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PubMed2003

Risk of hypertension among women in the EPIC-Potsdam Study: comparison of relative risk estimates for exploratory and hypothesis-oriented dietary patterns.

Analysis of dietary patterns is considered a useful approach to the examination of diet-disease associations. This study examined the risk of incident hypertension associated with dietary patterns in 8,552 women in the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)-Potsdam Study. The baseline examination was carried out between 1994 and 1998. During 2-4 years of follow-up (through May 15, 2002), 123 incident hypertension cases were verified by medical records. Two exploratory dietary patterns, a "traditional cooking" pattern (meat, cooked vegetables, sauce, potatoes, and poultry) and a "fruits and vegetables" pattern (fruits, raw vegetables, and vegetable oil), were identified by exploratory factor analysis and confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, a hypothesis-oriented pattern based on the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Study was defined (fruits, vegetables, and milk products). Patterns' associations with disease risk were estimated by Cox regression. While no significant associations were observed for the traditional cooking pattern or the fruits and vegetables pattern after adjustment for potential confounders, women in the third quartile of the DASH pattern were at lower risk than women in the lowest quartile (hazard rate ratio = 0.51, 95% confidence interval: 0.29, 0.89). These results suggest that this hypothesis-oriented pattern might play an important role in the risk of hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diet can influence the ability of nicotinamide to prevent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse: a preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a widely used model of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM), which displays many of the characteristics of the disease found in humans. Nicotinamide (NA) is currently being tested in large-scale, multi-centre human trials for the prevention of Type 1 DM in subjects considered 'at risk' of developing the disease. Human trial populations will certainly differ in their dietary patterns and alterations were made to the diet given to NOD mice to determine if this could alter the effect of NA administration on Type 1 DM incidence. METHODS: The effect of NA in the diet was examined, both with and without carbohydrate in the form of a sucrose supplement, on diabetes incidence and insulitis levels in the NOD mouse. The effects of NA and sucrose were each tested alone as well as in combination. RESULTS: Diabetes was unaltered using a low dose NA-supplemented diet (625 mg/kg diet). Diabetes incidence was also unaltered using unmodified diet together with drinking water supplemented with either 5% or 10% w/v sucrose or plain water for controls. However, with mice given NA-supplemented diet (625 mg/kg diet) together with sucrose-supplemented or plain water as previously, diabetes was reduced in the NA+10% sucrose group (p<0.001). Finally, a higher dose of NA was given in supplemented diet (1000 mg/kg). Again, neither sucrose nor NA alone altered the incidence of diabetes, but NA treatment combined with a 10% w/v sucrose-supplemented drinking water reduced diabetes incidence (p<0.001). No mice showed alterations in insulitis, blood-glucose or insulin levels with respect to controls. CONCLUSION: Altering dietary patterns using sucrose can affect the ability of NA to prevent diabetes in the NOD mouse. This finding may be relevant for human studies with NA aimed at preventing Type 1 DM and suggests that diet may need to be monitored or even controlled in these studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dietary and genetic effects on low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity.

We have tested whether differences in distribution and dietary responsiveness of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses contribute to the variability in the magnitude of LDL-cholesterol reduction induced by diets low in total and saturated fat and high in carbohydrate. Our studies have focused on a common, genetically influenced metabolic profile, characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles (subclass pattern B), that is associated with a two- to threefold increase in risk for coronary artery disease. We have found that healthy normolipidemic individuals with this trait show a greater reduction in LDL cholesterol and particle number in response to low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets than do unaffected individuals (subclass pattern A). Moreover, such diets result in reduced LDL particle size, with induction of pattern B in a substantial proportion of pattern A men. Recent studies have indicated that this response is under genetic influence. Future identification of the specific genes involved may lead to improved targeting of dietary therapies aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

Cholesterol, LDL↗
PubMed1997

Application of a behavioral approach to measuring dietary change: the fat- and fiber-related diet behavior questionnaire.

