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PubMed2002

Differential effect of spinal cord injury and functional impairment on human brain activation.

Reorganization of human brain function after spinal cord injury (SCI) has been shown in electrophysiological studies. However, it is less clear how far changes of brain activation in SCI patients are influenced by the extent of SCI (neuronal lesion) or the consequent functional impairment. Positron emission tomography ([15O]-H2O-PET) was performed during an unilateral hand movement in SCI patients and healthy subjects. SCI patients with paraplegia and normal hand function were compared to tetraplegic patients with impaired hand movements. Intergroup comparison between paraplegic patients and healthy subjects showed an increased activation of contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC), contralateral thalamus, ipsilateral superior parietal lobe, and bilateral cerebellum. In contrast to this, tetraplegic patients with impaired upper limb function revealed only a significant activation of supplementary motor area (SMA). Correlational analysis in the tetraplegic patients showed that the strength of hand movement was related to the activation of contralateral SMC. However, the severity of upper limb sensorimotor deficit was related to a reduced activation of contralateral SMA and ipsilateral cerebellum. The findings suggest that in paraplegic patients with normal hand function the spinal neuronal lesion itself induces a reorganization of brain activation unrelated to upper limb function. Compared to this, in tetraplegic patients changes of brain activation are related to the impaired upper limb function. Therefore, in patients with SCI a differential impact of spinal lesion and functional impairment on brain activation can be shown. The effect of impaired afferent feedback and/or increased compensatory use of non-impaired limbs in SCI patients needs further evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The temporal organization of the interneuronal frontal-motor relations in the cat neocortex depending on the level of food motivation].

The multiunit activity in the frontal and sensorimotor cortex was recorded by the bundle of nichromic electrodes in waking cats with different levels of alimentary motivation. Interaction between the neighbouring and distant neurons was evaluated by means of statistical cross-correlation analysis of spike trains. It was shown that the 24-hour food deprivation increased the number of correlations between discharges of the neurons both in the local (between the neighbouring neurons in the frontal and sensorimotor areas) and distributed networks (interarea correlations between the frontal and sensorimotor cortical neurons) with delays in the range of 0-100 ms. This increase was most significant in the delay range of 0-30 ms.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1984

[Shifts in spatial synchronization potentials of the rabbit cortex evoked by the administration of noradrenaline to the visual area].

Application of noradrenaline to the visual cortex of alert rabbits led to a general brief increase of the distant potential synchronization in the visual and motor areas as well as to a local rather steady (5-10 min) synchronization between the processes in the visual cortical area. Later a similar and even more obvious increase occurred between bioelectrical processes in the sensorimotor cortex. The synchronization increase seems to be favourable for excitation transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Functional MR mapping of activated cortical areas.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently been demonstrated to be sensitive to changes in neuronal activity of cortical areas. We report our initial experiences with functional MR brain mapping at high spatial resolution using a conventional whole-body MR system. A total of 10 visual and motor cortex activation studies were carried out on 8 healthy volunteers. In each examination, a time course series of 15 strongly T2*-weighted FLASH images was measured from three adjacent slices. The image analysis revealed a subtle but highly significant signal increase in cortical layers of gray matter in primary and associative visual as well as sensorimotoric cortex regions during periods of excessive brain activity provoked by photic stimuli or motoric tasks, respectively. To correlate brain structure and brain function, the computed MR brain activation maps were directly superimposed on T1-weighted anatomic spin-echo images. With this advance into the area of functional neuroimaging, MRI is moving into an established domain of positron emission tomography (PET). We, therefore, discuss the advantages and limitations of the MR method in comparison to PET as far as this can be done at present.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Brain correlates of fast and slow handwriting in humans: a PET-performance correlation analysis.

