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PubMed1991

Sexual needs of the schizophrenic client.

While a potentially volatile subject, discussion of sex between a nurse and schizophrenic client is a key to improving the patient's overall condition. Despite fears early in the century that schizophrenia caused a breakdown of moral inhibitions, it is now believed that most schizophrenic individuals are very similar, in sexual contexts, to "normal" people. Research shows that schizophrenic men and women are still interested in sexual relations but do not know how to bring their feelings into the open. They also may be resisting neuroleptic drugs because the medication causes varying sexual dysfunction. In order to help these clients, nurses first must examine their own feelings toward clients' sexual behavior. The nurse needs to work with clients on developing social and communication skills as well as on informing them about safe methods of sexual contact.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1985

Questionnaire research into health-related behavior in the United Kingdom.

Health Education is concerned with more than medical health. It embraces the social context of the individual and is inseparable from personal and social development. A questionnaire developed in the United Kingdom to obtain health-related behavior profiles has been completed by 45,000 young people. The results are being used by schools to aid internal curriculum development, and they constitute an extensive data bank for further research. Cross-cultural use of the instrument may foster profitable exchanges of information both at the school and research levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Pilot-testing a cancer education curriculum for grades K-6.

Risk behaviors established during childhood including tobacco use, sunning, and eating habits contribute to most adult cancers. This project pilot-tested a developmentally appropriate cancer prevention curriculum for grades K-6, using a treatment group only design with pretesting and posttesting using a standardized, semistructured interview and involving 67 students (77% of eligible students) attending mixed grade classes. A seven-unit curriculum based on cognitive development, social cognitive, and social influence theories was taught by classroom teachers. Students showed a significant (p < .0001) gain in conceptual understanding for causality and prevention of cancer; the gain for causality of cancer was comparable to the baseline difference between kindergarten and the highest (5-6) grade. Significant gains in factual knowledge and decreases in misconceptions about casual contact also were documented. A developmentally based elementary school cancer prevention curriculum can enhance young children's conceptual understanding and factual knowledge of common contributors to adult cancers.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Video as a medium of oral health education for children with mental handicaps.

This study assessed the usefulness, appropriateness, and relevance of a video as an oral health education medium for children with mental handicaps and for preschool groups where children with mental handicaps and healthy children are taught together. The evaluated video was designed for children with mental handicaps but was also recommended for integrated groups. Forty children with mental handicaps from four special education classes and two nursery school groups, 151 normal children from 11 nursery school groups, and the teachers of these classes and groups evaluated the material. The assessment of the material's value was based on the teachers' records of their experiences with the material, their records of the children's opinions and discussions about the material, and their records of drawing interviews with the children. Based on the evaluation, it is apparent that, when used by trained teachers, professionally made videos designed for children with mental handicaps can be useful and valuable aids in educating children of different levels of mental and social development about oral health. Integrated groups need videos featuring both children with mental handicaps and normal role models and with a diversity of contents that will interest and challenge both types of audiences.E.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Psychiatric implications of presymptomatic testing for Huntington's disease.

Responses of 69 at-risk individuals suggest that potential for psychiatric problems exists for those testing positive for the Huntington Disease gene and for their relatives. Their families were found to have high rates of psychiatric dysfunctions and suicide. Poorly developed social support networks and the psychological defensive strategies of many at-risk people may also contribute to post-test psychiatric morbidity. The active involvement of mental health professionals is emphasized.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Investigation of unexplained infant deaths in Jerusalem, Israel 1996-2003.

BACKGROUND: Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a diagnosis of exclusion that may be assigned only after investigations including a forensic autopsy are performed to exclude possible organic and environmental causes of death. Israeli society is influenced by the Jewish and Islamic faiths, which permit autopsy only under selected circumstances. Against this background, we carried out a study to determine what examinations are performed to investigate unexplained infant deaths in Jerusalem, Israel. METHODS: We examined hospital, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Interior records of unexplained infant deaths in the Jerusalem district from the years 1996-2003. RESULTS: Ninety six cases were identified from all sources. Forty nine (51%) infants were brought to a hospital at or near the time of death. Studies to determine the cause of death were performed in 54% of cases for which medical records were available for review. These studies included bacterial cultures (44%), skeletal surveys (12%), computerised tomography (3%) and metabolic studies (3%). Only one forensic autopsy was performed, and in no instance was the death site examined by medical personnel. There was a high rate of retrospective review by district health physicians. The most frequently assigned cause of death was SIDS. CONCLUSIONS: : The capacity of public health officials and forensic pathologists to investigate unexplained infant deaths is strongly affected by the legal, religious and political milieu in which they work. Efforts should be made to develop socially acceptable methods of improving the quality of infant death investigations in Jerusalem.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1995

Visual impairment in severe and profound sensorineural deafness.

