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PubMed1985

[Comparative evaluation of the protective effect of adaptation to short-term stress exposures in damage to the heart and portal vein from long-term stress].

The effect of the preliminary adaptation to short-term stress actions carried out under different conditions was studied in the myocardium and vascular smooth muscle damaged by long-term immobilization stress. The preliminary adaptation performed under "sparing" conditions was shown to protect more effectively the right atrial myocardium and portal vein against damages induced by long-term immobilization than that carried out under stringent conditions. The sparing adaptation allowed avoiding the appearance of the structural "price" of the adaptation, i.e. the depression of myocardial contractile function induced by adaptation itself.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1984

Effects of various vagotomies and sympathectomies on gastric secretory functions in the non-stressed and by immobilization stressed rat.

Hanisch E, Schwille PO. Effects of various vagotomies and sympathectomies on gastric secretory function in the non-stressed and by immobilization stressed rat. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984, 19, Suppl 89, 99-104 The aim of the present study was to study several gastrointestinal parameters (acid, pepsin secretion, ulcer index, gastrin, somatostatin, glucagon) following various forms of sympathectomies in comparison with vagotomies under two different states of sympatho-adrenal activation in male gastric fistula rats. It is concluded that acid and pepsin appear regulated by the autonomous nervous system, even in the basal state. Gastric ulcer formation/prevention depends on gastric sympathetic innervation and on the state of activation of the adrenal medulla. Basal gastrin, somatostatin, glucagon may be modified by both limbs of the autonomous nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Critical incident stress debriefings for crisis management in post-traumatic stress disorders.

Critical incident stress debriefings (CISDs) are a form of crisis management for rescuers such as police officers, fire-fighters and others involved in rescue efforts during natural disasters. This article describes a qualitative evaluation study of one police department's CISD implementation. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten police officers involved in violent incidents. Results indicated that CISD was perceived as helpful by the officers in alleviating the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder they experienced after the violent incidents.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Physiology and physiopathology of ryanodine receptors in swine. Significance of sensitivity to stress, stress myopathies, malignant hyperthermia and meat quality].

During the last decades intensive breeding of pigs has improved the growth rate, food conversion and the ratio between meat and fat. However, this improvement is very often associated in certain breeds of pig with the porcine stress syndrome, a higher incidence of muscle diseases and a reduced meat quality referred to as pale, soft exudative pork (PSE). These problems are well known since decades and are obviously caused by a variety of factors. The discovery of a mutation in the ryanodine receptor or Ca-release channel in the striated muscles of affected pigs has concentrated research on the function of this protein. The mutation of the ryanodine receptor or Ca-release channel may account for the problems mentioned above because the changed ryanodine receptor can be activated much easier and there is no doubt that the inactivation is delayed or-under some circumstances-even impossible. Consequently, the cytosolic Ca concentration in skeletal muscle cells will increase and induce uncontrolled muscle activity. The recommendation is given to breed out this mutation for elimination of a major reason of the porcine stress syndrome and PSE.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Stress free anesthesia induction ZESTRANI (ZEro STRess ANesthesia Induction) in Göttingen minipigs. An experimental method].

The Göttingen Mini-pig is a popular laboratory animal, that is used i.a. in experimental surgery and anaesthesia. For ethical and scientific reasons it is mandatory to minimize the stress the laboratory animals are exposed to. The presented stress-free experimental anaesthesia induction (ZESTRANI) is based on innovative means to achieve adequate analgesia using different substances appropriate for the animal's state of consciousness. Markedly lower heart rates and mean arterial pressures are seen when the ZESTRANI-method is used as compared retrospectively to the previously used "conventional" anaesthesia induction. With the ZESTRANI method no "fight or flight"-reactions are seen.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1998

Contagion in stress. An infectious disease model for posttraumatic stress in children.

Posttraumatic stress responses involve the development of characteristic symptoms of reexperiencing, arousal, and avoidance following exposure to a traumatic event. This article uses an infectious disease model to describe exposure and transmission of posttraumatic stress responses, individual susceptibility and resilience, onset of symptoms, and prevention and control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Feeding is inhibited by sublethal concentrations of toxicants and by heat stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: relationship to the cellular stress response.

