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PubMed2000

Inhibition of platelet aggregation and 5-HT release by extracts of Australian plants used traditionally as headache treatments.

To identify potential migraine therapeutics, extracts of eighteen plants were screened to detect plant constituents affecting ADP induced platelet aggregation and [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release. Extracts of the seven plants exhibiting significant inhibition of platelet function were reanalysed in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to remove polyphenolic tannins that precipitate proteins. Two of these extracts no longer exhibited inhibition of platelet activity after removal of tannins. However, extracts of Crataegus monogyna, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Eremophila freelingii, Eremophila longifolia, and Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa still potently inhibited ADP induced human platelet [14C]5-HT release in vitro, with levels ranging from 62 to 95% inhibition. I. pes-caprae, and C. monogyna also caused significant inhibition of ADP induced platelet aggregation. All of these plants have been previously used as traditional headache treatments, except for C. monogyna which is used primarily for protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Further studies elucidating the compounds that are responsible for these anti-platelet effects are needed to determine their exact mechanism of action.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Direct scavenging of nitric oxide by traditional crude drugs.

Thirty-one traditional crude drugs and several pure compounds were examined for their possible regulatory effect on nitric oxide (NO) levels using sodium nitroprusside as a NO donor in vitro. Most of the crude drugs tested demonstrated direct scavenging of NO. Eight crude drugs, including Sanguisorbae Radix, Caryophylli Flos, Gambir, Coptidis Rhizoma, Granati Cortex, Gallae Rhois, Rhei Rhizoma and Cinnamomi Cortex exhibited significant activity (IC50 values < 1000 micrograms/ml), and with the exception of Coptidis Rhizoma, all were found to contain tannins as their major constituents. In addition, some crude drugs containing flavonoids or essential oils also appeared to act against NO. Ten major tannins contained in Sanguisorbae Radix and Rhei Rhizoma showed high scavenging activity (IC50 values < 326.3 micrograms/ml), and 6 of 8 alkaloids obtained from Coptidis Rhizoma also effectively scavenged the NO radical (IC50 values < 455.4 micrograms/ml). It was indicated that these compounds may be the active principles of the crude drugs responsible for NO scavenging. The present results suggest that traditional crude drugs might be potent and novel therapeutic agents for scavenging of NO and the regulation of pathological conditions caused by excessive NO and its oxidation product, peroxynitrite. These findings may also help to explain, at least in part, certain pharmacological activities of crude drugs, especially anti-infection and anti-inflammatory activities.

Free Radical Scavengers↗
PubMed2000

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Strobilanthes crispus leaf extract.

This study investigated the components present in and the total antioxidant activity of leaves of Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bremek or Saricocalyx crispus (L.) Bremek (Acanthacea). Proximate analyses and total antioxidant activity using ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid methods were employed. Minerals content was determined using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer, whereas the water-soluble vitamins were determined by means of the UV-VIS spectrophotometer (vitamin C) and fluorimeter (vitamins B(1) and B(2)). Catechin, tannin, caffeine, and alkaloid contents were also studied. All data were compared to the previously reported results of Yerbamate, green tea, black tea, and Indian tea. The dried leaves contained a high amount of total ash (21.6%) as a result of a high amount of minerals including potassium (51%), calcium (24%), sodium (13%), iron (1%), and phosphorus (1%). High content of water-soluble vitamins (C, B(1), and B(2)) contributed to the high antioxidant activity of the leaves. The leaves also contained a moderate amount of other proximate composition as well as other compounds such as catechins, alkaloids, caffeine, and tannin, contributing further to the total antioxidant activity. Catechins of Strobilanthes crispus leaves showed highest antioxidant activity when compared to Yerbamate and vitamin E. Consumption of the leafy extract daily (5 g/day) as an herbal tea could contribute to the additional nutrients and antioxidants needed in the body to enhance the defense system, especially toward the incidence of degenerative diseases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Molecular weight distribution of Pinus radiata kraft mill wastewater treated by anaerobic digestion.