The frequency of reversible and irreversible visual impairment was determined in children with severe and profound sensorineural deafness, as subnormal vision can adversely affect their educational and social development. Eighty three of 87 such children attending an audiology service were examined to assess the incidence and severity of visual impairment. Each child underwent a detailed ophthalmic assessment. The criteria for visual impairment were visual acuity < 6/9 Snellen or equivalent and/or abnormal binocular vision. Forty five had a normal ophthalmic examination (54.2%). Twenty nine had visual impairment (34.9%) and nine had ophthalmological abnormalities that did not interfere with vision (10.9%). A higher proportion of children with risk factors for visual pathology demonstrated visual impairment than those in whom there were no risk factors. None the less, 44% of visual impairment was among patients without risk factors. The results underline the need to examine all children with severe and profound sensorineural deafness soon after diagnosis and indicate that children with multiple handicaps have a greater likelihood of visual impairment (11 of 14 cases).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Psychiatric aspects of heart transplantation: preoperative evaluation and postoperative sequelae.

The contribution of a liaison psychiatrist to a cardiac transplant programme is described. Ninety one patients were referred to the transplant unit for assessment over four years, and of these, 86 were assessed by the psychiatrist. A high prevalence of preoperative anxiety and depression was found. Thirty four transplants were performed on 33 patients during the study and 22 patients survived. Six patients developed transient delirious episodes during the first 10 postoperative days, three showed symptoms of considerable anxiety, and three developed social and behavioural problems during the convalescent period. Subjects with higher scores on the somatic scale of the general health questionnaire showed increased postoperative mortality. In conclusion, the liaison psychiatrist is useful in evaluating and managing heart transplant patients before and after operation.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1980

Determinants of short stature in normal children at the age of two years: a case-control study in a community in Jerusalem.

Differences were analysed between growth patterns and determinants of physical growth in two groups of normal infants at 24 months. Longitudinal data routinely collected in a mother and child clinic were analysed. At 24 months, 26% of cohort infants were at or below the 10th percentile for length (= 'small' infants); 98 of these were compared with 83 'medium' infants (between the 50th and the 75th percentile, for example). Excessive downward deviation of length percentiles was seen in 80% of 'small' infants. In 20% their birthweight was on the 10th percentile or below; 50% had a mother less than 155 cm tall; maternal stature was closely linked with socioeconomic factors. Of mothers with less than nine years of schooling, 70% had 'small' infants. In 95% of both groups growth attainment at two years could be predicted from data at 12 months. The known factors influencing deviant physical growth overlap with those of mental and social development. Growth deviation by itself may identify infants open to multiple risks, especially if their mothers have a low educational level. Further narrowing of the target group for specialised intervention strategies should be attempted.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1981

Weight of all births and infant mortality.

Birth weight is the most important determinant of perinatal and infant mortality. The lowest mortality rates in the first week of life are recorded among newborn infants weighing 3500 g or more and the proportion of such infants may be regarded as a measure of optimality of the birth population. There is an inverse relationship between the proportion of heavy newborn infants in a country and its infant mortality rate. In both these respects Iceland, Norway, and Sweden have better experience than England and Wales, Denmark, and the United States of America. The effects of parity, maternal age, social class, and smoking are considered, but it appears that there are still factors that inhibit the intrauterine growth potential of American, British, and Danish fetuses. Elective delivery, use of diuretics, and restriction of diet in pregnancy have shifted the birth distribution to the left and this may have more than counterbalanced the possible beneficial effects. These other factors may adversely affect birthweight distribution in North America and Europe to such an extent as to limit or even damage the favourable position already achieved in health and social development as measured by fetal survival.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2004

Organisational change theory and the use of indicators in general practice.

General practices are making greater use of indicators to help shape and develop organisational arrangements supporting the delivery of health care. Debate continues concerning what exactly such indicators should measure and how they should be used to achieve improvement. Organisational theories can provide an analytical backdrop to inform the design of indicators, critique their construction, and evaluate their use. Systems theory, organisational development, social worlds theory, and complexity theory each has a practical contribution to make to our understanding of how indicators work in prompting quality improvements and why they sometimes don't. This paper argues that systems theory exerts the most influence over the use of indicators. It concludes that a strategic framework for quality improvement should take account of all four theories, recognising the multiple realities that any one approach will fail to reflect.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1992

Companion animals and human health.

Pets, or companion animals, are said to be good for people. Until recently there has been little serious study of the effects on people's health of their interactions with companion animals. This is in spite of the fact that they have shared human lives for centuries and their beneficial effects have been known for at least 200 years. This paper reviews the ways in which companion animals have favourable effects on human health and behaviour, for example, as guides for blind and deaf people, for enriching the lives of long stay patients and for providing physical activity like horse riding for the severely disabled. Current knowledge of the effects of animals on human psychological, behavioural, physiological and social development is reviewed, including the use of animals in prison programmes. New findings in Australia show that pet owners had marked reduction in risk factors related to cardiac disease compared with non-owners. Other recent work has indicated that companion animals are able to act as 'early warning systems' for acute human conditions such as epileptic seizures.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The adverse effects of elite competition on health and well-being.

