality (7.1%) than patients in the control group (10.9%). Intoxication at the time of burn injury is an important predictor of complications in adult patients with burns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Recurrent personal memories during intoxication reported by patients with alcoholism.

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have demonstrated that alcohol has state-dependent effects on learning and memory. We, therefore, sought to determine if alcohol intoxication triggers selective retrieval of memories which could alter patterns of alcohol use. METHODS: Eighteen alcoholic patients were studied as well as a comparison group of 12 patients who abused cocaine, a drug not associated with memory state-dependence. Patients underwent a semi-structured interview to elicit information about recurrent personal memories experienced when intoxicated. Recurrent memories experienced during craving were also studied as a comparison condition. RESULTS: The prevalence of recurrent personal memories during intoxication was reported to be much higher for alcoholic patients compared with the cocaine-abusing patients. These experiences occurred more frequently than during craving, generally reflected prior disturbing events and were often reported to promote continued drinking. CONCLUSIONS: The association of recurrently experienced personal memories with intoxication in alcoholic patients suggests, but does not establish, pharmacological state-dependence. Further studies of this memory phenomenon are indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The significance of alcohol for violence and accidents.

For almost all types of accidents and violence, there is a causal relationship with alcohol intoxication or alcohol abuse. Alcohol may have significance as a risk factor for the perpetrator (culprit, car driver, etc.), as well as for the victim. This is especially clear in cases of violence and assault. Younger males are overrepresented in much of the data that shows causal relationships. A clear dose-response association can be seen in many accident cases concerning both accident risk and severity. The correlation is not as clear in cases of violence. However, the causal relationships between alcohol and accidents or violence may be difficult to evaluate. Factors such as the abuse of other drugs, unemployment, and other sociodemographic factors must be taken into account. The populations studied are often selected, e.g., from emergency departments, pathology units (postmortem data), or related to those epidemiological studies based on interviews. There is often a lack of relevant control data.

Accidents↗
PubMed2004

The burden of alcohol misuse on emergency in-patient hospital admissions among residents from a health board region in Ireland.

AIMS: To identify in-patient emergency admissions to acute hospitals of residents from a health board region in the Republic of Ireland with an acute alcohol intoxication diagnosis; to profile the admissions and to assess whether the increase in alcohol consumption in Ireland has been mirrored by an increase in alcohol related emergency admissions over the same time period. DESIGN: A retrospective review of hospital admissions using Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE) data and alcohol consumption trends using data from the Central Statistics Office (CSO). SETTING: Acute hospitals in the Republic of Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: All residents from a health board region admitted with a recorded alcohol intoxication emergency admission to non-private acute hospitals in Ireland. MEASUREMENTS: All in-patient emergency admissions for which an acute alcohol intoxication diagnosis (ICD Codes 303.0 and 305.0) was recorded of residents from one health board region were extracted from the HIPE system for years 1997-2001 inclusive. Pearson's chi2 test was used to compare proportions in groups of categorical data and chi2 test for trend was used to identify linear trends. Age standardized rates were calculated for each year and trend analysis carried out. Demographic data on the patients were also extracted from the database. FINDINGS: There were 3289 acute alcohol intoxication admissions to acute hospitals of residents from the study region recorded for years 1997-2001 inclusive. There were 777 acute alcohol intoxication admissions in 2001 compared to 432 admissions in 1997, an increase of 80%. Age standardized rates showed a significant increasing linear trend (P < 0.001). Over half the admissions occurred on weekends. The average length of stay was 2.7 days (95% CI 2.5-2.8) with just under a quarter (24.3%) of these admissions being discharged on the same day. The majority of these patients were male (71.5%), 40.9% were under 30 years old and over half (59.4%) were single. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that alcohol intoxication accounted for a substantial number of emergency in-patient admissions to acute hospitals in one health board region in Ireland and that the age standardized recorded acute alcohol related emergency admission rate increased significantly over the 5-year period, 1997-2001. This increase mirrored the national increase in alcohol consumption over the same time period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Core features of repeated suicidal behaviour: a long-term follow-up after suicide attempts in a low-suicide-incidence population.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this article was to study repeated suicidal behaviour in a low-incidence population to elucidate robust risk factors. METHODS: A cohort of first-ever suicide attempters from 1960 to 1982 on the Faroe Islands was followed up for a minimum of 20 years. The cohort was initially characterized in psychiatric and social terms. RESULTS: The incidence of suicidal behaviour for the cohort years (age 15 years and older) was 37.9 per 100,000 per year (95% confidence interval 31.5-45.1). It was associated, as expected, with gender, age, residence, marital status, occupation, diagnosis, previous psychiatric admission, alcohol intoxication and the method and planning of the act. Factors of the index episode predicting repetition at 5 years were gestures and alcohol intoxication and at 20 years were physical methods, suicide letter and alcohol intoxication. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol intoxication and the level of determination behind the suicide attempt emerge as targets for prevention. Alcohol intoxication at the initial episode seems to be a strong long-term as well as short-term risk factor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Drinking on campus. Undergraduate intoxication requiring emergency care.