Kraft mill is responsible for massive discharge of highly polluted effluents. The main characteristics of this effluent are high toxicity and low biodegradability due to tannin, lignin and chlorophenol compounds. The composition may vary dramatically depending, for instance, on the utilised feedstock and process. The purpose of this work was to investigate the molecular weight distribution of Pinus radiata kraft pulping wastewater treated by anaerobic digestion by using two types of anaerobic reactors: fixed bed and sludge blanket. Anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and anaerobic filter (AF) were operated. In both reactors, the total alkalinity ranged between 1.0 and 1.5 g CaCO3/l, while the organic load rate (OLR) was increasing during operation from 1.2 to 3.3 gCOD/l d. COD and total phenolic compounds (UV215) removal ranged between 30-50% and 13-20%, respectively, while the BOD5 removal ranged 60-90%. However only a partial biodegradation (10-43%) of tannin and lignin was observed. Results from ultrafiltration analyses indicated that the fraction with a molecular weight (MW) < 1000, COD and colour decreased after anaerobic treatment, but the total phenolic compounds increased. In the 1000 < MW < 10,000 fraction, there was no change in COD, UV215 and colour. In the > 10,000 MW fraction, colour and COD fraction increased by 14% and 5%, respectively, after anaerobic treatment. It can be concluded from this study, that treatment with UASB or AF reactors is not enough, under the conditions tested, for a large COD removal from Pinus radiata wastewater.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2002

Operational factors and nutrient effects on activated sludge treatment of Pinus radiata kraft mill wastewater.

The biodegradability of Pinus radiata bleached kraft mill wastewater by an activated sludge treatment during a period of 280 days was evaluated. The effect of varying hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the range of 48 to 4.5 h and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) addition on removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (TSS and VSS), total phenolic compounds, tannin and lignin and reduction of toxicity was investigated. Removal of BOD5 was higher than 90% when HRT varied from 16 to 6 h, but decreased when HRT was less than 6 h. Similar performance was observed for COD removal, which was about 60% when HRT was varied from 16 to 6 h. Removal of total phenolic compounds and tannin and lignin was seriously affected by HRT. N and P addition to maintaining a ratio of 100:5:0.3 provided optimal BOD5, COD and suspended solids removal when HRT varied from 16 to 7 h, and no toxicity (using Daphnia) was detected in the treated effluent. When HRT was less than 6 h, the system showed destabilisation and pH, COD, BOD5 and suspended solids removal decreased.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2001

Role of areca nut in betel quid-associated chemical carcinogenesis: current awareness and future perspectives.

Betel quid (BQ)-chewing is a popular oral habit with potential links to the occurrence of oral cancer. Many of the literature-based studies reveal that areca nut (AN) extract may demonstrate mutagenic and genotoxic effects, in addition to inducing preneoplastic as well as neoplastic lesions in experimental animals. Areca nut should, thus, be highly suspected as a human carcinogen. Toxicity studies relating to AN-contained polyphenols and tannins are not conclusive, with both carcinogenic and anti-carcinogenic effects being reported. The mutagenicity and genotoxicity of areca alkaloids has been detected by many short-term assays. However, their genotoxicity to oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes, the target cells of BQ, has not been identified. It would thus appear that AN toxicity is not completely due to its polyphenol, tannin and alkaloid content. The single agent which is responsible for AN carcinogenicity awaits further clarification. Reactive oxygen species produced during auto-oxidation of AN polyphenols in the BQ-chewer's saliva, are crucial in the initiation and promotion of oral cancer. Nitrosation of areca alkaloids also produces AN-specific nitrosamines, that have been demonstrated to be mutagenic, genotoxic and are capable of inducing tumors in experimental animals. Arecaidine and AN extract are further suggested to be tumor promoters. Antioxidants such as glutathione and N-acetyl-L-cysteine can potentially prevent such AN-elicited cytotoxicity. Further studies are needed to delineate the metabolism of AN ingredient and their roles in the multi-step chemical carcinogenesis, in order to enhance the success of the future chemoprevention of oral cancer and oral submucous fibrosis.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2003

Inhibitory effect of red koji extracts on mushroom tyrosinase.