This study reports the validity, reliability, and responsiveness of a 33-item fat- and fiber-related behavior questionnaire (FFB) and describes how this instrument provides insight into the process of adopting healthy diets. Data are from the Eating Patterns Study, a randomized clinical trial of a physician-delivered, self-help intervention to reduce fat and increase fiber intake. Intervention (n = 850) and control participants (n = 945) completed both a food frequency questionnaire and the FFB at baseline and at 3 and 12 months postintervention. Validity, as assessed by correlation of the FFB with the food frequency questionnaire at baseline, was 0.53 for fat (fat scale with percentage energy from fat) and 0.50 for fiber (fiber scale with fiber g/1000 kcal; both P < 0.001). Reliability, as assessed by the intraclass correlation in controls across all three time points, was 0.77 for the fat scale and 0.74 for the fiber scale (both P < 0.001). The largest changes in fat-related behavior were in avoiding fat as a flavoring and in using specially manufactured low-fat foods, and the largest changes in fiber-related behavior were in substituting high-fiber versions of common foods. Overall, the FFB was a reasonably valid and reliable measure of dietary intake, which provided insight into the behavioral effects of the dietary intervention.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Healthy Eating Index scores are associated with blood nutrient concentrations in the third National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey.

OBJECTIVES: The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a summary measure of dietary quality, based on a 100-point scale. Our objectives were to assess the HEI as a measure of dietary status through its correlation with nutritional biomarkers and to identify those biomarkers most associated with diet quality and healthful food intake patterns. DESIGN: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III, 1988-94. SUBJECTS: Adults (> or =17 years) with calculated HEI scores and blood nutrient data (n=16,467). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Weighted crude and partial Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between HEI scores and blood nutrients were calculated. Geometric mean blood nutrient concentrations were calculated for five HEI score categories (ranging from < or =50 to >80). RESULTS: HEI score was positively correlated with serum (r=0.25) and red blood cell (r=0.27) folate, serum vitamins C (r=0.30) and E (r=0.21), and all serum carotenoids except lycopene (r=0.17 to 0.27). These blood nutrient concentrations were 21% to 175% higher for participants in the highest HEI score group (>80) compared with those in the lowest group (< or =50). Mean HEI scores were significantly (P<.0001) greater among the 42% of participants who took dietary supplements. Most correlations were attenuated when adjusted for additional factors. CONCLUSIONS: HEI score is correlated with a wide range of blood nutrients; the strongest relationships are with biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake. These results are an important step in the validation of the HEI, emphasizing its potential as a tool for nutrition and health studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Palm tocotrienols protect ApoE +/- mice from diet-induced atheroma formation.

We evaluated the effects of vitamin E and beta-carotene on apolipoprotein (apo)E +/- female mice, which develop atherosclerosis only when fed diets high in triglyceride and cholesterol. Mice were fed a nonpurified control diet (5.3 g/100 g triglyceride, 0.2 g/100 g cholesterol), an atherogenic diet alone (15.8 g/100 g triglyceride, 1.25 g/100 g cholesterol, 0.5 g/100 g Na cholate) or the atherogenic diet supplemented with either 0.5 g/100 g (+)-alpha-tocopherol (mixed isomers); 0.5 g/100 g palm tocopherols (palm-E; 33% alpha-tocopherol, 16.1% alpha-tocotrienol, 2.3% beta-tocotrienol, 32.2% gamma-tocotrienol, 16.1% delta-tocotrienol); 1.5 g/100 g palm-E; or 0.01 g/100 g palm-carotenoids (58% beta-carotene, 33% alpha-carotene, 9% other carotenoids). Compared with mice fed the control diet, plasma cholesterol was fourfold greater in mice fed the atherogenic diet. Mice fed the 1.5 g/100 g palm-E supplement had 60% lower plasma cholesterol than groups fed the other atherogenic diets. Mice fed the atherogenic diet had markedly higher VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and LDL cholesterol and markedly lower HDL cholesterol than the controls. Lipoprotein patterns in mice supplemented with alpha-tocopherol or palm carotenoids were similar to those of the mice fed the atherogenic diet alone, but the pattern in mice supplemented with 1. 5 g/100 g palm-E was similar to that of mice fed the control diet. In mice fed the atherogenic diet, the hepatic cholesterol plus cholesterol ester concentration was 4.4-fold greater than in mice fed the control diet. Supplementing with 1.5 g/100 g palm-E lowered hepatic cholesterol plus cholesterol ester concentration 66% compared with the atherogenic diet alone. Mice fed the atherogenic diet had large atherosclerotic lesions at the level of the aortic valve. With supplements of 0.5 g/100 g palm-E or 1.5 g/100 g palm-E, the size of the lesions was 92 or 98% smaller, respectively. The 0.5 g/100 g alpha-tocopherol and palm carotenoid supplements had no effect. Supplements did not alter mRNA abundance for apolipoproteins A1, E, and C3. The beneficial effect of tocotrienols on atherogenesis, the plasma lipoprotein profile and accumulation of hepatic cholesterol esters cannot be attributed to their antioxidant properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

