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At least 1,369 records · Page 76Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Hepatic acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase activity is low in hamsters fed apples in addition to a standard diet.

The effect of consumption of apples as a supplement to a standard diet on hepatic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was investigated in adult golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The experimental diet was given for 2 months. IN response to the high-fruit intake, the level of cholesteryl esters was reduced in the liver, and hepatic ACAT activity, determined in vitro under various conditions of incubation, was lowered by about 30%. Moreover, plasma cholesterol was redistributed among the lipoproteins, with a decrease in the cholesterol transported in the ApoB-rich lipoproteins.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Familial jejunal atresia with 'apple-peel' variant.

We report two siblings who had jejunal atresia which we believe to be familial. The parents of these siblings were first cousins. The first child had jejunal atresia with mesenteric agenesis and 'apple-peel' configuration; the second child had jejunal atresia with a V-shaped mesenteric defect. Other reported cases of familial atresia of the small intestine are reviewed.

Humans↗
PubMed1983

A clinical decision analysis program for the Apple computer.

A computer program written in BASIC and implemented on a 48K RAM Apple II computer was developed to assist physicians in using decision analysis to solve clinical problems. Clinicians familiar with decision analysis can easily enter, modify, store, and retrieve decision trees. Probabilities and utilities can be calculated and a sensitivity analysis can be performed and printed. An entire decision tree can be listed, and a graphic display of any node with its branches, branch probabilities, and node utilities can be viewed and printed. The program is easy to use and can be learned in a few hours. Its flexibility and power will facilitate the application of decision analysis to a wide variety of clinical problems.

Computers↗
PubMed2000

Antiallergic effect of apple polyphenols on the allergic model mouse.

We studied here the antiallergic effect of apple condensed tannins (ACT) administered orally to a type I allergy model mouse transplanted with an IgEL a2 hybridoma secreting anti-2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) immunoglobulin E (IgE). The oral administration of ACT significantly inhibited the ear swelling responses at 1 h after antigen-stimulation with picryl chloride. The response was dose dependent within 0.1 to 10 mg/mouse. The inhibition of the ear swelling response reached the maximal level (90% inhibition) when ACT was administered 2 h before the antigen challenge. These findings suggest that ACT has an antiallergic effect on type I allergic symptoms.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Purification and some properties of chlorogenic acid oxidase from apple (Malus pumila).

Chlorogenic acid oxidase was extensively purified to homogeneity from apple flesh (Malus pumila cv. Fuji). The enzyme was purified 470-fold, with a total yield close to 70% from the plastid fraction by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The molecular weight was determined to be 65,000 by both SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity was around 4.0, and the enzyme was stable in the range of pH 6-8. The pI obtained by isoelectrofocusing was 5.4, and the N-terminal amino acid sequence was N-Asp-Pro-Leu-Ala-Pro-Pro-. The reaction rate of the purified enzyme was much larger for chlorogenic acid than for other o-diphenols such as (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin and 4-methylcatechol, and the enzyme lacked both cresolase activity and p-diphenol oxidase activity. The Km value for the enzyme was found to be 122 microM toward chlorogenic acid. The purified enzyme had far less thermal stability than the enzyme of the plastid fraction. Diethyl-dithiocarbamate, sodium azide, o-phenanthroline and sodium fluoride markedly inhibited the enzyme activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Purification and some properties of a beta-xylosidase and an alpha-fucosidase from apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata).

