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PubMed2004

Tracking gender-based human rights violations in postwar Kosovo.

Four years have passed since the institution of the cease-fire in Yugoslavia, and questions remain as to how Kosovar women are faring in the country's postwar reconstruction. Reports, albeit fragmented, suggest that violence against women began to increase in 1998 and 1999. This trend continued through 2001, even while rates of other major crimes decreased. Despite considerable local efforts to address the conditions of women, there remains a lack of systematic data documenting the scope and frequency of violent acts committed against women. A centralized surveillance system focused on tracking human rights abuses needs to be established to address this critical need for empirically based reports and to ultimately guide reform efforts.

Female↗
PubMed2005

[Predictive factors of psychosomatic reactions during air raids].

BACKGROUND: Civilian population of Yugoslavia was exposed to massive stressors of air raids by NATO in 1999. The aim of this study was to investigate somatic complaints and their predictive factors during stresses of air raids. METHODS: Random sample of 434 subjects, consisting of 139 inhabitants of several Belgrade municipalities and 295 employees of Military Medical Academy, were assessed in the cross-sectional study. The basic factors of interest were stress severity, variables of personality and habits and behaviour relevant for somatic complaints. Self-report of stress severity and the most common somatic complaints were performed by Questionnaire specially designed for this purpose and personality evaluation by EPQ-38. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the influence of predictors on dependent variable (psychosomatic symptoms). RESULTS: Personality was the most important predictor that explained 29% of variance in somatic symptoms (with the strongest impact of neuroticism); 11% was explained by habits and behaviour and only 1% of variance by stress. CONCLUSION: The finding that personality had higher impact on stress reaction outcome could be important for preventive and therapeutic aspects of stress reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A cold spot of IDDM incidence in Europe. Macedonia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine, for the first time, the incidence of IDDM among children 0-15 yr of age in Macedonia, the south republic of former Yugoslavia, and to compare these rates with those from neighboring countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Children < 15 yr of age, with IDDM diagnosed between January 1985 and December 1991, were registered using the criteria established for the WHO Multinational Project for Childhood Diabetes. The primary source of case ascertainment consisted of clinical records from the University Pediatric Clinic in Skopje, the capital of Macedonia. The secondary source consisted of records for insulin supplies from the pharmacy in Skopje and from 15 local hospitals. RESULTS: During 1985-1991, 112 children < 15 yr of age were diagnosed with IDDM in Macedonia. The completeness of case ascertainment was 96.6%. The age-adjusted IDDM incidence rate was very low, only 2.45/100,000 per yr. No significant sex difference in incidence was observed. The highest incidence rate occurred in the 10- to 15-yr age-group. No temporal trends were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of IDDM in Macedonia is the lowest in Europe and among the lowest reported for Caucasian populations. However, the descriptive epidemiology is similar to that for high incidence populations. Further etiological studies are required to evaluate potential reasons for the very low incidence of IDDM in Macedonia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A cross-cultural examination of children's understanding of "the enemy".

Despite the apparent ease and regularity with which adults label individuals and groups as "the enemy," little is known regarding how children understand this concept. The current qualitative study examined the concept of enemy as understood by 105 3- to 12-yr.-old children from two sides of an international conflict--Yugoslavia and the United States. This article provides an analysis of the children's answers during a structured interview regarding their understanding of enemies, specifically the perceptions of children in a war zone and the perceptions of children living in relative safety. Children of all ages could discuss the concept of enemy. They described both interpersonal and group conflict. A common theme in both Yugoslavian and U.S. children's descriptions was that an enemy is someone who is bad or does bad things. The children recognized the importance of at least two "sides" and discussed reciprocal or mutual feelings. In general, the children showed great optimism that one's enemies can become one's friends. These findings are interpreted in terms of developmental issues and sociopolitical context.

Child↗
PubMed1976

The incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in a population of Greek, Italian and Yugoslav origin in Australia.

Cord blood from 2,220 male babies of Greek, Italian and Yugoslav origin, born consecutively over a four-year period at The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, were screened by enzyme electrophoresis for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. The group comprised 1,220 babies of Greek, 600 of Italian and 400 of Yugoslav origin. G6PD deficiency occurred most commonly in the group of Greek babies, and 4-6% of these babies were deficient, while G6PD deficiency was detected in 1-2% of Italian and 0-3% of Yugoslav babies. These percentages are similar to those reported in Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, and give some indication of the incidence of G6PD deficiency in people of Mediterranean origin in Australia.