We report that the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans can respond to a variety of stressors (compounds known to induce the production of cellular stress proteins in model biological systems), by ceasing pharyngeal pumping. This phenomenon results in both a reduction in intake of the stressor and a cessation of feeding. The effect of stressors can therefore be conveniently assayed by monitoring the decrease in the density of the bacterial food in liquid cultures of nematodes. A great range of stressors induced this response including alcohols, heavy metals, sulfhydryl-reactive compounds, salicylate, and heat. For several of these stressors, inhibition of pharyngeal pumping occurred at stressor concentrations below the threshold required for the induction of the 16-kDa heat shock proteins. Salicylate, which did not induce 16-kDa heat shock proteins at any concentration, nevertheless inhibited pharyngeal pumping. Heat was also inhibitory, at a temperature where 16-kDa heat shock protein production was near maximal. Some compounds caused only a partial inhibition of feeding while with others the effect was complete. Upon removal of the stressor, the nematodes resumed pharyngeal pumping with a residual inhibitory effect that depended on the concentration and type of stressor that had been applied. A number of C. elegans neurosensory mutant strains also exhibited a cessation of pharyngeal pumping when exposed to stressors suggesting that the mechanism underlying this inhibition was not entirely neurosensory and may be intrinsic to the pharynx. In C. elegans and other invertebrates, stress-induced inhibition of feeding may be an important survival mechanism that limits the intake of toxic solutes.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2000

Culture change and stress in Western Samoan youth: Methodological issues in the cross-cultural study of stress and immune function.

This study was designed to pursue three objectives: 1) investigate the impact of culture change on children and adolescents in Western Samoa; 2) introduce a cross-cultural perspective to studies of psychosocial stress and immune function; and 3) evaluate the utility of minimally invasive methods for assessing immune function. Seven hundred sixty individuals between the ages of 4 and 20 years were recruited from three distinct geographic regions within Western Samoa that differ in degree of westernization. Finger prick samples of whole blood were collected from each individual and analyzed for antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; an indirect marker of cell-mediated immune function) and C-reactive protein (a nonspecific marker of current infection). After controlling for age, sex, and current infection, EBV antibody levels were significantly elevated in urban Apia and rural Upolu, indicating lower levels of cell-mediated immune function. The results suggest a higher degree of psychosocial stress in these regions, possibly due to exposure to westernizing influences. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:792-802, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Contraction stress test versus ductus venosus Doppler evaluation for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in growth-restricted fetuses with non-reassuring non-stress test.

OBJECTIVE: To compare Doppler evaluation of the ductus venosus and contraction stress test (CST) in the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome in growth-restricted fetuses with evidence of hemodynamic redistribution and a non-reactive non-stress test (NST). METHODS: Data were collected from all singleton pregnancies seen in our Fetal Surveillance Unit who underwent antenatal monitoring for fetal growth restriction, non-reactive NST and arterial redistribution beyond 26 weeks of pregnancy. Patients were divided into four groups based on their CST and ductus venosus waveform results. Perinatal outcome was evaluated by means of four variables: the need for admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), need for neonatal intubation, an umbilical artery pH < 7.10 and significant neonatal morbidity. Outcome was compared among fetuses delivered within 3 days of their antenatal test. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relation between predictive and outcome variables. RESULTS: Sixty-eight women met the inclusion criteria for the study. The positive predictive value of the CST was 45% for admission to the NICU, 13% for significant neonatal morbidity, 26% for need of neonatal intubation and 29% for umbilical artery pH < 7.10. The positive predictive values of abnormal ductus venosus waveform (ADVW) were 81.5%, 26%, 48% and 55%. Groups with ADVW showed significantly poorer neonatal outcome. No significant differences were observed when CST results were compared. Logistic regression analysis showed that both gestational age at delivery and ADVW significantly predict the occurrence of adverse perinatal outcome. CONCLUSION: In growth-restricted fetuses with hemodynamic redistribution and a non-reassuring NST, Doppler assessment of the ductus venosus correlates with adverse perinatal outcome. In this clinical situation there is no benefit of CST in terms of prediction.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Digital high frame rate stress echocardiography for detection of coronary artery stenosis by high dose dipyridamole stress testing.

