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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Cutting edge: inflammatory signaling by Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins is mediated by toll-like receptor 2.

The agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, produces membrane lipoproteins possessing potent inflammatory properties linked to disease pathology. The recent association of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 with LPS responses prompted the examination of TLR involvement in lipoprotein signaling. The ability of human cell lines to respond to lipoproteins was correlated with the expression of TLR2. Transfection of TLR2 into cell lines conferred responsiveness to lipoproteins, lipopeptides, and sonicated B. burgdorferi, as measured by nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB and cytokine production. The physiological importance of this interaction was demonstrated by the 10-fold greater sensitivity of TLR2-transfected cells to lipoproteins than LPS. Futhermore, TLR2-dependent signaling by lipoproteins was facilitated by CD14. These data indicate that TLR2 facilitates the inflammatory events associated with Lyme arthritis. In addition, the widespread expression of lipoproteins by other bacterial species suggests that this interaction may have broad implications in microbial inflammation and pathogenesis.

Antigens, Surface↗
PubMed1999

Neuraminidase inhibitors for treatment of influenza A and B infections.

Influenza epidemics are responsible for an average of approximately 20,000 deaths per year in the United States. The main method for preventing influenza and its severe complications is influenza vaccination. Influenza-specific antiviral drugs are an important adjunct to vaccine but are not a substitute for vaccine. In the United States, four antiviral agents are approved for preventing or treating influenza: amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir. Amantadine was approved for prophylaxis of influenza A(H2N2) infection in the United States in 1966 and was approved for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A infection in 1976; rimantadine was approved for treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A infection in 1993 [corrected]. This report provides information on two neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir and oseltamivir, which were approved in 1999. Neuraminidase inhibitors are a new class of antiviral drugs that inhibit influenza A and B viruses. Zanamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated acute illness caused by influenza virus in persons aged > or =12 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. Oseltamivir is approved for treatment of uncomplicated illness caused by influenza infection in adults aged > or =18 years who have been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. Neither zanamivir nor oseltamivir is approved for influenza prophylaxis. This report and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) 1999 recommendations on influenza prevention and control (MMWR 1999;48[No.RR-4]:1-28) can be accessed at the website for the Influenza Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, at or at the MMWR website at .

Acetamides↗
PubMed2000

Advances in HIV/AIDS therapy.

Advances in HIV/AIDS therapy have been rapid and profound. An improved understanding of HIV pathogenesis has demonstrated the need for aggressive antiretroviral therapy in most persons with HIV infection. Combinations of at least three drugs are necessary to fully suppress viral replication. Suppression of viral replication prevents the development of drug resistance and allows immune reconstitution to occur. Current therapies do have limitations including side effects, cross-resistance, adherence challenges, and drug interactions. However, most patients have derived great benefit from these therapies. The consequences of immune reconstitution have included resolution of existing opportunistic infections and a markedly reduced risk of new infections. In certain settings, immune reconstitution may allow the discontinuation of opportunistic infection prophylaxis or treatments. The net result has been a substantial improvement in the quality and quantity of life for HIV-infected patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2000

Comparative aspects of the diffusion of norfloxacin, cefepime and spermine through the F porin channel of Enterobacter cloacae.

In Enterobacteriaceae, the permeability of the outer membrane to hydrophilic antibiotics is associated with the presence of pore-forming proteins. We tested the diffusion of the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin in four Enterobacter cloacae strains: a clinical isolate and three derivatives variously producing or lacking the D and F porins. We analysed the entry of norfloxacin into E. cloacae cells in the presence of either the polyamine spermine or the recently developed cefepime, which are known to penetrate through the Escherichia coli OmpF porin. Uptake of the fluoroquinolone was decreased in both cases; the initial rate of penetration decreased as more spermine blocked the channel. Our results indicate that, like beta-lactam molecules, fluoroquinolones translocate through the outer membrane via the F porin and that cefepime and norfloxacin entries are polyamine-sensitive. This suggests that the closure of the F porin channel by polyamines might modulate the susceptibility of E. cloacae to both fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin antibiotics.

Binding, Competitive↗
PubMed1999

The choice of HIV protease inhibitor: indinavir is currently the best option.

(1) Recent consensus recommendations agree that first-line treatment of HIV infection should consist of a three-drug regimen combining a protease inhibitor and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Some recommendations specifically advise against using the current formulation of saquinavir, but none express a preference for one of the other three protease inhibitors currently marketed in France (indinavir, nelfinavir and ritonavir). (2) These HIV protease inhibitors have established efficacy on viral load and the CD4+ lymphocyte count. Saquinavir may have lower virological efficacy. (3) The clinical efficacy of three-drug regimens containing indinavir or saquinavir is well demonstrated in patients at an advanced stage of HIV disease. (4) The risk of viral resistance is not currently a factor in choosing a HIV protease inhibitors. (5) Several epidemiological studies have compared the risk of adverse effects on three-drug regimens including indinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir. In these studies saquinavir was the best-tolerated drug and ritonavir the worst-tolerated. (6) Ritonavir interacts with many drugs. The poor bioavailability of the current saquinavir formulation also leads to risk of interactions. (7) Treatment constraints differ from one protease inhibitor to another, and these must be taken into account case by case. (8) The daily cost of treatment is not currently an important factor in choosing among the various preparations. (9) Taking into account efficacy, adverse effects, interactions and treatment constraints, the combination of indinavir with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors currently seems to be the best choice for the largest number of patients. (10) If problems of compliance arise, nelfinavir can be an alternative to indinavir. (11) In patients at an advanced stage of HIV disease who comply well with their treatment, saquinavir can also be an alternative to indinavir.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2000

[The effect of ascorbic acid on the antibacterial activity of selected antibiotics and synthetic chemotherapeutic agents in in vitro conditions].

The study was aimed to determine the ability of selected antibiotics and synthetic chemotherapeutic agents to interact with ascorbic acid by means of spectrophotometric measurements and the evaluation of the effect of the presence of ascorbic acid on antimicrobial activity of the substances in which the interaction was detected. Out of 13 chemotherapeutical agents tested, ofloxacine, N-succinimidylofloxacine, fleroxacine, tetracycline, 6-thiatetracycline, and doxycycline reacted with ascorbic acid with the development of the superoxide radical (O2.-). Heatley's method revealed that in the presence of ascorbic acid the antibacterial effect of substances was decreased by 9.6 to 40.7% and 10.1 to 45.1% in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The kinetics of the process of the survival of cells within 24 hours demonstrated that a combination of ofloxacine as well as tetracycline with ascorbic acid produced a statistically significant increase in log10 of CFU/ml in S. aureus as well as E. coli.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

[Selection of drugs in chemotherapy].

An attempt has been made to classify the wide range of available antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents from the practical viewpoint. A group of drugs with selective indications and a series of alternative chemotherapeutic agents are distinguished from chemotherapeutic agents for everyday medical routine (penicillin G and analogs, ampicillin, tetracyclines, sulfonamides). The indications for the main drugs and some practical guidelines for chemotherapy are summarized. The excessive commercial supply of ampicillin derivatives and cephalosporins comes in for special comment. It is emphasized that some valuable antibiotics (cephalosporins, carbenicillin, gentamycin, kanamycin) should be kept in reserve.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

Why drugs fail.

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Anti-HIV Agents↗