The present study examined the cerebral control of velocity during handwriting. We employed H215O positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 10 healthy subjects. Participants were required to write the German verb 'bellen' ('to bark') either at their normal speed (i.e. fast open-loop handwriting) or to write at approximately half of their normal speed without visual feedback. The second task required a continuous modification of the motor output according to the kinaesthetic feedback from the hand (i.e. slow closed-loop handwriting). Pencil movements were recorded during PET scanning and analysed off-line using a stroke-based analysing program. The mean number of inversions in velocity (NIV) per stroke was used to quantify the mode of motor control during each PET scan. A NIV of 1 indicates fast open-loop processing, whereas an increase in NIV reflects a shift towards slow closed-loop processing of handwriting. Foci in the left primary sensorimotor cortex, the right lateral premotor cortex, the left anterior parietal cortex, the left anterior putamen, the left rostral supplementary motor area and the right precuneus showed a graded increase in functional activation with the mean NIV per stroke, suggesting that this set of brain regions is particularly involved in the processing of slow closed-loop writing movements. No area showed a negative relationship between rCBF and the mean NIV per stroke, suggesting that fast open-loop handwriting is achieved by an optimized cooperation of the manual sensorimotor network rather than by a selective activation of a distinct network component.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Human cortical 40 Hz rhythm is closely related to EMG rhythmicity.

We recorded cortical neuromagnetic rhythms during self-paced index-finger movements from a subject previously reported to show prominent 40 Hz electroencephalographic activity during motor behavior. The 10 and 20 Hz components of the rolandic mu rhythm were bilaterally suppressed, whereas the contralateral 40 Hz (35-41 Hz) activity was slightly enhanced before both fast and slow movements and strongly enhanced during slow movements. The 40 Hz rhythm originated mainly in the hand motor cortex and was clearly correlated with the rhythmicity of the electromyogram from the extensor muscles, with a systematic time lag. In this subject motor preparation, and especially control of finger movements, may thus be associated with enhanced cortical rhythms near 40 Hz. The coherence of these rhythms with muscular firing patterns likely reflects communication between the sensorimotor cortex and the motor units.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Regulation of rat cortex function by D1 dopamine receptors in the striatum.

Interactions between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex are critical for normal goal-directed behavior. In the present study, we used immediate-early genes (c-fos, zif 268) as functional markers to investigated how basal ganglia output altered by stimulation/blockade of D1 dopamine receptors in the striatum affects cortical function. Systemic administration of the mixed D1/D2 receptor agonist apomorphine (3 mg/kg) increased immediate-early gene expression in the striatum and throughout most of the cortex. Unilateral intrastriatal infusion of the selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (0.5-10 microg) blocked this response bilaterally in striatum and cortex in a dose-dependent manner. Even apparently regionally restricted blockade of striatal D1 receptors attenuated gene expression throughout striatum and cortex in both hemispheres. Intrastriatal administration of the D1 antagonist inhibited apomorphine-induced sniffing/whisking, whereas other motor behaviors were unaffected. To determine whether such changes in cortical gene expression could reflect altered cortical function, we examined the effects of blocking striatal D1 receptors on whisker stimulation-evoked immediate-early gene expression in the sensorimotor cortex. Apomorphine increased sensory stimulation-evoked gene expression in the barrel cortex, and intrastriatal infusion of SCH-23390 attenuated this effect. These results suggest that stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors in the striatum exerts a widespread facilitatory effect on cortical function.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Adenovirus-mediated glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression protects against subsequent cortical cold injury in rats.

We examined whether brain damage after focal cortex trauma may be attenuated by adenoviral delivery of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) gene. For this reason, injections of vehicle, of an adenoviral vector deleted in the E1 region (Ad-dE1) or a vector expressing the GDNF gene from a CMV promoter (Ad-GDNF) were stereotactically placed in the rat sensorimotor cortex, and one day later cold lesions of the cerebral cortex were induced. Lesions were associated with pronounced brain swelling one day after injury. The degree of brain swelling was significantly attenuated by Ad-GDNF delivery (Ad-GDNF: 7.4 +/- 2.2%, Ad-dE1: 21.1 +/- 4.9%, vehicle: 20.9 +/- 5.0% of contralateral; mean +/- SEM, P < 0.05). Furthermore, Ad-GDNF treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the lesion volume seven days after lesioning (Ad-GDNF: 21.8 +/- 2.8 mm3, Ad-dE1: 44.1 +/- 1.6 mm3, vehicle 40.9 +/- 8.6 mm3, P < 0.05). The decrease in the lesion size was associated with a reduction in the number of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS)(+), activated caspase-3(+) and DNA fragmented cells in the perilesion rim, as revealed by immunocytochemistry and terminal transferase biotinylated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). In Ad-GDNF-treated animals, the number of caspase-3(+) and TUNEL(+) cells was also reduced in the lesion-remote thalamus. The present study shows that adenoviral GDNF delivery is protective in focal cortex trauma.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1980