Red koji has been recognized as a cholesterol-lowering diet supplement because of it contains fungi metabolites, monacolins, which reduce cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. In this study, water extracts of red koji were loaded onto a C(18) cartridge, and the acetonitrile eluate was collected as test fraction. Red koji water extracts and its C(18) cartridge acetonitrile eluent had total phenols concentrations of 5.57 and 1.89 mg/g of red koji and condensed tannins concentrations of 2.71 and 1.20 mg/g of red koji, respectively. Both exhibited an antioxidant activity and an inhibitory activity to mushroom tyrosinase. The higher antioxidant activity of the red koji acetonitrile eluent was due to the existence of a high percentage of condensed tannins. The results from the kinetic study for inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by red koji extracts showed that the compounds in the extracts competitively inhibited the oxidation of tyrosine catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase with an ID(50) of 5.57 mg/mL.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2003

Direct method for determining seed and skin proanthocyanidin extraction into red wine.

A method was developed for determining the amount of seed and skin proanthocyanidin extraction into wines by direct measurement. This method was based upon the analysis of proanthocyanidin cleavage products after acid catalysis in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. On the basis of the analysis of proanthocyanidin extracts from grape tissues, two observations were made as follows: (i) the seed and skin proanthocyanidin extension subunit compositions were considerably different from each other, and (ii) their composition did not vary with extraction time. Thus, by comparing the proportional extension subunit composition of proanthocyanidins in wine relative to their proportional composition in corresponding grape seed and skin, it was possible to determine the contribution of each to wine. To provide additional information, the procedure was used to investigate seed and skin proanthocyanidin extraction during commercial-scale fermentations that had undergone 4 or 10 day low temperature prefermentation skin contact prior to the onset of fermentation. The results for both fermentations indicated that the proportion of skin tannin declined during fermentation and also showed that at the end of fermentation the amount and proportion of skin tannin were the same.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2005

Phenolic compounds from blueberries can inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis.

Research has shown that diets rich in phenolic compounds may be associated with lower risks of several chronic diseases including cancer. This study systematically evaluated the bioactivities of phenolic compounds in rabbiteye blueberries and assessed their potential antiproliferation and apoptosis induction effects using two colon cancer cell lines, HT-29 and Caco-2. Polyphenols in three blueberry cultivars, Briteblue, Tifblue, and Powderblue, were extracted and freeze-dried. The extracts were further separated into phenolic acids, tannins, flavonols, and anthocyanins using an HLB cartridge and LH20 column. Some individual phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified by HPLC with >90% purity in anthocyanin fractions. The dried extracts and fractions were added to the cell culture medium to test for antiproliferation activities and induction of apoptosis. Flavonol and tannin fractions resulted in 50% inhibition of cell proliferation at concentrations of 70-100 and 50-100 microg/mL in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. The phenolic acid fraction showed relatively lower bioactivities with 50% inhibition at approximately 1000 microg/mL. The greatest antiproliferation effect among all four fractions was from the anthocyanin fractions. Both HT-29 and Caco-2 cell growth was significantly inhibited by >50% by the anthocyanin fractions at concentrations of 15-50 microg/mL. Anthocyanin fractions also resulted in 2-7 times increases in DNA fragmentation, indicating the induction of apoptosis. The effective dosage levels are close to the reported range of anthocyanin concentrations in rat plasma. These findings suggest that blueberry intake may reduce colon cancer risk.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed1999

Interactions between wine polyphenols and aroma substances. An insight at the molecular level.

Control of the organoleptic quality of wine or grape-derived beverages requires the study of the interactions between flavor volatiles and polyphenols. The influence of catechin and a wine highly condensed tannin fraction on the volatility of aroma substances was investigated using a dynamic headspace technique. In a hydroalcoholic solution, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and benzaldehyde appeared to be more retained than limonene at low catechin concentrations (0-5 g/L). The tannin fraction induced a slight decrease of benzaldehyde volatility and a salting out of limonene and had no effect on the two esters. Furthermore, investigations at the molecular level were conducted using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift changes registered upon addition of a ligand to a substrate kept at constant concentration allowed the determination of the dissociation constant in a 1:1 binding model. Complexation with catechin was evaluated to be similarly weak for benzaldehyde and the two esters. In addition, catechin and epicatechin displayed a higher affinity for benzaldehyde than for 3, 5-dimethoxyphenol, supporting the hypothesis of a hydrophobic driving force.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2002

Impact of polyphenols on growth of the aquatic herbivore Acentria ephemerella.