Australia↗
PubMed1976

Infantile autism: the incidence of national groups in a New South Wales survey.

In a survey on the occurrence of infantile autism in New South Wales it was found that 21-9% of children had at least one foreign-born parent whose native language was not English. In terms of population incidence for New South Wales, Italy and Yugoslavia were under-represented while Greece and Germany were significantly over-represented. The stresses faced by migrants in a new country were discussed in terms of possible contributing agents and in particular, the cultural traditions of the Greeks and their adjustment problems were highlighted. It was suggested that the stresses of cultural change and the socioeconomic pressures borne by the parents resulted in deprivation of their children who were also exposed to a confused language environment, and that a combination of these variables could lead to decompensation into an autistic state in an already vulnerable child.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Population dynamics in Serbia--present status and problems at the end of the 20th century].

INTRODUCTION: Population changes in Serbia in the last hundred years were very intensive in all fields of demographic development. They were positive, because the movement trend was basically up-to-date and as such responded to the needs and requirements of the problems in regard to population time. However, what was the intensity of these changes? What kinds of problems does Serbia face at the end of the 20th century? Methodology In order to establish precise data and isolate basic problems the following components were analyzed: fertility, mortality and population growth, age and ethnic distribution, migrations and spatial distribution. Data were taken from official vital statistics, censuses, censuses of people from the territory of former Yugoslavia, population projections and secondary analysis of relevant scientific findings. RESULTS: Serbia is faced with a number of problems in almost all segments of demographic development at the end of the 20th century. This primarily includes dual types of reproduction, open depopulation and fast population growth, reversible mortality trends of certain age-sex groups, a large number of refugees, pronounced emigration, especially of young and educated people, and greater or smaller distortions in the territorial distribution and in the development of certain subpopulations. DISCUSSION: Changes in population of Serbia have been intensive in all areas of demographic development giving it to a lesser or greater extent characteristics of contemporary population of developed countries. These changes, however, were either slow or began later, or too intensive and elemental, causing a series of distortions in the population development. CONCLUSION: The existence of demographic problems poses numerous questions. The basic one is to what extent do demographic distortions slow down the development of a country as a whole; how may the extreme differences in the population fertility levels represent a source of conflict, crises and instability, to questions concerning solutions and probabilities of strong political response. However, there is no dilemma that a population policy is necessary.

Demography↗
PubMed1999

Active tuberculosis in a deployed field hospital.

During the deployment of U.S. troops to the former Republic of Yugoslavia in support of Operation Joint Endeavor and the Dayton Peace Accords from December 1995 to December 1996, members of a deployed field hospital were exposed to a case of active tuberculosis from a local civilian worker. Tuberculin skin testing of civilian contacts of the index patient revealed 76% reactivity. Testing of exposed unit members revealed a 1.3% conversion rate upon redeployment, versus a 2.0% conversion rate for redeployed soldiers as a whole. More importantly, tuberculin skin testing of locally hired civilian workers as a whole revealed a 44% background positive rate, raising significant force-protection concerns and highlighting the role of occupational medicine and the need for screening of civilian employees in operations other than war.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Secondary neurosurgical management of craniocerebral war injuries].

In Belgrade Military Medical Academy 88 males and 1 female (aged 13-55, average 28.6 years) with war craniocerebral injuries (CCI) were secondarily neurosurgically treated from October 1991 trough December 1992. Primary neurosurgical management of these patients was performed in war hospitals in former Yugoslavia. Out of 89 patients, 78 had penetrating, and 11 closed CCI. Out of 55 patients with penetrating CCI who underwent surgery, intracranial debridement was performed in 34 patients. All patients with severe CCI (GCS = 3-8) were severely by disabled or died, and in the majority of patients with minor CCI (GCS = 13-15) the outcome was good (p < 0.01). Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between the extent of cerebral lesion and the outcome of penetrating CCI (p > 0.05). Eight (10.3%) patients with penetrating CCI died. The outcome of war CCI mostly depended on the severity of injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Understanding the role of nationalism in "new democracies".