It is often assumed that participation in sport will produce only an array of health benefits. The adverse consequences of sport participation, particularly at the elite level, are rarely explored. Evidence continues to accumulate of a variety of unfortunate consequences that may accompany elite sport participation. Sport involvement may exacerbate pre-existing health problems, cause injury or even death. The sport environment may be hazardous in a variety of physical, emotional, and social ways. The common training and competition practices of certain sport cultures may themselves be harmful. Athletes may sacrifice health, home, education and normal social development in the pursuit of sport "success." Sport medicine professionals and sport scientists have particular opportunities and responsibilities to act as an athlete's advocate--and to protect their health and well being.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed2000

Parental deprivation induces N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor upregulation in limbic brain areas of Octodon degus: protective role of the maternal call.

An optimal coordination between parents and their offspring involves a sequence of reciprocal behaviors to ensure the adequate care of the young, which is critical for a healthy physical, emotional, and social development. Parental deprivation, particularly an impaired child-mother attachment, induces lasting changes in emotional as well as in cognitive capacities in later life. We assessed in the South American precocial species, Octodon degus, whether alterations of glutamatergic function of the limbic system induced by parental deprivation may be a neural correlate for such behavioral changes. Further, we analyzed whether the mother's voice can protect from separation-induced changes of brain function. Changes of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor expression were examined in the following three groups of 2-week-old Octodon degus pups: (I) control animals who remained undisturbed with the family; (II) animals who were repeatedly separated from the family and individually placed in an unfamiliar environment for behavioral analysis (open field); and (III) animals who were treated like the group described under (II) but were presented with maternal vocalizations during separation. Relative to those in the control group I, the animals in group II showed an upregulation of NMDA receptor density in the (a) anterior cingulate, prelimbic, infralimbic, and anterior insular cortices; (b) CA1/stratum radiatum; (c) CA1/stratum lacunosum moleculare and CA3/stratum radiatum; and (d) in the basomedial amygdaloid nucleus. Presentation of the maternal call during the separation period (group III) suppressed the separation-induced NMDA receptor upregulation in all regions. The results demonstrate that early life events can influence the expression of transmitter receptors and that maternal behavior, acting to control the pup's socio-emotional environment, is a key factor for regulating such developmental events.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The peritoneal route as a safe pathway for early in utero therapies: illustration by a 12-year follow-up after conservative management of severe Rhesus allo-immunization.

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of an extremely severe Rhesus allo-immunization treated very early in pregnancy 12 years ago. METHODS AND RESULTS: After chorionic villus sampling at 12 weeks for fetal blood phenotyping, two intraperitoneal transfusions at 14 and 15 weeks were given followed by two intravascular and seven exchange transfusions. A girl weighing 2,940 g was delivered vaginally at term after external cephalic version for breech presentation. To date her neurological and social development is normal. CONCLUSIONS: Since the success of haematopoietic stem cell transplantations for the treatment of congenital haematologic diseases could imply early and repetitive procedures, this observation enlightens the technical feasibility of such an invasive approach and its relative safety for subsequent development.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Objective personality changes in residents of a therapeutic community.

The authors tested several groups of drug-abusing young adults who were residents of a drug-free therapeutic community. Three instruments were used: staff ratings, sociometric ratings by members of the community, and MMPI scores. All three measures showed objective evidence of decreasing psychopathology correlated with length of time in treatment, demonstrating the effectiveness of the therapeutic community in the rehabilitation of drug abusers. Individuals who left before completing treatment had MMPI scores indicating inability to develop social relationships; this elucidates a probable cause of the dropout phenomenon.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Body-oriented therapy for anorexia nervosa patients.

Though the disturbed body image is an essential phenomenon of anorexia nervosa, hardly any specific attempts are described to alter the way these patients experience their bodies. The authors present a body-oriented treatment method aimed at curbing hyperactivity, rebuilding a realistic self-concept, learning to enjoy one's own body, and developing social skills. The therapy is a mixture of different techniques among which video-confrontation appears to be an important element.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed1976

The parent-therapist program: an innovative approach to treating emotionally disturbed children.

The authors describe the parent-therapist program, an innovative alternative to residential treatment for emotionally disturbed children. In the program, which is based on the extended family model, couples not only provide a residential milieu for a child placed with them, but also are trained to be therapists who can deal with specific emotional and behavioral problems. The parent-therapists work together in three treatment teams, each consisting of five couples. Education and supervision are ongoing. A total of 27 children have been treated in the program since it got under way in May 1972. Clinical impressions indicate that the children have made substantial gains in developing social and interpersonal skills and in their academic acievement.

Canada↗