In vitro ouabain-sensitive respiration and protein synthesis in rumen epithelial papillae of Hereford steers fed either timothy hay or timothy hay supplemented with cracked corn once daily.

Rumen epithelial papillae samples, acquired from the Central sac of six adult Hereford steers (585 +/- 17 kg) fed either timothy hay plus soybean meal (T) or timothy hay plus cracked corn and soybean meal (TC) once daily (0900), were used in a crossover design to study the daily pattern of O2 consumption and protein synthesis. Tissue samples were acquired at 0900, 1200, 1800, and 2400 over a 10-d sampling period. Additionally, ruminal fermentation characteristics (pH, ammonia, VFA, and osmolality) were measured at 0430, 0900, 1030, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100 and 2400. Total, ouabain-insensitive (OIO2), and cycloheximide-insensitive (CIO2) O2 consumption were greatest at 2400 (P < .01, P < .06, and P < .02 respectively). Additionally, steer fed TC had a greater CIO2 at 2400. In conjunction with a temporal effect on ruminal fermentation patterns, after an initial decline, there was an increase (P < .05) in total O2, ouabain-sensitive (OSO2), OIO2, and CIO2 consumption throughout the day. Fractional rates of protein synthesis were not different at any time point between diets. Rumen epithelial metabolism exhibits a temporal pattern in cattle fed once daily.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2002

Ethanol interactions with a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented feeding regime potentiate pre-neoplastic cellular alterations in rat liver.

To examine the effect of ethanol on hepatocarcinogenesis induced by a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet, rats were fed either an ethanol-supplemented diet or ethanol-free, isocaloric diet for 2 months, followed by a CDE diet or control diet for up to 8 months. Changes to cellular composition and pattern of gene expression in the liver were determined at 0 and 3 days, and 1, 2 and 3 weeks after commencing the CDE diet, using histological/immunochemical techniques and northern analysis. Oval cells in the liver were identified morphologically and by expression of pi-glutathione S-transferase (pi-GST), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and the embryonic isoform of pyruvate kinase (M2-PK). Oval cell numbers and changes in the pattern of gene expression induced by the CDE diet were accelerated by pre-treatment with ethanol. At all stages, the proportion of oval cells in the test group exceeded that in controls. After 1 week, oval cells had spread sufficiently from the periportal region to be observed pericentrally in test animals and by 3 weeks, extensive formation of ductal structures was apparent, which were absent in controls. Additionally, M2-PK and AFP mRNA were detected earlier, and in greater abundance in animals pre-treated with ethanol. After 8 months of CDE treatment, one or two small hepatic foci (<10 hepatocytes), strongly positive for pi-GST, were detected in the liver of ethanol-pre-treated animals. These foci were absent in CDE-treated animals; however, animals pre-treated with ethanol followed by chronic CDE treatment showed increased size (>40 hepatocytes) and numbers of foci, correlating with the extent of liver damage and varying from 5 to 50% of the liver section. Our data suggest that ethanol pre-treatment potentiates the short-term effects of the CDE diet by enhancing oval cell proliferation, while chronic CDE administration enhances the appearance of pre-malignant hepatic foci that are observed with ethanol pre-treatment alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molar microwear and dietary reconstructions of fossil cercopithecoidea from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of South Africa.