beta-Xylosidase and alpha-fucosidase were purified from the viscera of apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) using ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic chromatography on Butyl-Toyopearl, gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300, and Q-Sepharose column chromatography. beta-Xylosidase and alpha-fucosidase are glycoproteins and their molecular masses were estimated to be approximately 85 kDa and 54 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and assumed to be about 96 kDa and 230 kDa from their sedimentation coefficients, respectively, indicating that the former is a monomer and the latter has a tetrameric structure. beta-Xylosidase is stable at pH 4-10 and its optimum pH toward pNP-beta-D-xyloside is around 3.6, while alpha-fucosidase is fairly stable at 65 degrees C and pH 4-10, and its optimum pHs toward pNP-alpha-L-fucoside are around 3.2 and 5.2. beta-Xylosidase released a xylose residue from Xylbeta1->2Manbeta1->4GlcNAcbeta1->4(Fucalpha1-> 3)GlcNAc-PA and Manalpha1->6(Manalpha1->3)(Xylbeta1->2)Manbeta1- >4GlcNAcbeta1->4(Fucalpha1->3)GlcNAc-PA, but not from GlcNAcbeta1->2Manalpha1->6(GlcNAcbeta1->2Manalpha1+ ++->3)(Xylbeta1->2)Manbeta1->4GlcNAcbeta1-> 4(Fucalpha1->3)GlcNAc-PA, while alpha-fucosidase released a fucose residue from these three PA-oligosaccharides.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Synthesis of the four components of the female sex pheromone of the painted apple moth, Teia anartoides.

Four pheromone components of the female painted apple moth (Teia anartoides), an Australian insect pest, were synthesized. These were (Z)-6-henicosen-11-one (1), (6Z, 8E)-6,8-henicosadien-11-one (2), (Z)-cis-9,10-epoxy-6-henicosene (3), and (Z)-cis-9,10-epoxy-6-icosene (4). 2-Dodecanone was converted to 1 and 2, and both the enantiomers of 3 and 4 were synthesized from the enantiomers of 4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-cis-2,3-epoxy-1-butanol.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Clinical efficacy of apple polyphenol for treating cedar pollinosis.

A double-blind comparative study was conducted on cedar pollinosis patients in order to evaluate the treatment efficacy of apple polyphenol (Ap). Ap was administered (500 mg) once daily for 12 weeks, starting about 2 weeks prior to cedar pollen dispersion. Pollinosis symptoms during the study were evaluated according to the classification in the guidelines for allergic rhinitis diagnosis and treatment. The results show that the sneezing score was significantly lower for the Ap group than with the placebo group during the early period of pollen dispersion and during the main dispersion period. In addition, no adverse reactions were induced by Ap during the study. These results suggest that Ap may alleviate the symptoms of cedar pollinosis.

Anti-Allergic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Apple (Malus x domestica).

Apple (Malus x domestica) is one of the most consumed fruit crops in the world. The major production areas are the temperate regions, however, because of its excellent storage capacity it is transported to distant markets covering the four corners of the earth. Transformation is a key to sustaining this demand - permitting the potential enhancement of existing cultivars as well as to investigate the development of new cultivars resistant to pest, disease, and storage problems that occur in the major production areas. In this paper we describe an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation protocol that utilizes leaf tissues from in vitro grown plants. Shoot regeneration is selected with kanamycin using the selectable kanamycin phosphotransferase (APH(3)II) gene and the resulting transformants confirmed using the scorable uidA gene encoding the bacterial beta-glucuronidase (GUS) enzyme via histochemical staining. Transformed shoots are propagated, rooted to create transgenic plants that are then introduced into soil, acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse from where they are taken out into the orchard for field-testing.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2004

Isolation of functional RNA from small amounts of different grape and apple tissues.

An efficient, simple, and small-scale procedure for isolating functional ribonucleic acid (RNA) was successfully applied to many different tissues of grape and apple. These woody plants are rich in polyphenolic compounds and polysaccharides that could impair the RNA extraction. The method chosen is based on the use of hot borate buffer at alkaline pH supplemented with several adjuvants and followed by selective precipitations. Starting with only 0.4 g of fresh tissue and working with small tubes (2 mL), we were able to obtain good yields of high-quality RNA suitable for further applications. The procedure can be proposed for many applications, and it is particularly highly recommended when isolating RNA from a large number of samples.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Volatile compounds of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.).

The volatile compounds of a largely consumed Brazilian cashew apple variety (Anacardium occidentale L. var. nanum, Anacardiaceae) were recovered by headspace extraction or simultaneous distillation-extraction. Several compounds including esters (29), terpenes (16), hydrocarbons (9), carboxylic acids (7), aldehydes (7), alcohols (3), ketones (2), lactones (2) and norisoprenoids (1) were characterized and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2000

Inhibitory effect of apple pectin and culture condensate of Bifidobacterium longum on colorectal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in transgenic mice harboring human prototype c-Ha-ras genes.