OBJECTIVES: To (1) determine the incidence of undergraduate graduate students with alcohol intoxication who presented to our emergency department (ED), (2) examine the demographic correlates of the students, and (3) look at associated injuries that were sustained by the students. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SETTING: A tertiary care medical center that was located on the campus of a major university. PATIENTS: Undergraduate students with alcohol intoxication who presented to the ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic data and associated injuries of intoxicated students who presented to the ED during 2 academic years. RESULTS: Forty-four students presented with alcohol intoxication for a yearly incidence of 3.9 per 1000 students. Freshmen were overrepresented compared with students in other higher classes, with an incidence of 9.3 per 1000 per year (P < .001). Nine (20%) of the 44 students sustained an injury from a fall, and 1 required mechanical ventilation for treatment of apnea. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol intoxication that requires emergency care is not uncommon among college students, and many students with alcohol intoxication present to the ED following a fall. Freshmen are particularly likely to present for care in an ED.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Urinary formiminoglutamate in man. Normal values related to sex and age. Effects of low calorie intake and alcohol consumption.

A modification of the enzymic method of Tabor and Wyngarden for formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) estimation in urine is described. Alkaline degradation of FIGLU in blanks enhanced the sensitivity of the method. FIGLU excretion in 94 healthy persons indicated a sex and age dependence. Short term calorie restriction or fasting led to a decrease of FIGLU excretion while acute alcohol intoxication or chronic alcohol administration were accompanied by enhanced FIGLU excretion. It is suggested that decreased FIGLU excretion was due to histidine deficiency.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychiatric disorders among patients admitted to a French medical emergency service.

OBJECTIVE: The authors assessed the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among a population of patients examined in the emergency service of a French general hospital. They compared patients with and without psychiatric disorders. They also compared patients where the primary motive of emergency was psychiatric to those whose psychiatric disorders were secondarily diagnosed by a systematic assessment. METHOD: Five hundred consecutive patients admitted to the emergency service of Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital (Paris, France) were interviewed with standardized questionnaires. Demographic details were collected along with information on current and past contacts with emergencies and psychiatric services. Psychiatric disorders were identified using a structured psychiatric interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Domestic violence was identified with a specific checklist validated for this purpose. RESULTS: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 38% (189 patients). Forty (8%) patients were primary psychiatric cases referred to the emergency department for psychiatric reasons, while 149 (30%) were secondary psychiatric cases, as revealed by a systematic assessment of their mental state. Psychiatric patients, primary or secondary, were more often homeless (13.6% vs.1.95%). They had been more often referred to the emergency department after an aggressive (7.4% vs.3.5%) or violent behavior (5.8% vs.0.9%) and less often after an accident (8.4% vs.14.3%). Psychiatric patients were more often examined after an episode of domestic violence (21.7% vs. 6.8%). Psychiatric diagnoses, according to the DSM-IV criteria, were depression (80 cases), generalized anxiety disorder (34 cases) acute alcohol intoxication (21 cases), alcohol dependence (20 cases), schizophrenia (16 cases), posttraumatic stress disorder (14 cases), drug abuse (4 cases), agoraphobia (4 cases), alcohol abuse (3 cases), anorexia nervosa (3 cases), mania (2 cases) and obsessive compulsive disorder (2 cases). The proportion of psychiatric diagnoses was equivalent in primary and secondary psychiatric cases except for schizophrenia (more often a primary demand for psychiatric help) and acute alcohol intoxication (more often revealed by a systematic assessment of the mental state). CONCLUSION: Thirty-eight percent of the patients examined in a French emergency service presented with psychiatric disorders. The majority of the patients (78%) were not referred to the emergency service for psychiatric reasons. Patients seen in an emergency service should thus be identified as a population at risk for psychiatric disorders whatever their reason for utilizing this service.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Activity of the enzymes of ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in rats with varying initial sensitivity to alcohol].

The experiments were carried out on male rats with different sensitivity to alcohol. To assess sensitivity to ethanol effects, we have used ethanol-induced sleep time and variations in rectal temperature of alcohol-intoxicated animals. Activity of alcohol dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver as well as ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in the blood were determined after alcohol intoxication (3.5 g/kg, i.p., 8 days). The development of alcohol tolerance was accompanied by induction of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system in long-sleeping rats and in short-sleeping rats as well as by an increase in ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in the blood.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1997

Serotonin1A receptor autoradiography during alcohol-withdrawal kindling.

A series of autoradiography experiments were conducted in order to test the theory that the serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtype 5-HT(1a) is involved in alcohol-withdrawal kindled convulsive behaviour. Alcohol-withdrawal kindling was performed by subjecting male Wistar rats to multiple episodes consisting of 2 days of alcohol intoxication and 5 days of alcohol withdrawal. In the first episode alcohol intoxication led to focal downregulation of [3H]-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin ([3H]-8-OH-DPAT) binding sites in septum and subregions of frontal cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. This alcohol-induced response was blunted in both alcohol-withdrawal kindled animals and in animals exposed to repeated alcohol dependence in which the previous withdrawal reactions were blocked by diazepam administration. A paradoxical upregulation of [3H]-8-OH-DPAT binding sites was found in septum and subregions of frontal cortex, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex in control animals which were fed isocalorically with the alcohol-withdrawal kindled animals and subsequently exposed to 2 days of alcohol intoxication. It was concluded that the alterations in the alcohol induced 5-HT(1a) receptor regulation after multiple episodes of alcohol dependence were not caused by alcohol-withdrawal kindling processes per se, but were due to both alcohol specific and alcohol non-specific effects.

Animals↗