Quantitative analysis of training, sleep EEG and clinical response to EEG operant conditioning in epileptics.

This report is a follow-up to a previous paper which described seizure rate changes with central cortical EEG feedback training in 8 poorly controlled epileptic subjects. Data examined here include associated training compliance and performance, sleep EEG spectra, clinical EEG and anticonvulsant blood levels. The study employed a double-cross-over, single blind ABA design applied to two subgroups of epileptic patients. Both groups had in common two training periods (A1, A2) in which either 12--15 c/sec (subgroup I, n = 4) or 18--23 c/sec (subgroup II, n = 4) was reinforced in the absence of 6--9 c/sec, movement or epileptiform discharge, and one training period (B) in which 6--9 c/sec was reinforced in the absence of 12--15 or 18--23 c/sec as well as movement and epileptiform discharge. Training periods occurred primarily in the home and lasted 3 months. Compliance with training instructions and response acquisition were demonstrated. Overall anticonvulsant blood levels were low and unrelated to EEG or seizure changes. Clinical EEG findings corresponded to sleep EEG and seizure rate outcomes. Power spectral analysis of sampled non-REM sleep from all-night EEG recordings obtained after each training phase indicated contingency specific changes which were limited to sensorimotor recordings in subgroup I and corresponded to the pattern of seizure rate changes in this group. EEG changes were also limited to sensorimotor cortex in subgroup II, but were linear and paralleled a progressive decrease in seizure rate. Both groups, however, showed the same pattern of EEG changes with seizure reductions; low and high frequencies were reduced and intermediate, rhythmic frequencies increased. Correlational analysis confirmed this relationship. The pattern, duration and topographic specificity of these changes suggested a normalization of sensorimotor EEG substrates related to the EEG feedback traning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Neurobiotin, a useful neuroanatomical tracer for in vivo anterograde, retrograde and transneuronal tract-tracing and for in vitro labeling of neurons.

The biotin derivative, N-(2-aminoethyl) biotinamide hydrochloride, or Neurobiotin, has been shown recently to be a useful marker for intracellular and anterograde tracing. The properties of Neurobiotin as a tracer were further examined in this study by making pressure injections into different regions of the cerebral cortex or the rostral neostriatum of rats or by incubating striatal cells in culture with the tracer. Results showed extensive anterograde transport of Neurobiotin in cortical axons and terminals within the neostriatum 2-70 h after single or multiple cortical injections of the tracer. Similarly, profuse axonal projections to the medial portion of the globus pallidus were seen after an injection of Neurobiotin into the rostral neostriatum. Transneuronal labeling of medium-size neostriatal neurons was observed following injections of Neurobiotin into the prefrontal cortex. At the ultrastructural level, anterogradely labeled cortical axon terminals and transneuronally labeled neurons were readily identified in the caudate-putamen by the presence of both fine particulate and large punctate reaction products. Retrograde fillings of neurons resembling a Golgi-impregnation were seen in the ventral posterior complex of the thalamus after injections in the sensorimotor cortex. Neurons in the medial globus pallidus were also retrogradely labeled following tracer injections in the rostral caudate-putamen. Finally, Neurobiotin was readily and selectively taken up by striatal neurons in culture, where it extensively labeled somata and neurites. These results show that Neurobiotin is a versatile new tracer, which can be potentially useful for the study of neuronal organization in vivo and in vitro.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Action myoclonus, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and other cerebellar myoclonic syndromes.