The number and tumor score of colorectal tumors induced by 1,2-dymethylhydrazine in transgenic (Tg) mice carrying human c-Ha-ras genes were significantly reduced by ingestion of apple pectin (AP) or a culture condensate of Bifidobacterium longum (MB) when compared with a control diet. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of colorectal tumors in Tg mice between the AP or MB diet and the control diet. This study demonstrated that Tg mice are a useful tool for screening inhibition of colorectal tumors by functional foods.

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine↗
PubMed2006

Effects of dietary apple polyphenol on adipose tissues weights in Wistar rats.

In this study, we investigated whether dietary apple polyphenol (APP) had an effect on adipose weights.Twenty-four Wistar male rats (10 weeks of age) were assigned to three groups: (1) the 5%APP group (diet containing 5% APP, N=8); (2) the 0.5%APP group (diet containing 0.5% APP, N=8); and (3) the control group (N=8) so that average weights of the groups were the same. After a three-week experimental period, adipose tissue weights were measured. Pathological and plasma characteristics were also examined. Retroperitoneal and epididymal adipose tissue weights in the 5%APP group were significantly lower than those of the control (P<0.05). Pathological examination showed that form-like cells were observed only in the control group, suggesting the existence of proliferating pre-adipocytes only in the control group. Lipid-related plasma profiles showed no statistical differences. Dietary polyphenol did not induce any anorectic effects as reported in studies concerning tea polyphenol. We conclude that dietary APP has an anti-adipogenic effect in Wistar rats without any anorectic phenomenon.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Effect of specific and generic sex attractant blends on pheromone trap captures of four leafroller species in mid-Atlantic apple orchards.

The responses of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), the leafroller P. flavedana Clemens, redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), to the pheromone blends of each, as well as to 3 putative generic blends (two- and three-component blends containing pheromone elements of each of the 4 species) were evaluated in small orchard plots. P. idaeusalis and P. flavedana, and A. velutinana and C. rosaceana comprise 2 pairs of species, each pair with broad overlap in pheromone blend, and quite different from one another. Each generic blend suppressed trap captures of all 4 species. The blends for P. idaeusalis and P. flavedana each reduced captures for these species. Furthermore, the blend for P. idaeusalis also suppressed captures of A. velutinana. The P. flavedana blend did not reduce captures of A. velutinana; in fact, at times captures increased. This study determines relative abilities of several sex attractant blends to reduce captures of 4 leafroller species in pheromone traps, presumably reflecting the ability of a blend to reduce orientation of males to females in a large block situation. This is a requisite 1st step in the development of a multispecies mating disruption blend.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Spider fauna in apple ecosystem of western Oregon and its field susceptibility to chemical and microbial insecticides.

Twelve families, 26 genera, and 30 identifiable spider species were found in surveys conducted in apple orchards of western Oregon. The Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Clubionidae, Philodromidae, and Theridiidae comprised 85.56% ofthe total spiders collected. The most common species in order of abundance were Metaphidippus aeneolus Curtis, Spirembolus mundus Chamberlin & Ivie, Cheiracanthium inclusum (Hentz), Philodromus spectabilis Keyserling, Eris marginata (Walckenaer), and Theridion lawrencei Gertsch & Archer. Individuals of these species were collected in 50-60% of the samples and were most abundant in the month of August. The Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides, DiPel (100 Million International Units/100 liters) and MVP (250 ml/100 liters), summer oil (0.5-1.0 liter/100 liters), the insect growth regulator (IGR) diflubenzuron (3-12 g/100 liters), and organophosphate Phosmet (6-60 g/100 liters) were generally harmless (P > 0.05) to these spider species. Full field rates of organophosphate azinphosmethyl (25 g/100 liters) and carbamate carbaryl (60 g/100 liters) were slightly to moderately harmful (25-75% mortality). These insecticides at reduced rates (azinphosmethyl 2.5-5.0 g and carbaryl 12 g/100 liters) applied alone or in combination with DiPel and MVP, had a negligible effect. Full rates of pyrethroids esfenvalerate (2.5 g/100 liters) and permethrin (4.0 g/100 liters) were moderately to highly harmful (50-75% mortality) and their reduced rates (esfenvalerate 0.25-0.50 g and permethrin 0.4-0.8 g/100 liters) were selective to the spiders.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Potential for outbreaks of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California apple orchards using mating disruption for codling moth suppression.

