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PubMed1993

Comparison of outer-membrane fractions of Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae.

Sarkosyl-insoluble fractions (outer-membrane proteins) and endoflagella (EF) fractions of Serpulina hyodysenteriae serotypes 1-7 were examined for protein differences using SDS-PAGE. Both the outer-membrane proteins (OMP) and endoflagella were also examined for antigenicity using porcine sera from acutely infected and convalescent swine. Seven major staining proteins were resolved in outer-membrane enriched fractions ranging in molecular weight between 42 and 32 kDa. A comparison of purified EF to OMP from serotype 1 and 2 isolates of Serpulina hyodysenteriae demonstrated that six of the seven OMP were actually EF. Sera from swine with acute swine dysentery identified only a portion of the proteins from both preparations. In contrast, immune sera from convalescent swine identified all the proteins in the OMP and EF preparations as well as an additional 16 kDa carbohydrate antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Efficacy of two gene species in the serological diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infections].

BACKGROUND: There is phenotypic and genetic variability among the species Borrelia burgdorferi that produces Lyme disease. Three gene species and seven serotypes have been defined. AIM: To study the efficacy of two gene species in the serological diagnosis of Borrelia burgdorferi infections in Granada, Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One thousand sixty nine sera coming from 1,251 subjects without Lyme borreliosis were analyzed. These subjects were studied for health or pregnancy controls, differential diagnosis of viral disease, diagnosis of syphilis, neurological or rheumatic diseases. In all samples, antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi (B31 and Pko strains) and against Treponema pallidum were investigated. Screening tests (ELISA and hemagglutination) were followed by confirmations tests for positive samples (Western Blot IgG strain B31 and FTA-abs respectively). A clinical and laboratory follow up was done for subjects with positive serological tests. RESULTS: The global rate of positive antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi B31 was 8.31% and against the strain Pko was 0.64%. Western blot was negative in 36% of subjects with positive ELISA B31. The distribution of antibodies against the strain B31 was acute herpes virus infection in 16%, gestation in 3%, HIV infection in 6.4%, T pallidum infection in 36%, rheumatic diseases in 25%, neurological diseases in 17.5% and health controls in 7.4%. The percentage of positive Western Blot analyzes were 0.8, 2.1 and 0.4% respectively. A reversion of positive ELISA tests was observed in 6 subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The disparity in rates of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in different geographic regions may be due to differences in the serological tests used. The high rate of false positive ELISA tests underscores the need to use other serological tests.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Is serological testing a reliable tool in laboratory diagnosis of syphilis? Meta-analysis of eight external quality control surveys performed by the german infection serology proficiency testing program.

The accuracy of diagnostic tests is critical for successful control of epidemic outbreaks of syphilis. The reliability of syphilis serology in the nonspecialist laboratory has always been questioned, but actual data dealing with this issue are sparse. Here, the results of eight proficiency testing sentinel surveys for diagnostic laboratories in Germany between 2000 and 2003 were analyzed. Screening tests such as Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (mean accuracy, 91.4% [qualitative], 75.4% [quantitative]), Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (mean accuracy, 98.1% [qualitative], 82.9% [quantitative]), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (mean qualitative accuracy, 95%) were more reliable than Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing (mean accuracy, 89.6% [qualitative], 71.1% [quantitative]), the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS) (mean accuracy, 88% [qualitative], 65.8% [quantitative]), and immunoblot assays (mean qualitative accuracy, 87.3%). Clearly, immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests were more difficult to manage than IgG tests. False-negative results for samples that have been unambiguously determined to be IgM and anti-lipoid antibody positive accounted for 4.7% of results in the IgM ELISA, 6.9% in the VDRL test, 18.5% in the IgM FTA-ABS, and 23.0% in the IgM immunoblot assay. For negative samples, the mean percentage of false-positive results was 4.1% in the VDRL test, 5.4% in the IgM ELISA, 0.7% in the IgM FTA-ABS, and 1.4% in the IgM immunoblot assay. On average, 18.3% of participants misclassified samples from patients with active syphilis as past infection without indicating the need for further treatment. Moreover, 10.2% of laboratories wrongly reported serological evidence for active infection in samples from patients with past syphilis or in sera from seronegative blood donors. Consequently, the continuous participation of laboratories in proficiency testing and further standardization of tests is strongly recommended to achieve better quality of syphilis serology.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2002

Infection screening in sudden and progressive idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss: a retrospective study of 182 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a systematic infectious screening program for patients who present with sudden or progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) of unknown cause (negative history and clinical examination). METHOD: Retrospective study of 182 patients with idiopathic SHL. One hundred six patients presented with sudden SHL, and 76 presented with progressive SHL. Serologies for herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses (immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G titers), Lyme disease (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), syphilis (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption or microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum test) and human immunodeficiency virus were performed. RESULTS: The serologies were negative in 179 patients. Two patients had positive serologies for Lyme disease and another tested positive for syphilis. Both cases of suspected Lyme disease were later excluded by Western blot analysis and lumbar puncture (two false-positives). The patient with serologic syphilis was diagnosed as having latent syphilis after neurosyphilis was excluded. CONCLUSION: The infection screening was positive in only 1 (0.6%) of 182 patients: the patient who was diagnosed with latent syphilis. On the basis of these results and taking into account the cost of systematic screening, we propose that serologic tests be limited to patients with suspect histories or symptomatologies, except for patients with a diagnosis of syphilis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Seroprevalences of Toxoplasma, malaria, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HIV and treponemal infections among pregnant women in Cotonou, Republic of Benin.