Action myoclonus, reviewed in this chapter, is the term applied to arrhythmic muscular jerking induced by voluntary movement. It is made worse by attempts at precise or coordinated movement (intention myoclonus) and may also be provoked by certain sensory stimuli. The effective stimuli for action myoclonus is probably feedback from muscle afferents, although it may be initiated by corollary discharge from motor cortex to reticular formation before or at the onset of voluntary movement. The condition is usually associated with diffuse neuronal disease such as post-hypoxic encephalopathy, uremia, and the various forms of PME, although action myoclonus may be limited to one limb in some cases of focal cerebral damage. It is caused by hyperexcitability of the sensorimotor cortex (cortical reflex myoclonus) or reticular formation (reticular reflex myoclonus), or both. No consistent pathological change has been reported in autopsied cases of action myoclonus. The underlying disorder appears to be a loss of inhibitory mechanisms involving serotonin and possibly GABA as transmitter agents. The term PME is used for the association of myoclonus with degenerative changes in the nervous system which are commonly diffuse but may predominate in certain systems. There may or may not be associated tonic-clonic seizures, other manifestations of epilepsy, or dementia. Those cases of PME associated with Lafora inclusion bodies and cerebral storage diseases can be distinguished from the system degenerations. Systems which may be involved in the latter group include cerebellodentatorubral, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, optic, auditory, posterior columns and gracile and cuneate nuclei, spinocerebellar pathways, motor neurons of cranial nerves and anterior horns, and muscle fibers. Confronted with this diversity of pathological change, it seems unnecessary to make any clinical distinction between Ramsay Hunt syndrome and Unverricht-Lundborg syndrome (Baltic myoclonus) because cerebellar signs are found in patients described under both headings. Additional systems may be involved in individuals or families who are otherwise typical. All three names could well be joined in an eponymous title (Unverricht-Lundborg-Hunt disease) or the condition simply known as the systems degeneration type of PME, as Halliday (43) suggested. The cause of the condition (or spectrum of conditions) is at present unknown. Action myoclonus usually responds to sodium valproate or clonazepam, and some individuals, particularly those with posthypoxic myoclonus, improve with the administration of serotonin precursors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Common and differential neural mechanisms supporting imitation of meaningful and meaningless actions.

Neuropsychological studies indicate that, after brain damage, the ability to imitate meaningful or meaningless actions can be selectively impaired. However, the neural bases supporting the imitation of these two types of action are still poorly understood. Using PET, we investigated in 10 healthy individuals the neural mechanisms of imitating novel, meaningless actions and familiar, meaningful actions. Data were analyzed using SPM99. During imitation, a significant positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) of regional cerebral blood flow with the amount of meaningful actions was observed in the left inferior temporal gyrus only. In contrast, a significant positive correlation (p < .05, corrected) with the amount of meaningless movements was observed in the right parieto-occipital junction. The direct categorical comparison of imitating meaningful (100%) relative to meaningless (100%) actions showed differential increases in neural activity (p < .001, uncorrected) in the left inferior temporal gyrus, the left parahippocampal gyrus, and the left angular gyrus. The reverse categorical comparison of imitating meaningless (100%) relative to meaningful (100%) actions revealed differential increases in neural activity (p < .001, uncorrected) in the superior parietal cortex bilaterally, in the right parieto-occipital junction, in the right occipital-temporal junction (MT, V5), and in the left superior temporal gyrus. Increased neural activity common to imitation of meaningless and meaningful actions compared to action observation was observed in a network of areas known to be involved in imitation of actions including the primary sensorimotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the ventral premotor cortex. These results are compatible with the two-route model of action imitation which suggests that there are at least two mechanisms involved in imitation of actions: a direct mechanism transforming a novel action into a motor output, and a semantic mechanism, on the basis of stored memories, that allows reproductions of known actions. Our results indicate that, in addition to shared neural processes, the direct and the semantic mechanisms that underlie action imitation also draw upon differential neural mechanisms. The direct mechanism underlying imitation of meaningless actions differentially involves visuospatial transformation processes as evidenced by activation of areas belonging to the dorsal stream. In contrast, imitation of meaningful actions differentially involves semantic processing as evidenced by activation of areas belonging to the ventral stream.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A new experimental model of contusion in the rat. Histopathological analysis and temporal patterns of cerebral blood flow disturbances.