Two species of leafrollers, Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) and Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott, represent serious obstacles to the implementation of mating disruption for control of codling moth in coastal California apple orchards. Larval and adult densities of A. citrana and P. pyrusana and subsequent fruit damage were compared under different codling moth control treatments. Leafroller larval counts and levels of fruit damage were significantly higher in most plots that were untreated or treated only with codling moth pheromone. Leafroller fruit damage levels in these plots were commonly between 10 and 15% at harvest. As summer larval counts were good predictors of fruit damage levels, larval sampling could be a useful tool for predicting leafroller outbreaks. Use of pheromone trapping for A. citrana to detect localized outbreaks within an orchard was not useful and failed to correlate with larval numbers, whereas adult monitoring for P. pyrusana appears more promising. Efforts to implement a codling moth mating-disruption program in California must include changes in strategies for monitoring and controlling leafroller species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Overwintering of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae in apple harvest bins and subsequent moth emergence.

Codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), have long been suspected of emerging from stacks of harvest bins in the spring and causing damage to nearby apple and pear orchards. With increased use of mating disruption for codling moth control, outside sources of infestation have become more of a concern for growers using pheromone based mating disruption systems. Studies were designed to provide information on bins as a source of codling moth and the pattern of codling moth emergence from stacks of bins. In these studies, codling moth larvae colonized wood harvest bins at a much higher frequency than harvest bins made of injection molded plastic (189 moths emerged from wood compared with five from plastic). There was no statistical difference in the number of moths infesting bins that had been filled with infested fruit compared with bins left empty at harvest. This suggests that codling moth enter the bins during the time that the bins are in the orchard before harvest. Emergence of laboratory reared adult codling moth from wood bins placed in stacks was found to be prolonged compared with field populations. Temperature differences within the bin stacks accounted for this attenuated emergence pattern. Covering bin stacks with clear plastic accelerated codling moth development in the upper levels of the stack. Codling moth emergence patterns from plastic-covered stacks more closely coincided with male flight in field populations. This information could be important in developing a technique for neutralizing codling moth-infested bins, and in understanding how infested bins may influence pest management in fruit orchards that are located near bin piles. Implications for control of codling moth in conventional orchards and in those using mating disruption as the principal component of an integrated pest management system include increased numbers of treatments directed at areas affected by infested bins.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effects of dispersal, predators (Acari: Phytoseiidae), weather, and ground cover treatments on populations of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in apple orchards.

In a 2-yr study of causes of mite outbreaks in apple (Malus spp.) orchards in Nova Scotia, we monitored immigration of Tetranychus urticae Koch from orchard ground cover into trees populated by the generalist phytoseiid predator Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten. In both years, T. urticae-days in the tree canopy increased with number of T. urticae caught in sticky bands on tree trunks. In 2000, T. urticae-days were negatively correlated with T. pyri-days. Lack of correlation in 2001 was attributed to higher rates of immigration, which would mask the effects of predation. Weather also affected mite dynamics. Rainfall in July and August was less in 2001 than in 2000. Heat units were sufficient for six generations of T. urticae in 2001 but only for five in 2000. Consequently, T. urticae-days in the tree canopy and immigration rates were significantly greater in 2001 than in 2000, despite three-fold greater use of miticides. We also tested the effects of herbicides on T. urticae immigration. Application of selective herbicides in laneways reduced coverage of reproductive hosts of T. urticae, but these changes did not reduce immigration. In 2001, application of a miticidal herbicide, glufosinate, in tree rows reduced captures of T. urticae on sticky bands in high immigration orchards but not in low immigration orchards. We conclude that generalist predators and modified herbicide use are insufficient remedies and that effective biological control of T. urticae in the ground cover by a specialist phytoseiid such as Amblyseius fallacis Garman is essential to prevent outbreaks.

Acari↗