Seroprevalences for toxoplasmosis, malaria, rubella, cytomegalovirus, HIV and treponemal infections were evaluated among 211 pregnant women residing in the Cotonou area, Republic of Benin. One hundred and thirteen women (53.6%) had toxoplasma antibodies, 185 (87.7%) malaria antibodies and 181 (85.8%) rubella antibodies. Among the 205 (97.2%) women with cytomegalovirus antibodies, 6 presented recent or current infection. No HIV seropositivity was detected. Five (2.4%) of these women had a positive treponematosis serology corresponding to previous infection or reinfection. These results were compared with previous studies conducted in Africa. Routine serological screening should be recommended in young age and in pregnancy for rubella, only in pregnant women for HIV and toxoplasma infections, in order to control their possible consequences on women and newborns.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

In vitro activity of temafloxacin against pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases.

The fluoroquinolones represent a new therapeutic alternative for the treatment of many sexually transmitted diseases, especially those caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Urea-plasma urealyticum. In vitro studies have demonstrated the 90% minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC90s) of temafloxacin for these pathogens to be less than 0.03 micrograms/mL for N. gonorrhoeae; 0.25 micrograms/mL for C. trachomatis; 0.125-2 micrograms/mL for M. hominis; and 4 micrograms/mL for U. urealyticum. These concentrations are equal to or less than those achievable in plasma following a 400-mg temafloxacin oral dose given twice daily. Based on temafloxacin's antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic profile, it appears to be an excellent agent for the treatment of patients with gonococcal or nongonococcal urethritis and/or cervicitis.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1991

HIV-1 infection among New York City inmates.

A blinded seroprevalence survey for HIV-1 infection was conducted among individuals entering New York City (NYC) prisons in 1989. Data collected included age group, race/ethnicity, syphilis serologic results and self-admitted drug use. Remnant serum specimens were tested for HIV-1 antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by Western blot. Of 2236 inmates surveyed, 413 (18.5%) were HIV-1 positive. Rates varied by subgroup, and were higher for women than men (25.8 versus 16.1%; odds ratio 1.8; P less than 0.01), for drug users than inmates who denied drug use (25 versus 14%; odds ratio 2.3; P less than 0.01), for intravenous heroin users (43 versus 15% in drug users not using heroin), and for inmates with positive rapid plasma reagin test (RPR) results (34.5 versus 16.1% in RPR-negative inmates). Use of intravenous heroin was most strongly related, by logistic regression, to HIV-1 seropositivity. The results are among the highest found in US inmates, and suggest that there were 12,500 seropositive individuals incarcerated in 1989. This represents approximately 10% of the estimated number of seropositive individuals in NYC. The NYC Correctional System should be viewed as a front-line institution in the fight against AIDS through provision of HIV-related prevention services and clinical care, and drug treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

HIV and syphilis: when to perform a lumbar puncture.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to determine predictive factors for neurosyphilis in HIV-infected patients with syphilis and optimize the use of lumbar puncture. STUDY DESIGN: The authors reviewed 112 cases of HIV-infected patients with syphilis who underwent a lumbar puncture. Diagnosis of neurosyphilis was based on a cerebrospinal fluid white blood cells count > or =20/microL, and/or a reactive cerebrospinal fluid-Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, and/or a positive intrathecal T. pallidum antibody (ITPA) index. RESULTS: Twenty-six of 112 had neurosyphilis. Neurologic manifestations and serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) were associated with neurosyphilis (P = 0.036, P = 0.018, respectively). In multivariate analysis, log(2)RPR was still associated with neurosyphilis (P = 0.005). In patients without neurologic manifestations, the risk of neurosyphilis increases gradually with log(2)RPR. A serum RPR of 1/32 seems to be the best cutoff point to decide the performance or not of a lumbar puncture (sensitivity 100%, specificity 40%). CONCLUSION: In HIV-infected patients with syphilis, lumbar puncture could be restricted to those with neurologic manifestations or a serum RPR > or =1/32.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Reaction following treatment of murine borreliosis and Shwartzman type reacion with borrelial sonicates.

Treatment of experimental murine borreliosis induced an acute transient fall in temperature, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia with appearance of circulating 'endotroxin-like' material. This reaction to treatment could be reproduced by the inoculatioh of borrelial sonicates into infected mice or by two injections of the same sonicate given 24 hours apart, into normal mice. Sensitization or precipitation of the reaction could not be induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide, although a reaction indistinguishable from the reaction to treatment could be provoked in mice by two successive injections of lipopolysaccharide given 24 hours apart. The nature of this reaction in mice was investigated and the relation of both reactions to the Shwartzman reaction, Endotoxin.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1983

Humoral immune response in experimental syphilis to polypeptides of Treponema pallidum.

