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PubMed1990

Speech intelligibility enhancement by interaural magnification.

Hearing-impaired persons suffer from loss of speech intelligibility in noisy environments as well as from a decrease in binaural performance (e.g., interaural time and intensity discrimination). In order to improve speech intelligibility for spatially separated signal and noise sources by compensating for the reduced binaural performance, we implemented an algorithm increasing binaural dissimilarity on a digital signal processor. This algorithm is a modification of the proposal by Durlach & Pang (J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1986; 80: 1849-1850). Speech discrimination experiments were performed under simulated spatial conditions with recordings of the speech material and the interfering noise source using a dummy head. With increasing complexity of the spatial masking condition, the binaural advantage as well as the benefits from the algorithm decreased for normal listeners. For four sensorineurally hearing-impaired listeners, only one spatial condition was tested. In addition, a battery of binaural tests (binaural masking level difference, interaural time and intensity discrimination) was performed. The results indicate that the benefits from the signal-processing technique are correlated with the remaining binaural performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The "Adaptive Intelligence Diagnostic Test" in clinical practice: 3 case examples].

After the main advantages of the new German intelligence test-battery "Adaptive Intelligence Diagnosticum" (AID) are stated, this paper gives several case-studies in order to illustrate AID's support to clinical psychology. The case-studies are all quoted from a Child-Guidance-like institution. They allow inferences which might not be likely to be gained by some other tests. Besides, they serve for pursuing practical handling, computation, and interpretation of the AID.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Noradrenergic cerebral stimulation of sensorineural impaired subjects: yohimbine effects on speech intelligibility and the auditory brain response.

Norepinephrine has been shown to improve signal-to-noise ratios of sensory systems, including that of the auditory system. Yohimbine has been observed to cause a selective increase of cerebral norepinephrine. It was administered in one dose to sensorineurally impaired subjects with the object of improving their speech hearing in noise. Speech intelligibility was measured by the adaptive procedure. Mild, significant improvement was noted in one of the hearing components, "attenuation," and an adverse effect was shown on "distortion," owing to noise. Auditory brainstem response was improved significantly. The objective of temporarily improving intelligibility in noise was not attained.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The "intelligent workstation" for cell-surface phenotyping based on principles of pattern recognition and image analysis.

Technical advancements in computer hardware and the associated computerized architectures allow the design and fabrication of dedicated, modestly expensive computerized workstations to aid humans in complex decision-making tasks. We refer to these as "Intelligent Workstations" because they accommodate the hypothesis-driven reasoning ability of the user into the system. Concomitant with the rapid developments in computers, diagnostic and therapeutic technologies related to cell analysis have undergone growth. Combining these technologies requires careful formulation and analysis of the diagnostic model involving image cytometry. Here we present a model of the intelligent workstation for image cytometry and illustrate its advantages in cell-surface phenotyping. Combining cell morphology with cell-surface phenotyping has clear diagnostic utility that no other widely available methods can supply. Although the reported results are based on samples of peripheral blood, cell suspensions of disaggregated cells can also be analyzed.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

The evaluation of artificial intelligence systems in medicine.

This paper discusses the underlying issues in the evaluation of computer systems which apply artificial intelligence in medicine. Three different levels of evaluation are described: the subjective evaluation of the research contribution of a developmental prototype, the validation of a system's knowledge and performance, and the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of an operational system. The paper outlines a number of evaluation issues at each level, and discusses how previous artificial intelligence in medicine evaluations fit into this framework.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1985

Preschool performance of children with normal intelligence who were very low-birth-weight infants.

Children who were very low-birth-weight infants (less than 1,500 g), beneficiaries of modern neonatal intensive care, are now of school age. To evaluate their school performance 80 children born in 1976 who had very low-birth-weight (mean birth weight 1.2 kg, mean gestational age 30 weeks) were examined at age 5 years. Sixty-five children were neurologically intact and had normal IQ (greater than or equal to 85) on the Stanford-Binet; five children were neurologically abnormal and ten had IQ below 85. Of the 65 children with normal intelligence and no neurologic impairments, 46 were single births and enrolled in preschool. These 46 children were matched by race, sex, and family background with classmate control children who had been born at full term. Outcome measurements included the Slosson Intelligence Test, the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery (including subscales of Picture Vocabulary, Spatial Relations, Memory for Sentences, Visual Auditory Learning, Quantitative Concepts, and Blending) and the Beery Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. No significant differences in IQ were found between children who were very low-birth-weight infants and control children; however, children who were very low-birth-weight infants performed significantly less well on the Spatial Relations subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson and on the Visual-Motor Integration test. Similar results were found for nine sets of twins and their control children. Recognition of these perceptual and visual-motor problems may permit appropriate early remedial intervention and prevent the compounding of these difficulties.