Larvae of Acentria ephemerella live fully submerged, feeding on submersed aquatic angiosperms such as pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) and Myriophyllum spicatum. Only the latter contains high concentrations of hydrolyzable tannins known to interfere with the growth of insect herbivores. We tested whether larvae grow faster on Potamogeton perfoliatus or M. spicatum and whether this is due to polyphenols in their food source. Larvae originating from the same egg clutch grew faster and larger on P. perfoliatus than on M. spicatum. The same growth response was observed with larvae that spent winter diapause on either P. perfoliatus or M. spicatum. These larvae were fed either with their host plant or the other macrophyte. No prior feeding effect was found, but growth of larvae reared on M. spicatum was less than when grown on P. perfoliatus. Larvae from another egg-clutch reared on M. spicatum, either from lake or cultivated in aquaria, exhibited reduced growth on the lake plants. P. perfoliatus contained less than 1% and M. spicatum (aquarium or field material) between 5 and 9% phenolic compounds. No differences in nitrogen content of leaves were found, but apical shoot sections of M. spicatum exhibited a significantly higher nitrogen content than P. perfoliatus. Our results indicate that hydrolyzable tannins are responsible for the reduced growth of Acentria when fed with M. spicatum.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Rapid herbivore-induced changes in mountain birch phenolics and nutritive compounds and their effects on performance of the major defoliator, Epirrita autumnata.

Insect damage changes plant physiology and chemistry, and such changes may influence the performance of herbivores. We introduced larvae of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata Borkh.) on individual branches of its main host plant. mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti) to examine rapid-induced plant responses, which may affect subsequent larval development. We measured systemic responses to herbivory by analyzing chemistry, photosynthesis, and leaf growth, as well as effects on larval growth and feeding, in undamaged branches of damaged and control trees. Larvae reared on leaves from intact branches of the herbivore-damaged trees grew faster than those reared on leaves of control trees, indicating systemic-induced susceptibility. Herbivore damage did not lead to systemic changes in levels of primary nutrients or phenolic compounds. The analyses of photosynthetic activity and individual hydrolyzable tannins revealed a reversal of leaf physiology-herbivore defense patterns. On control trees, consumption by E. autumnata larvae was positively correlated with photosynthetic activity: on damaged trees, this correlation was reversed, with consumption being negatively correlated with photosynthetic activity. A similar pattern was found in the relationship between monogalloylglucose, the most abundant hydrolyzable tannin of mountain birch, and leaf consumption. Among the control trees, consumption was positively correlated with concentrations of monogalloylglucose, whereas among herbivore-damaged trees, this correlation was reversed and became negative. Our results suggest that herbivore performance is related to both concentrations of phenolic compounds and photosynthetic activity in leaves. This linkage between herbivore performance, leaf chemistry, and physiology was sensitive to induced plant responses caused by slight herbivore damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Variation in defence strategies in two species of the genus Beilschmiedia under differing soil nutrient and rainfall conditions.

The relationships between various leaf functional traits that are important in plant growth (e.g., specific leaf area) have been investigated in recent studies; however, research in this context on plants that are highly protected by chemical defences, particularly resource-demanding nitrogen-based defence, is lacking. We collected leaves from cyanogenic (N-defended) Beilschmiedia collina B. Hyland and acyanogenic (C-defended) Beilschmiedia tooram (F. M. Bailey) B. Hyland at high- and low-soil nutrient sites in two consecutive years that varied significantly in rainfall. We then measured the relationships between chemical defence and morphological and functional leaf traits under the different environmental conditions. We found that the two species differed significantly in their resource allocation to defence as well as leaf morphology and function. The N defended species had a higher leaf nitrogen concentration, whereas the C-defended species had higher amounts of C-based chemical defences (i.e., total phenolics and condensed tannins). The C-defended species also tended to have higher force to fracture and increased leaf toughness. In B. collina, cyanogenic glycoside concentration was higher with higher rainfall, but not with higher soil nutrients. Total phenolic concentration was higher at the high soil nutrient site in B. tooram, but lower in B. collina; however, with higher rainfall an increase was found in B. tooram, while phenolics decreased in B. collina. Condensed tannin concentration decreased in both species with rainfall and nutrient availability. We conclude that chemical defence is correlated with leaf functional traits and that variation in environmental resources affects this correlation.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1998

Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

Many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): 1) virus adsorption: chromone alkaloids (schumannificine), isoquinoline alkaloids (michellamines), sulphated polysaccharides and polyphenolics, flavonoids, coumarins (glycocoumarin, licopyranocoumarin) phenolics (caffeic acid derivatives, galloyl acid derivatives, catechinic acid derivatives), tannins and triterpenes (glycyrrhizin and analogues, soyasaponin and analogues); 2) virus-cell fusion: lectins (mannose- and N-acetylglucosamine-specific) and triterpenes (betulinic acid and analogues); 3) reverse transcription; alkaloids (benzophenanthridines, protoberberines, isoquinolines, quinolines), coumarins (calanolides and analogues), flavonoids, phloroglucinols, lactones (protolichesterinic acid), tannins, iridoids (fulvoplumierin) and triterpenes; 4) integration: coumarins (3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins), depsidones, O-caffeoyl derivatives, lignans (arctigenin and analogues) and phenolics (curcumin); 5) translation: single chain ribosome inactivating proteins (SCRIP's); 6) proteolytic cleavage (protease inhibition): saponins (ursolic and maslinic acids), xanthones (mangostin and analogues) and coumarins; 7) glycosylation: alkaloids including indolizidines (castanospermine and analogues), piperidines (1-deoxynojirimicin and analogues) and pyrrolizidines (australine and analogues); 8) assembly/release: naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin), photosensitisers (terthiophenes and furoisocoumarins) and phospholipids. The target of action of several anti-HIV substances including alkaloids (O-demethyl-buchenavianine, papaverine), polysaccharides (acemannan), lignans (intheriotherins, schisantherin), phenolics (gossypol, lignins, catechol dimers such as peltatols, naphthoquinones such as conocurvone) and saponins (celasdin B, Gleditsia and Gymnocladus saponins), has not been elucidated or does not fit in the proposed scheme. Only a very few of these plant-derived anti-HIV products have been used in a limited number of patients suffering from AIDS viz. glycyrrhizin, papaverine, trichosanthin, castanospermine, N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimicin and acemannan.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1996

Involvement of nuclear orphan receptor NGFI-B in transcriptional activation of salivary-specific R15 gene by cAMP.

Proline-rich proteins (PRPs) are selectively expressed in the acinar cells of the salivary glands and are inducible by beta-agonist isoproterenol and dietary tannins. In the previous studies of rat PRP gene, R15, the 5'-flanking region up to -1.7 kilobase pairs (kb), which was thought to contain the necessary proximal regulatory elements, failed to confer the catecholamine isoproterenol and dietary tannin inducibility to the transgene expression in the salivary glands of transgenic mice. Here we analyzed distal 5'-flanking region of R15 in order to understand the mechanisms of tissue-specific and inducible gene regulation. An upstream regulatory region located between -2.4 and -1.7 kb of the R15 5'-flanking region is demonstrated to be indispensable for the salivary-specific and inducible reporter gene expression in vivo, by transgenic approach. Element(s) within the 0.7-kb (-2.4 to -1.7) region that is able to cis-activate the expression of a heterologous reporter gene expression is further elucidated by transient transfection assays in vitro. Three distinct nuclear orphan receptor NGFI-B regulatory sequences are identified within a 184-base pair (bp) minimal control region extended from -1995 to -1812 nucleotides relative to the transcription start site. When reporter gene containing this 184-bp control region and heterologous promoter was cotransfected with the NGFI-B expression construct, a transactivation that mimics the effect of cAMP is observed in the parotid cells. Finally, mutations on all three identified NGFI-B binding sites and coexpression of a dominant negative mutant construct, pCMV-NGFI-B(Delta25-195), abolish this transactivation mediated by NGFI-B. In summary, these data suggest that the inducible nuclear orphan receptor NGFI-B may participate in the regulation of salivary acinar cell-specific and inducible expression of the rat R15 gene via three distinct distal NGFI-B sites.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The digestion of bulbils (Polygonum viviparum L.) and berries (Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Empetrum sp.) by captive ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus).