The authors have devised a simple reproducible rodent model of focal cortical injury that uses a mechanical suction force applied through intact dura. The time course and pattern of changes in neurons, glia, and microvasculature were investigated using this model. Early traumatic disruption of the blood-brain barrier and hemorrhage do not occur in this model; however, many of the features of human contusion seen with light and electron microscopy are closely reproduced. At the site of injury, early swelling and lucency of neural dendritic processes have been shown to precede an astrocyte response. In the absence of perivascular hemorrhage, delayed perivascular protein leakage and polymorphonuclear infiltration of the damaged cortex occurs, which is suggestive of an acute inflammatory response. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been measured using 14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography at 30 minutes, 4 hours, and 24 hours after induction of negative-pressure injury in rats anesthetized with halothane and in time-matched sham-operated controls. A significant reduction in blood flow in the sensorimotor cortex at the site of the injury was present at 30 minutes, 4 hours, and 24 hours after induction of the lesion, compared to the contralateral cortex (superficial lamina, ipsilateral 50 +/- 7 ml/100 g/minute, contralateral 112 +/- 26 ml/100 g/minute). The CBF was significantly reduced at the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex at 30 minutes postinjury but no significant reduction was demonstrated at later time points. Although marked alterations in CBF occurred in this cortical injury model, the magnitude and duration of the reduction in CBF are not consistent with those necessary for production of ischemic cell damage. These data indicate that this model of cortical injury can be used to examine biomechanical aspects of contusion without domination by ischemic pathophysiology.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Absence of callosal collaterals derived from rat corticospinal neurons. A study using fluorescent retrograde tracing and electrophysiological techniques.

In rat the presence of axon collaterals from corticospinal neurons to the contralateral hemisphere has been investigated by means of anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. Anatomical Experiments. Several combinations of fluorescent retrograde tracers were used. In eight rats injections of Evans Blue, "True Blue", "Fast Blue" or DAPI-Primuline were made in areas 10, 6, and 4 and in the most medial part of the S1 granular cortex of one hemisphere, 1.5 mm below cortical surface. These injections were combined with injections of "Fast Blue", DAPI-Primuline, "Granular Blue", "Nuclear Yellow", or Bisbenzimide in the ipsilateral corticospinal tract in the C2 segment. Survival times of the animals varied according to the tracers used. In the non-injected hemisphere the retrogradely labeled corticospinal neurons were present in layer V of especially areas 10, 6, 4 and the medial portion of the S1 granular cortex. However, the retrogradely labeled callosal neurons in these areas were present in all layers except layer I. The labeled callosal and corticospinal neurons in layer V were intermingled and frequently situated very close to one another. However, with none of the tracer combinations were double labeled neurons observed. Electrophysioloogical Experiments. In six rats, layer V neurons of hindlimb-sensorimotor cortex were tested for antidromic responses to stimulation of contralateral corticospinal tract (CST) and corpus callosum (CC). Eighty-five CST neurons were identified, none of which responded antidromically to CC shocks. Eighty-two layer V neurons were identified which responded antidromically to CC shocks, but none of them responded antidromically to CST shocks. CC shocks elicited strong synaptic responses in CST neurons and vice versa. Depth measures indicated extensive intermingling of CST and CC neurons. From both sets of findings it was concluded that, in rat, CST neurons do not give rise to callosal collaterals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Focal functional anatomy of dorsolateral frontocentral seizures.