Child Development↗
PubMed1979

A possible link between intelligence level and habituation of the GSR.

An attempt was made to correlate the intelligence level of three well-defined groups (Gifted, IQ 140; Normal, 95 IQ 105: Mentally retarded, 45 IQ 55) and the habituation rate and pattern of a GSR response to a series of light stimuli. The results indicate that the gifted and normal groups yield systematic patterns of GSR responding in contrast to the mentally retarded, whose distribution of GSR response pattern differs. The mentally retarded seem to yeild a larger number of ill-defined, non-systematic GSR responses. These results indicate a possible link between the measured level of intelligence by IQ test and the habituation pattern in an autonomic nervous system response.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Effects of psychotropic drugs on intelligence test performance of institutionalized mentally retarded adults.

Twenty-four institutionalized mentally retarded persons received intelligence tests under both standard and reinforcement conditions while on and off psychotropic medication. Medications included chlorpromazine (Thorazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), haloperidol (Haldol), mesoridazine (Serentil), and lithium carbonate (Lithane). Results showed that when on medication there were no differences between IQs obtained under standard and reinforcement conditions. When off medication there were significant increases in scores obtained under both standard and reinforcement conditions. The increase in scores under the reinforcement condition was 23 points greater than the increase obtained under the standard condition (increases of 30.2 and 6.9 points, respectively). Results were discussed in terms of the sensitivity--insensitivity of intelligence test scores to medication effects, medications impairing responding to external reinforcement contingencies, and legal implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effects of glossectomy on intelligibility of speech and oral perceptual discrimination.

The effects on the intelligibility of speech and oral perceptual ability after glossectomy were studied in 20 patients. The intelligibility, rate of speech, and oral form discrimination ability were measured as they varied by the extent of surgical ablation. The results indicated that speech and oral discrimination ability are more severly impaired in patients who undergo more extensive surgical excision. The rate of speech of most of the patients was slower than normal. The results were interpreted to reflect the value of residual oral tissue. The amount of lingual and adjacent tissue to be excised may be regarded as a rough index of the effect such surgery will have on oral communication.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

A study of a family with inherited disease of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Part III. Genealogical considerations and associations with low intelligence.

A family with inherited cardiac and skeletal muscle disease was also found to have members with low intelligence. The effects of social and environmental conditions upon the behaviour of family members are described, with particular attention to the sociomedical problems created by the combination of a hereditary disease and low intelligence.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Auditory temporal acuity of the hearing impaired and its relationship to speech intelligibility.

Auditory temporal acuity (deltat) was measured in 42 hearing-impaired subjects to investigate the hypothesis that it would facilitate the production of intelligible speech. The measure divided the test population into two subgroups with mean speech intelligibility measures of 77.7 and 52.6%, respectively. These results are discussed along with implications relating to hearing loss and the slope of audiogram.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Intelligence as a factor in evoked potential studies of psychopathology. I. Comparison of low and high IQ subjects.

To evaluate possible influences of differences in intelligence on evoked potential (EP) relations to psychopathology, EPs of subjects with high and low scores on Raven's Progressive Matrices were compared. EPs to left median nerve (LSEP), right median nerve (RSEP), visual (VEP), and auditory (AEP) stimul were recorded from 15 leads. EPs of age- and sex-matched high and low IQ nonpatients (7 of each) and psychiatric patients (40 of each) were compared with respect to group mean EPs, amplitude, latency, and wave-shape stability measures; high and low IQ patients were also matched for diagnosis. Certain differences between high and low IQ subjects were common to both patients and nonpatients; lower IQ was associated with (i) higher early (before 100 msec) LSEP and RSEP amplitudes; (ii) lower later LSEP amplitudes; (iii) less late epoch LSEP wave-shape stability; (iv) less VEP wave-shape stability. Since these EP characteristics resemble deviations from normal reported for psychotics, intelligence differences could account for part, but by no means all, of the psychopathology-related EP differences. The relationship to IQ of the EP contour length ("string") measure, reported by Hendrickson and Hendrickson to be highly correlated with IQ, was also assessed; results were negative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Adding information and intelligence to a family practice data system.