The transition from communism to democracy has raised numerous discussions regarding the nature of postcommunism in Eastern Europe. According to the author, the two main approaches used to explain the collapse of communism--one that claims that resurrected civil society triumphed over totalitarianism, and, the other that avers Eastern Europe's propensity for irrationalism and a political behaviour based on ethnic exclusion and hatred--overlook the unique nature of postcommunism. In order to properly grasp the nature of this phenomena, the author argues that one must first understand the intrinsic nature of Eastern Europe's transformation. To do this requires an analysis of the social structures that drive political change and identifying the social group that is the main bearer of transformation. The author believes that though her analysis focuses primarily on the case of former Yugoslavia, and Croatia in particular, the conclusions she draws from it are also valid for other East European countries: that the nation is regarded as the principal catalyst for political change and that nationalism is the main legitimizing principle of emerging states. This analysis rejects the common view according to which nationalism is casually discounted as an irrational political movement that is fundamentally hostile to democracy and freedom. Quite the contrary. Throughout Eastern Europe nationalism has had a positive role in bringing down communism and creating a space for democracy to take root. Still, tension exists between nationalism and the democracy it spawned. To understand this paradox requires an extensive sociological and historical study of the particular conditions within which a particular community defines the goals of nationalism and the specific content of its main undergirding concepts like nation and state. Identifying the circumstances within which nationalism begins to act as an obstacle to the establishment of full-fledge democracy is key to understanding the political reality of today's Croatia and of many other East European "new democracies". Nationalism works differently in different socio-political conditions--differently in countries that recently achieved independence from countries with a long tradition of sovereign statehood, differently in countries with an underdeveloped or non-existent civil society from those with a strong civil society, differently in countries that are economically prosperous from those that are experiencing economic hardship. All these factors, not nationalism per se, determine the overall prospects for liberal democracy in Eastern Europe.

Communism↗
PubMed1999

Vaccination campaign for Kosovar Albanian refugee children--former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, April-May, 1999.

Extensive ethnic conflict within the Kosovo region of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and an organized bombing campaign by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization led to mass population displacement in 1998 and early 1999. In April 1999, approximately 500,000 Kosovar Albanians fled into the Yugoslavian Republic of Montenegro and the neighboring countries of Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Of the estimated 130,000 refugees who fled to FYROM, approximately 65,000 were housed in seven refugee camps. A major public health concern in these camps was the prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases, particularly measles. In response, the FYROM Ministry of Health (MOH) in collaboration with the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and International Medical Corps, a nongovernmental organization, planned and implemented a mass vaccination campaign. This report describes the first campaign (April 26-May 10, 1999), its results, and follow-up activities.

Albania↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Forensic medicine experiences in Kosovo].

In summer 1999, a German forensic team of CID officers and forensic pathologists was sent to Kosovo on request of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to investigate possible war crimes. For this purpose, witnesses had to be found and interrogated and graves of victims had to be located and the bodies exhumed and examined forensically. Roughly 200 bodies have been found and examined during the campaign that were predominantly of male sex and showed mainly gunshot wounds. A high percentage of all bodies could be identified. The article deals with different forensic-pathologic aspects of such an investigation.

Autopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Doctors and smoking.

The objective of this paper is to present cigarette smoking as the greatest risk factor for premature death, the nature of smoking dependence, the methods for its cessation, and to establish the importance of the leadership of health care providers in smoking prevention. Because smoking as a risk factor is preventable, it is necessary to conduct rigorous preventive measures, including educational programs and various legal actions, such as restrictions on the purchase of tobacco products to teenagers and creation of smoke-free areas. Reduction in the prevalence of smoking among physicians and other health care professionals also significantly influences willingness of society to recognize the health consequences of smoking and perhaps lead to the decline of the smoking epidemic. Therefore, a special attempt should be made to reduce smoking among health professionals, including medical students. An effort of medical students in Yugoslavia to promote prevention of smoking in the public by introducing "January 31st--A Day Without a Cigarette" is described. The best way to discourage smoking is by approaching children and adolescents since most people start smoking in their teenage years. This age group must recognize the harmful effects of smoking. Banning advertising and other promotional activities of tobacco producers, as well as smoking in hospitals, workplaces, restaurants, and public transportation is a very strong weapon against smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The attitude of soldiers toward military service].