The South African Plio-Pleistocene cave deposits have yielded a diverse cercopithecoid fauna. In this study, the possible dietary proclivities of these extinct species are examined using details of molar microwear. Although sample sizes are often small, wear patterns suggest possible temporal changes in the diets of Parapapio jonesi from Makapansgat to Sterkfontein, of Papio robinsoni from Sterkfontein to Swartkrans, and Cercopithecoides williamsi from Makapansgat to Sterkfontein to Swartkrans. However, there does not appear to have been a significant change in the dietary habits of Parapapio broomi over time. The microwear patterns of the two temporally successive congeners, Theropithecus darti and T. oswaldi show no significant differences from one another. The sympatric congeners, Parapapio broomi and Pp. jonesi, have microwear signatures that differ significantly at Makapansgat (Members 3 and 4) but not at Sterkfontein (Member 4). Finally, the microwear analyses suggest that the extinct cercopithecoid species did not necessarily have diets similar to those of their closest living relatives.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of dietary protein on the fatty acid composition and delta 6 desaturase activity of rat hepatic microsomes.

Recently, significant differences between rats fed a casein diet and rats fed a soybean protein diet have been observed in hepatic phospholipid fatty acid patterns (Sjöblom, L., and Eklund, A., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1004, 187-192, 1990). The influence of these two diets on the delta 6 desaturase activity was investigated in the present study because the hepatic desaturase system is a source of unsaturated fatty acids. The rats fed a casein diet showed higher desaturase activity than those fed soybean protein when using either linoleic acid (P less than 0.005) or oleic acid (P less than 0.05) as substrates. The phosphatidylcholine fraction of hepatic microsomes showed increases in oleic acid (P less than 0.005) and 20:3 omega 9 (P less than 0.001) levels as well as decreases in stearic acid (P less than 0.001), linoleic acid (P less than 0.005) and arachidonic acid (P less than 0.005) levels in rats which were fed casein rather than soybean protein. Similar differences between the two groups were also observed in the phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol fractions. These data indicate that the qualitative properties of the dietary protein source may influence the fatty acid pattern of rat hepatic microsomes by interfering with delta 6 desaturase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dietary chloride as a possible determinant of the severity of exercise-induced asthma.

Dietary sodium chloride (NaCl) has been shown to alter the severity of exercise-induced asthma, but it is not known if the sodium and chloride ions have independent effects in this regard. The hypothesis tested in the present study was that both a low sodium, low chloride diet and a high sodium, low chloride diet would improve post-exercise pulmonary function in subjects with exercise-induced asthma (EIA) compared to a normal NaCl diet (NSD); but that neither of these diets would have an effect on post-exercise pulmonary function in control (non-EIA) subjects. Eight subjects who suffered from EIA and eight subjects who did not (control) took part in a double-blind crossover study. Pre- and post-exercise pulmonary function was assessed after 2 weeks on a NSD, a low NaCl diet (LSD, low sodium, low chloride) or a sodium bicarbonate diet (NaHCO3 diet, high sodium, low chloride). A 1 week washout period occurred between diets. Altering dietary sodium or chloride had no effect on pre-exercise (baseline) pulmonary function in either group or on post-exercise pulmonary function in control subjects. However, both the LSD and the NaHCO3 diet lessened the deterioration in post-exercise pulmonary function in EIA subjects. Comparing results from pre- to post-exercise, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) at 15 min post-exercise differed significantly (P < 0.05) between diets [mean (SEM) 7 (4)% on the LSD, 14 (4)% on the NaHCO3 diet, and 19 (2)% on the NSD]. Similar patterns were observed for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow rate at 25%-75% FVC and peak expiratory flow rate. The NaHCO3 diet lessened the deterioration of post-exercise pulmonary function, but not to the extent of LSD. These data suggest that both sodium and chloride contribute to the worsening of EIA symptoms seen after consuming a normal or high NaCl diet.

Acidosis↗
PubMed2006

Dietary patterns and risk of squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia: a population-based case-control study in Sweden.