A critical test of any data system is its relevance; more simply, reports must present what users want. At MCV, the current system is a direct response to expressed user demands (corroborated by results of a survey of British general practitioners). That is, resident and physicians are interested in workload rates, such as visits/patient, and a delineation of diagnoses by frequency. Applications of these reports are organizational, comparative, and educational. The ultimate goal of data systems in family practice is the production of intelligence about health and health affairs: clearly, this is valuable in patient care, research, and education. Methods outlined above will contribute to achieving this end by adding information and intelligence to data systems.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Listener-assessed intelligibility of hearing aid-processed speech.

The capacity of listeners to yield reliable and valid preferences for hearing aid-processed speech was evaluated by the method of paired comparisons. Discourse by a male talker with General American dialect was processed by five hearing aids under conditions of quiet and a background of multitalker babble. Hearing aid-processed Revised Central Institute for the Deaf Sentences spoken by the same male talker and embedded in the same multitalker background were used as stimuli in establishing criterion intelligibility performance. All stimuli were tape-recorded and delivered via monaural earphone to 90 normal listeners. Test-retest results revealed reliability coefficients of 0.94 and 0.65 on the paired-comparison condition in quiet and in babble, respectively. A low-positive relationship was observed between responses on the two subjective tasks. Essentially negligible correlations were found between subjective preferences on these individual conditions and performance on the sentence task. General conditions are hypothesized under which paired-comparison judgments of intelligibility might be expected to correspond favorably with objective performance.

Hearing Aids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of intelligence: misplaced trust and the lure of prophecy.

A careful look at studies of "intelligence" and "aptitude" tests belies the contention that these tests measure heritable attributes. Rather, they are achievement tests that measure learned abilities. When stripped of the aura of "intelligence" and "aptitude" and compared with other indexes of accomplishment, they are poor predictors of future performance. Furthermore, when promulgated as measures of cognitive potential, they are socially harmful, particularly to disadvantaged children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A study of intelligence and personality in children with simple obesity.

The objective of this study was to investigate differences in measures of intelligence and personality between obese and normal-weight children. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale (IQ) for Children (revised) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were administered to 102 children with simple obesity and their controls in a case-controlled design. The mean age of the children was 9.8 years and they all attended primary school in Nanjing, PRC. It was found that children in the severe obesity category (> 50% overweight) had a significantly lower performance IQ score than the controls, and a significantly higher EPQ psychoticism score. These differences were not observed in children with milder degrees of obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

An intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction system for clinical case teaching.

The use of computers in the field of medical education is common. Our purpose is to present a Computer-Assisted Instruction system which has been developed over ten years at the University of Compiègne and the University of Rennes Medical School. This system can be used to help the student to solve clinical cases by analyzing and critiquing their answers and by using a knowledge base which has been previously structured in a rule network. It is an intelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction system comprising an author module, a pedagogical module and a student module. The CAI system can be used as a simulation model for any type of diagnostic or therapeutic problem. In this paper we present the author and pedagogical module which have been built using our previous work on intelligent computer-assisted instruction systems.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1994

Preliminary evaluation of an intelligent system for the management of labour.

Over the past 10-15 years, workers using conventional computing approaches have attempted to provide an accurate assessment of fetal condition during labour based on the cardiotocogram (CTG) alone. These have not proved successful perhaps because the correct interpretation of fetal condition also requires physiological knowledge, specific patient information, knowledge of events during labour and considerable practical experience. An intelligent system which considers all the relevant information and embodies expertise may better diagnose fetal condition and support decision making. This study reports the preliminary evaluation of such a system and investigates whether this approach can attain a performance comparable with experienced local clinicians. From a database of 200 high risk labour records, 30 cases were selected; the 9 cases which received clinical intervention for 'fetal-distress' and a further 21 cases selected randomly. The management specified by the system, 3 experienced clinicians (A, B and C) and the actual clinical management were compared in a retrospective blinded review. The experts were found to agree well with each other. Expert A reviewed the cases five months later and was found to be entirely consistent in the management of 28 of the 30 cases. The system's actions were indistinguishable from the experts' and in no case did the system recommend an action not also recommended by at least one experienced reviewer. This study demonstrates the potential of an intelligent system to assist in the management of labour.

Artificial Intelligence↗