1. The digestion of three foods favoured by ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) in the wild was studied using captive birds. 2. Bulbils of Polygonum viviparum L. were a good source of metabolizable energy, protein and phosphorus, but were deficient in sodium. Berries of Vaccinium myrtillus L. were the most digestible of the three foods, contained enough protein and P for maintenance, but were probably deficient in Na. A diet of Empetrum sp. berries caused the birds to be in negative nitrogen and P balance, but provided adequate Na. Both species of berries were rich sources of soluble carbohydrate. 3. In the wild, ptarmigan eat a mixed diet, which presumably provides adequate Na, protein and P. 4. The relative proportions of the various end-products of N metabolism varied according to the protein content of the food. With the diet of Vaccinium berries (11 g N/kg dry matter) roughly equal amounts of ammonium salts and urates were excreted. With Polygonum bulbils (29 g N/kg dry matter) the quantities of ammonium salts and urates excreted were similar to those with Vaccinium berries, but some urea was also excreted and about half the N in the birds' droppings was in an unidentified form. 5. When eating Empetrum berries, ptarmigan digested lignin and tannins and excreted ornithurates. The benzoic acid moiety of the ornithuric acid molecule may have been derived partly from the digested lignin and tannins.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Voluntary food intake of growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal, from different types and varieties of rape, as the only protein supplement.

The voluntary food intake, during 30 min periods after morning and afternoon feeds and during 24 h, by growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal (Rsm) or soya-bean meal (Sbm) as the only protein supplement was determined. One diet was offered at a time and a daily changeover sequence of feeding was followed. Four rapeseed meals were compared, one from seeds of British-grown winter Brassica napus varieties (Brsm) and the others from seeds of the varieties Tower (Trsm), Erglu (Ersm) and Span (Srsm). The effects on feed intake of adding flavouring substances to the Brsm diet were also determined. The flavouring substances were molassine meal, sucrose and four commercially-available substances: P, pig nectar; H, hog nectar; S, sow nectar and A, apple. Intake of the Brsm diet was significantly less than those of the Sbm, Trsm and Ersm diets. Addition to the Brsm diet of molassine meal or sucrose at 50 or 100 g/kg did not improve voluntary feed intake. None of the commercial flavouring substances raised the intake of the Brsm diet to the level of the Sbm diet but they improved intake of the Brsm diet to varying extents. Flavourings H, S and A gave similar improvements which were substantial. The Sbm, Brsm and Trsm diets were each fed ad. lib. to groups of growing pigs continuously for 4 weeks. Weekly feed intakes and weight gains were determined. Feed intakes and weight gains followed closely the intake values obtained in the changeover experiments. The highest values were for the Sbm diet; those for the Trsm diet were slightly lower and those for the Brsm diet were substantially and significantly lower. The glucosinolate, sinapine and tannin contents of the rapeseed meals were determined and the results suggested that voluntary feed intake of diets containing these meals was related to their glucosinolate content, but not to their sinapine or tannin contents.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Improvement of the nutritional quality of Egyptian and Sudanese sorghum grains by the addition of phosphates.

1. Male broilers (0 to 35 d) were given foods with two types of yellow sorghum substituted for maize in isonutrient diets. Sorghum-based foods were also supplemented with extra phosphorus, to provide a total P of about 8 g/kg; the P being from either orthophosphoric acid or food grade dicalcium phosphate. 2. Both sorghums depressed growth and food:gain ratio and increased the incidence of locomotor disorder to about 0.50 (maize control = 0). Sorghum from Sudan, with higher concentrations of both tannin and phytate, caused more severe anti-nutritive effects than sorghum from Egypt. 3. Within the limits of statistical significance the growth depressing effect of sorghum was completely reversed by extra P. With the more toxic Sudanese sorghum this amelioration was numerically less than complete (growth = 0.94, maize control = 1). Locomotor disorders were also virtually, but not completely, eliminated by phosphorus treatment. 4. Treatment of sorghum by dry-mixing with dicalcium phosphate could form the basis of a simple and economic method for extending the use of high-tannin sorghum in poultry foods. The mode of action of the treatment remains to be determined.

Animal Feed↗