We conducted a large population-based case-control study in Sweden to examine the association of dietary patterns and the development of cancers from the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. In total 185 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma, 165 with esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, 258 with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma, and 815 randomly selected population controls underwent face-to-face interviews. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify possible dietary patterns. Multivariate logistic regression with adjustments for age, sex, years of education, body mass index, physical activity, symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux, smoking, and total energy intake was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We identified three major dietary patterns in this population, for example, "healthy diet" (high in vegetables, tomato, fruits, fish, and poultry), "Western diet" (high in processed meat, red meat, sweets, high-fat dairy, and high-fat gravy), and "alcohol drinker" (high in intakes of beer, liquor, and French fries). We found that a healthy diet tended to moderately decrease the risk of all three cancers under study, although none of the associations was statistically significant. A high score of Western diet was associated with increased risks of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (high 3rd tertile vs. low 1st quartile, OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.1-2.9, P for trend = 0.04) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (high 3rd tertile vs. low 1st tertile, OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.9-3.1, P for trend = 0.13), whereas a dietary pattern characterized by high beer and liquor intake (alcohol drinker) significantly increased the risk of squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus (3rd tertile vs. low 1st tertile, OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.9-6.3, P for trend < 0.0001). Our study confirms the important role of diet in the carcinogenesis of esophageal and cardia cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1995

Maternal eating patterns and birth weight of Mexican American infants.

Eating patterns of 549 Mexican American mothers were identified using dietary data from the United States Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. These eating patterns were then used to investigate the relationship between maternal diet and infant birth weight. Principle components factor analysis was used to determine the structure of the maternal eating patterns. Seven distinct eating patterns were identified: nutrient dense, traditional, transitional, nutrient dilute, protein rich, high fat dairy, and mixed dishes. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify those eating patterns associated with birth weight. In addition to eating patterns, regression variables included body mass index, hemoglobin, gestational age at delivery, maternal age, infant gender, acculturation, marital status, income, education, and smoking during pregnancy. Regression results indicated that the nutrient dense (fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy, etc.) and protein rich (low fat meats, processed meats, and dairy desserts, etc.) eating patterns were associated with increased birth weight and that the transitional eating pattern (fats and oils, breads and cereals, high fat meats, sugar, etc.) was associated with decreased birth weight. Study findings suggest that the eating pattern methodology may be an appropriate tool for analyzing food frequency data in the investigation of diet and health relationships and for targeting dietary interventions.

Acculturation↗
PubMed1995

Cancer, cardiovascular mortality, and diet in Italy and the Czech Republic.

A descriptive study aimed at comparing mortality and dietary patterns in Italy and the Czech Republic was conducted in the period 1970-1990. Mortality from all causes, all cancers, selected site specific cancers and cardiovascular diseases were found to be generally higher in the Czech Republic than in Italy. The North-South gradients observed within Italy have diminished in the course of the last twenty years, mostly due to a less contained decrease of the mortality from cardiovascular diseases and to a marked increase in cancer mortality for Southern regions compared to Central and Northern regions. The mediterranean diet with many health promoting, possibly protective components, mostly of vegetable origin, is consumed in most parts of Italy, particularly in the South. In contrast, a Central European diet abounding in animal products and lacking in fresh fruit and vegetables is generally followed in the Czech Republic. These differences in diet may play a role in the origin of the observed differences in mortality patterns. Some factors other than diet, such as smoking habits, alcohol consumption, endogenous factors, and occupation, that are not considered here, are known to be involved in the causation of some types of cancer. The results of this study are compatible with the hypothesis of a relevant role played by dietary and other life-style habits in the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic and cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Clinical and pH-metric characteristics of gastro-oesophageal reflux secondary to cows' milk protein allergy.

AIMS: The primary aim was to assess whether there were differences in symptoms, laboratory data, and oesophageal pH-metry between infants with primary gastro-oesophageal reflux and those with reflux secondary to cows' milk protein allergy (CMPA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 96 infants (mean(SD) age 7.8(2.0) months) with either primary gastro-oesophageal reflux, reflux with CMPA, CMPA only, or none of these (controls) were studied. Symptoms, immunochemical data, and oesophageal pH were compared between the four groups and the effect of a cows' milk protein-free diet on the severity of symptoms was also assessed. RESULTS: 14 out of 47(30%) infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux had CMPA. These infants had similar symptoms to those with primary gastro-oesophageal reflux but higher concentrations of total IgE and circulating eosinophils (p < 0.005) and IgG anti-beta lactoglobulin (p < 0.003). A progressive constant reduction in oesophageal pH at the end of a feed, which continued up to the next feed, was seen in 12 out of 14 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux secondary to CMPA and in 24 of 25 infants with CMPA only. No infants with primary gastro-oesophageal reflux and none of the controls had this pattern. A cows' milk protein-free diet was associated with a significant improvement in symptoms only in infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux with CMPA. CONCLUSION: A characteristic oesophageal pH pattern is useful in distinguishing infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux associated with CMPA.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1996

Meal patterns reveal differential effects of vagotomy and tropisetron on responses to indispensable amino acid deficiency in rats.