The ontogeny of the IgG response in rabbits with experimental syphilis to individual polypeptides of Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, was examined. The polypeptides of motile, virulent T. pallidum, purified from host tissue by Percoll density gradient centrifugation, were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and were electrophoretically transferred to a solid-phase matrix of nitrocellulose for antigen analysis. Serum from rabbits early in infection at day 3 post-infection showed a weak but detectable IgG response to two polypeptides of 60,000 and 46,000 m.w. This was followed on days 11, 17, and 19 by an apparent quantitative increase in antibody to other treponemal protein antigens. By day 19, 21 of the 22 detectable polypeptides could be identified. A similar set of antigens was detected by serum from patients with human secondary and early latent syphilis. A close correlation was found between the presence of IgG antibody to T. pallidum polypeptides at day 9 and 1, 4.5, 13.5, and 17 mo post-infection and the immune status of the rabbit to symptomatic reinfection. Serum from rabbits that were partially immune to challenge at day 9 detected three polypeptides of 60,000, 46,000, and 36,000 daltons. By 1 mo post-infection, at a time when a more complete immunity had developed, the number of detectable antigens increased to 21 polypeptides ranging in m.w. from 94,000 to 14,400 daltons. IgG antibody to 22 treponemal antigens persisted in animals that were solidly immune to symptomatic reinfection at 3, 4.5, 13.5, and 17 mo post-infection. Serum neutralizing activity was not demonstrable at day 9 or 1 mo post-infection, however, but was present at 3, 4.5, 13.5, and 17 mo. The results suggest that after intratesticular challenge a vigorous IgG response to T. pallidum polypeptides can be detected. The potential role of humoral immune mechanisms in the development and maintenance of immunity is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians: evidence of a new acquired immunodeficiency state.

Twenty Haitian patients, hospitalized from 1 April 1980 to 20 June 1982, had Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, central nervous system toxoplasmosis, esophageal candidiasis, cryptococcosis, disseminated cytomegalovirus, progressive herpes simplex virus, chronic enteric coccidiosis, or invasive Kaposi's sarcoma. Ten patients died. Opportunistic infections were frequently multiple and were recurrent in three patients. In seven patients disseminated tuberculosis preceded the other infections by 2 to 15 months. There was no evidence of an underlying immunosuppressive disease, and no history of homosexuality or intravenous drug abuse. At least three patients probably acquired the syndrome in Haiti. Lymphadenopathy was common. Seventeen patients tested had anergy, and 18 had lymphopenia. Monoclonal antibody analysis of peripheral-blood T-cell subsets done on 11 patients showed a marked decrease in T-helper cells and an inversion of the normal ratio of T-helper cells to T-suppressor cells. This syndrome among heterosexual Haitians is strikingly similar to the syndrome of immunodeficiency described recently among American homosexuals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Selected endodontic pathogens in the apical third of infected root canals: a molecular investigation.

Bacteria located at the apical portion of the root canals are conceivably in a strategic position to induce damage to the periradicular tissues and resulting inflammatory diseases. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of 11 selected putative endodontic pathogens in the apical third of infected root canals associated with periradicular lesions. The apical root portion of 23 extracted teeth with carious pulpal exposures and attached periradicular lesions was sectioned, and the root canals were sampled for microbiological investigation. DNA was extracted from the samples and analyzed for the presence of 11 bacterial species using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. The results showed that Pseuramibacter alactolyticus occurred in 10 cases (44%), Treponema denticola in 6 (26%), Fusobacterium nucleatum in 6 (26%), Porphyromonas endodontalis in 4 (17%), Filifactor alocis in 2 (9%), Dialister pneumosintes in 1 (4%), Porphyromonas gingivalis in 1 (4%), and Tannerella forsythensis in 1 (4%). No sample yielded Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, or Campylobacter rectus. Of the samples examined, 17 were positive for at least 1 of the target species. Occurrence of these bacterial species in the apical third of infected root canals suggests that they can be involved in causation of periradicular lesions.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1984

Campylobacter jejuni myocarditis.

A case of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) myocarditis in a young man is described. C. jejuni was isolated from the patient's stools and he developed specific antibodies to this organism. Tests for other etiological agents (Salmonella, Shigella, Brucella abortus, beta-hemolytic streptococcus Group A, Treponema pallidum and coxsackievirus B) proved negative.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Immunohistochemistry of Borrelia type spirochetes].

We have looked for the presence of Borrelias by immunohistochemistry in cutaneous biopsies taken from patients with positive Borrelia serology. We used the monoclonal antibody "P41 Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin". We found Borrelias in the dermis of Pick-Herxheimer disease (3/3), erythema chronicum migrans (6/9), lymphocytoma (1/3), and morpheas (2/5). They were also seen in the vascular wall of hypodermal arterioles in a case of cutaneous periarteritis nodosa (1/2). Treponema pallidum was not revealed by the antibody.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