Diagnostic accuracy of high dose dipyridamole stress echocardiography (0.84 mg i.v./kg) for detecting coronary artery stenosis was assessed in 94 patients undergoing coronary angiography, and adverse effects were registered in the total study population of 120 patients. Echocardiographic analysis was performed with digital systolic cineloops with high frame-rate (47 frames/sec) for optimal left ventricular wall motion display. Results showed sensitivity of 73% for detection of arterial luminal stenosis > or = 75% or retrograde collateral flow to an occluded coronary artery. Sensitivity for detection of 1-vessel stenosis was 43% (6 of 14 patients), and for 2- and 3-vessel disease 79% (19 of 24) and 88% (16 of 18), respectively. Specificity was 92% (35 of 38), diagnostic accuracy 81%. The stenosed coronary artery was correctly localized in 85% of positive tests. Dipyridamole-induced increase in wall motion score index differed significantly between patients with 1-, 2-, and 3-vessel disease (0.02 +/- 0.17, 0.15 +/- 0.17, and 0.27 +/- 0.24, respectively), and early positive tests (dipyridamole dose of 0.56 mg/kg) were almost exclusively seen in patients with multivessel disease. Six patients (5%) developed symptomatic bradycardia and hypotension during the test. In conclusion, dipyridamole stress echocardiography is useful for detection and localization of coronary artery stenosis, particularly in patients with multivessel disease.

Collateral Circulation↗
PubMed1996

Defect reversibility using thallium-201 reinjection. Comparison of stress-redistribution-reinjection with stress-immediate reinjection.

Immediate poststress thallium-201 reinjection followed by imaging one hour later has been proposed as an alternative reinjection protocol. This procedure is patient-convenient and time-saving as it shortens the investigation time to maximally 2.5 hours. The efficacy of the immediate thallium-201 reinjection protocol was assessed in 305 patients with stress perfusion defects in whom we compared the scintigraphic findings of 210 consecutive patients who underwent the standard thallium-201 stress/redistribution/reinjection protocol (Group I), with 95 consecutive patients who subsequently underwent the thallium-201 stress/immediate reinjection protocol (Group II). In all patients three-view planar images were visually and quantitatively analyzed. In Group I, defect reversibility was observed in 433 of 622 (70%) stress perfusion defects compared to 220 of 320 (69%) segments in Group II (p = NS). With respect to Q-wave related segments, defect reversibility was seen in 102 of 172 (59%) segments in Group I compared to 34 of 63 (54%) in Group II (p = NS). Based on defect reversibility, the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia was made in 184 of 210 (88%) patients Group I compared to 86 of 95 (91%) patients in Group II (p = NS). These findings indicate that immediate thallium-201 reinjection imaging provides at least similar data on defect reversibility as the standard thallium-201 stress/redistribution/reinjection approach. In practical terms, the stress/immediate reinjection approach seems advantageous as it reduces imaging time, enhances patient throughout and can be considered as one comprehensive imaging procedure.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

Enhanced tolerance against salt-stress and freezing-stress of Escherichia coli cells expressing algal bbc1 gene.

The expression of the eukaryotic bbc1 (breast basic conserved) gene (the bbc1 gene of the marine green alga Chlamydomonas sp. W-80 strain) enhanced the tolerance against salt-stress and freezing-stress in E. coli cells. The expression of the BBC1 protein in the E. coli cells carrying the algal bbc1 gene and that in the Chlamydomonas W-80 cells were examined by Western blotting analysis. The result suggests that the eukaryotic BBC1 protein expressed in the E. coli cells has a protective function against the cellular dehydration.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMed2005

Mapping the DNA- and zinc-binding domains of ASR1 (abscisic acid stress ripening), an abiotic-stress regulated plant specific protein.

Abscisic acid stress ripening (ASR1) is a highly charged low molecular weight plant specific protein that is regulated by salt- and water-stresses. The protein possesses a zinc-dependent DNA-binding activity (Kalifa et al., Biochem. J. 381 (2004) 373) and overexpression in transgenic plants results in an increased salt-tolerance (Kalifa et al., Plant Cell Environ. 27 (2004) 1459). There are no structure homologs of ASR1, thus the structural and functional domains of the protein cannot be predicted. Here, we map the protein domains involved in the binding of Zn(2+) and DNA. Using mild acid hydrolysis, and a series of ASR1 carboxy-terminal truncations we show that the zinc-dependent DNA-binding could be mapped to the central/carboxy-terminal domain. In addition, using MALDI-TOF-MS with a non-acidic matrix, we show that two zinc ions are bound to the amino-terminal domain. Other zinc ion(s) bind the DNA-binding domain. Binding of zinc to ASR1 induces conformational changes resulting in a decreased sensitivity to proteases.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2005

Asparagine synthetase gene TaASN1 from wheat is up-regulated by salt stress, osmotic stress and ABA.