We compared 6 patients with dorsolateral frontocentral seizures to 7 patients with temporal lobe seizures. We determined general seizure location by structural lesions in 7 patients, bilateral depth electrodes in 4, and EEG and semiology in 2. We then mapped seizure cortex and essential cortex using chronic ECoG arrays. Two ECoG patterns were similar in frontal and temporal seizures. Focal patterns were near lesions and resections. Regional patterns were distant from lesions but not associated with worse surgical outcome. "Dipolar" seizure patterns occurred in one-half of frontal patients with maps like somatosensory evoked responses, consistent with focal seizure anatomy and involvement of sensorimotor cortex. Dipole location estimates were near centers of seizure cortex determined by lesions, semiology, and outcome. Six temporal patients had focal excisions that gave significant seizure reduction in all. All frontocentral patients had focal excisions that significantly reduced seizures except in 1 patient with progressive disease. We conclude that dorsolateral frontocentral seizures have focal functional anatomy that can be predicted by ictal ECoG.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in Lafora disease].

An 18-year-old male manifesting intellectual deterioration and negative myoclonus was diagnosed as Lafora disease by the demonstration of Lafora bodies in the skin and muscle biopsy. The cortical evoked potential to electric stimulation of the median nerve at wrist showed the giant SEP, suggesting hyperexcitability of the sensory motor cortex. Cerebral blood flow, and cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism were investigated by positron emission tomography (PET) in order to clarify the pathophysiological process in Lafora disease. The result showed diffusely decreased cortical glucose metabolic rate and cerebral blood flow, and moderately lowered oxygen metabolic rate. There was no increase in blood flow or glucose and oxygen metabolism in the sensorimotor cortex in spite of the presence of giant SEP. The ratio of the glucose to oxygen metabolism was not different from the mean value obtained from nine normal subjects. Based on these findings and review of the literature, it is unlikely that there is a significant deficit in cortical energy metabolism in patients with Lafora disease and it would be less plausible to have some enzymatic deficits in glucose metabolic process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Intra-operative optical method using intrinsic signals for localization of sensorimotor area in patients with brain tumor.

The purpose of this study is intra-operatively to localize the sensorimotor area by intrinsic optical method detecting the changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cortical temperature following neuronal activity during median nerve stimulation. In 18 patients with brain tumors located around the sensorimotor cortex, cortical recording of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) was performed and localized changes in rCBF during median nerve stimulation were measured by a laser-Doppler flowmeter on the locations of SEPs and around the activation area obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In two patients, cortical thermomapping was also performed during median nerve stimulation. In fMRI study, the significant activation area of sensorimotor could be obtained in 17 of 18 patients. In cortical recording of SEPs, the polarity reversal of N20 and P20 was observed in 14 of the 18 patients. In 9 of the 14 patients in whom SEPs could be recorded, the localized changes in rCBF, corresponding to the stimulation, were detected in the N20 area. In 2 of the 4 patients in whom N20 could not be recorded successfully, the localized changes in rCBF could be detected. The increase in rCBF during the stimulation was 18.3% +/- 5.3% (mean +/- SD, n = 11). Thermomapping could demonstrate the localized area, where the increase in rCBF was also detected, by observation of the changes in cortical temperature during the stimulation. The intra-operative intrinsic optical method detecting rCBF and cortical temperature in combination with recording of SEPs may be considered useful for brain functional localization related to neurosurgical disorders.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Responses of rat substantia nigra pars reticulata units to cortical stimulation.

In order to study the function of multiple pathways between the sensorimotor cortex (Cx) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), responses of SNr units to stimulation of the Cx were studied in anesthetized rats. Most of the units (229 of 236) exhibited repetitive firing with fairly short, regular intervals. The other 7 units displayed long duration spikes, irregular firing intervals and slow spontaneous firing. Stimulation of the Cx usually resulted in a short latency excitation and occasionally a long latency inhibition in both types of units. When strong stimulation was applied, multiple excitatory and inhibitory responses alternating each other with about a 25 ms interval were observed. SNr units responded with different patterns and latencies to stimulation of different sites of the sensorimotor Cx. The results indicate that signals derived from the sensorimotor Cx reach the SNr via multiple pathways and converge on many SNr neurons.

Animals↗