Rats offered an amino acid-imbalanced diet (IMB) respond to the ensuing amino acid deficiency rapidly with a decrease in food intake of at least 50%. Pretreatment with tropisetron (TROP), an antagonist at serotonin3 (5-HT3) and 5-HT4 receptors, increases intake of IMB to approximately 85% of control. Vagotomy has two effects: it increases intake of an IMB to about 65%, and also blocks the increased response to tropisetron. This indicates that the greater IMB intake after tropisetron, approximately 20% more than in vagotomized rats, is dependent on an intact vagus. Rats were either 1) vagotomized or sham-operated, or 2) given tropisetron or saline injections. We then examined free-feeding meal patterns in rats fed an IMB to determine whether the microstructure of the feeding behavior differed, either between treatments, or by comparison with the meal patterns in rats fed the control diet. Vagotomy did not alter meal patterns in rats consuming the basal control diet. During the first 6 h after introduction of the IMB, the control rats showed significantly longer intermeal intervals (over twice the length of intervals recorded in those fed the basal diet), with corresponding effects on meal numbers, which were restored to basal values in tropisetron and vagotomized rats. Meal size was increased after vagotomy also. After 6 h, in intact tropisetron-treated rats only, a fourfold faster rate of eating throughout the late dark period accounted for the significantly greater intake of the IMB than in controls. The results demonstrated differential effects of the two treatments on the anorectic responses to amino acid deficiency.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Can we define indispensable amino acid requirements and assess protein quality in adults?

Adult indispensable amino acid (IAA) requirements, as exemplified by lysine, are examined in a metabolic framework in which dietary IAA are needed to replace both regulatory losses (extrinsic and adaptive IAA oxidation) and obligatory losses (intrinsic metabolic consumption). Thus requirements need to be defined as minimal, operational and optimal. For minimal needs, animal studies show different patterns for maintenance and growth, with lower lysine and leucine in the former compared with the latter pattern, which mirrors tissue protein. Reliable human studies also confirm a low minimum lysine requirement, 15 mg/kg or less, compared with growth needs, supporting the 1985 FAO adult value and lower than the value for preschool children proposed as the basis of a scoring pattern for adults by FAO/WHO in 1991. This pattern derives from studies in children depositing considerable nitrogen and is unsuitable for an adult scoring pattern. Stable isotope lysine balance studies do not provide unequivocal support for an increased minimum requirement value for lysine. As for operational requirements, these are higher because of increased regulatory losses due to the higher intakes of IAA in habitual diets and because of the diurnal feeding pattern. Definition of optimal needs requires value judgements of the beneficial metabolic influence of intakes in excess of minimal. This influence (the anabolic drive) is a tangible phenomenon in growing animals, but is yet to be identified in humans. Thus optimal requirements are not yet definable, and there is no suitable scoring pattern to replace the 1985 FAO values, which may accurately reflect minimal needs.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effectiveness of the diet therapy program in patients with chronic renal failure].

The authors developed diets 7A and 7B with varying supply of low-protein food for different therapeutic institutions. Sixty-four four patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) received an experimental diet according to an individual program with regard to the stage, the clinical pattern of CRF and the patient's tolerance to protein. The diet was given after the patients had been kept on the control standard, low-protein, and high-caloric diet. After 3 to 10 weeks of the preset dietetic management the patients showed a considerable improvement in the well-being, an increase in the mean body weight accompanied by decreased edema, fat and hypertension. The time course of changes in the laboratory indicators attested to an improvement of nitrous, protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, a decrease in electrolyte abnormalities, acidosis, and anemia. The deficiency of essential amino acids in the blood remained unchanged, but their ratio to replaceable amino acids slightly increased, while loss with urine declined.

Adolescent↗