Due to the formation of the new state--SR Yugoslavia and transformation of armed forces as well as social-political changes which resulted in changes of fundamental social values, the aim of this study is to analyze the factors influencing the attitudes of the youths to the military service in Yugoslav army. The sample consisted of 200 adapted (group A) and 400 nonadapted (group NA) soldiers. The applied instrument was the Adjustment questionnaire. The attitude to the military service has two poles: negative included 72.5% soldiers of group NA and positive included 78% soldiers of group A. Between two poles there were 27.5% soldiers of NA and 22% soldiers of group A who were ambivalent to the military service. It is concluded that the attitude to the military service of the group A soldiers was influenced by their parents, but of the group NA was not.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[Distribution of the ABO blood group system and D antigen in Macedonia].

The authors have made a serious effort to present the distribution of ABO and D antigens in SRM for the first time after many uers of these antigens in a representative group in a whole population and according to different nationalities. Also, the comparison as done between obtained results and some others (results from some other countries and from other republics in Yugoslavia). The gene frequency of ABO system was analised.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug use during pregnancy, labor and the puerperium and after the Drug Use in Pregnancy Study].

INTRODUCTION: An international study on drug use in pregnancy (DUP) started in 1987. There were 22 countries involved, among which two centers from Yugoslavia: Novi Sad and Zagreb. The investigation in Novi Sad comprised 296 parturients. On the basis of obtained results, education of physicians-gynecologists has been organized. 10 years later, a check-up study of 100 parturients was introduced in order to find out possible changes in the applied pharmacotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An investigation on drug use in pregnancy, delivery and puerperium has been performed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Novi Sad. It included 296 parturients in 1989 (1st investigated period) and 100 parturients in 1999 (2nd investigated period). Results obtained in 1999 were compared with the results from 1989. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Chronic use of drugs was found similar for both investigated periods (2.38% in 1989 vs 5% in 1999). In this group there were no drugs which could endanger the fetus. In 1989, there were 12.6% of pregnant women using preparations such as iron supply, versus 54% in 1999, so that trends in prevention of pharmacotherapy of anemia approached those in developed countries. In the second investigated period there was a significant decrease in progresterone therapy and two times increased use of beta-adrenergic agonists, which is in accordance with new trends in pharmacology. Use of paracetamol decreased, whereas use of metamizole, known by serious side-effects, increased. Drug administration during delivery decreased in 1999 (77%) in relation to 1989 (94.93%) mostly comprising drugs for autonomous nervous system, analgesics and analgoantipyretics. Administration of ergot-alkaloids decreased: from 65.8% in 1989 to 22% in 1999. Use of drugs after delivery can endanger both the parturient and lactation, i.e. nutrition of the newborn infant and consequently the newborn itself. During 1989 practically every parturient (95.27%) was administered drugs, out of which about 97% belonged to the group of ergot-alkaloids which were routinly administered for acceleration of uterine involution. In 1999 ergot-alkaloids were administered only in 9% of delivered women. Use of oxytocins was also reduced because they were administered not routinely but only on purpose. CONCLUSIONS: The following conclusions were made on the basis of obtained data: 1. During the first period there was a difference in drug use when compared to the countries with developed pharmacotherapeutic practice. 2. Use of progesterones was remarkably decreased in 1999 versus two times increased use of beta-adrenergic agonists administered in prevention of spontaneous abortions. 3. Use of opiate analgesics during delivery was significantly reduced from 43% to 11% in 1999. 4. In the second investigated period use of iron preparations was significantly increased versus decreased use of ergot-alkaloids. 5. Use of paracetamol decreased, whereas use of metamizole (known by serious side-effects) increased.

Drug Utilization↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Vitreoretinal surgery in war injuries of the eye].

Results of vitreoretinal surgeries of 647 severe penetrating injuries of the eye, sustained during the war operations in the territory of former Yugoslavia, in the period from 01.07.1991. to 31.12.1998. were analyzed in the paper. A total of 558 pars plana vitrectomies, 459 intrabulbar foreign bodies' extractions and 360 surgeries of traumatic retinal detachments (89 in the conventional way) were performed at the Clinic of Ophthalmology--Department for Vitreoretinal Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. Certain innovations in the surgical treatment of the severely injured eye with the damage of posterior eye segment, as well as the lens, were presented. In those cases, (simultaneously with pars plana vitrectomy, and extraction of retained intrabulbar foreign body), the primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation was also performed, particularly posterior chamber IOL implantation following lensectomy, as well as phacoemulsification.

Eye Foreign Bodies↗