Differences in gene expression between salinity stressed and normally grown wheat seedlings were compared by the differential display (DD) technique. One DD-derived cDNA clone was characterized as a partial sequence of the wheat asparagine ynthetase (AS) gene by sequence analysis and homology search of GenBank databases. Two AS genes of wheat, TaASN1 and TaASN2, were further isolated by the RT-PCR approach. Comparison of the deduced polypeptide of TaASN1 and TaASN2 with AS proteins from other organisms revealed several homologous regions, in particular, the conserved glutamine binding sites and Class-II Glutamine amidotransferases domain. The functionality of TaASN1 was demonstrated by complementing an Escherichia coli asparagine auxotroph. TaASN1 transcripts were detected in roots, shoots, anthers and young spikes by RT-PCR analysis. Abundance of TaASN1 mRNA in young spikes and anthers was higher than that in shoots and roots under normal growth conditions. TaASN1 was dramatically induced by salinity, osmotic stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat seedlings. TaASN2 transcripts were very low in all detected tissues and conditions and were only slightly induced by ABA in roots.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve during dobutamine and adenosine stress: Implications for pharmacologic stress testing in coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Mechanistic differences between pharmacologic stressors may offer different clinical benefits. Therefore the effects of dobutamine and adenosine on absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) were compared. METHODS AND RESULTS: We divided 36 patients (mean age, 61 +/- 8 years) with coronary artery disease into 2 groups based on stenosis severity as follows: greater than 50% but less than 75% (n = 16) and greater than 75% (n = 20). In addition, 18 normal volunteers (mean age, 46 +/- 7 years) served as control subjects. Groups of equal sizes received either dobutamine or adenosine. MBF at rest and peak MBF were measured by use of positron emission tomography in territories subtended by the stenosis (ischemic) and remote myocardium (remote), whereas left ventricular MBF was used in control subjects. CFR was calculated as peak MBF divided by MBF at rest. CFR was significantly greater with adenosine than with dobutamine stress in control subjects and remote CFR. Ischemic CFR was blunted to a similar degree with each stressor. Therefore adenosine achieved flow heterogeneity across all coronary stenosis severities greater than 50%. However, dobutamine achieved flow heterogeneity only in the presence of a severe coronary stenosis greater than 75% despite provoking a greater ischemic stimulus. CONCLUSION: Adenosine stress demonstrated a higher sensitivity and dobutamine demonstrated a higher specificity with quantitative perfusion imaging. Therefore adenosine is superior for diagnostic perfusion imaging, whereas dobutamine is better suited in combination with visual imaging and in the functional assessment of a known coronary stenosis.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1998

Noninvasive evaluation of myocardial ischemia in Kawasaki disease: comparison between dipyridamole stress thallium imaging and exercise stress testing.

The sensitivities of dipyridamole stress thallium 201 single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and treadmill exercise testing in the detection of myocardial ischemia were compared. Thirty-eight patients with Kawasaki disease and 11 age-matched controls participated in the study. Fifteen of the 38 patients with Kawasaki disease had marked coronary artery stenosis (> 75%) in at least one vessel. SPECT scans were obtained immediately after dipyridamole infusion and 4 hours later. The sensitivity of SPECT for detection of coronary stenosis was 80% (12/15), whereas that of treadmill exercise testing was only 33% (5/15) (p < 0.001). Although the sensitivity of SPECT significantly exceeded that of treadmill exercise testing among patients with coronary stenosis in only one vessel (p < 0.05), such benefits were not found for patients with stenosis in two or three vessels. These findings suggest that dipyridamole stress SPECT has a higher degree of sensitivity in the detection of myocardial ischemia than does treadmill exercise testing, especially for patients with single-vessel disease.

Child↗