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PubMed1996

Detection of chimerism and early engraftment after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell or bone marrow transplantation by short tandem repeats.

Chimerism can be monitored after HLA-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) by detecting polymorphisms in short tandem repeats (STR). The purpose of our study was to document early complete chimerism in BMT and PBSCT recipients using STR, and to determine whether the initial WBC recovery correlated with the days required to attain complete chimerism. A total of 5 patients (2 PBSCT and 3 BMT) were followed by STR after transplantation. Peripheral blood obtained prior to transplantation was used to determine the 2 most informative STR probes for each donor/recipient pair. STR were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 8 commercial probes, and PCR products were visualized with silver staining. Peripheral blood was evaluated daily post-transplantation for WBC counts and to identify the presence of mixed or full chimerism by STR. The sensitivity of the STR technique varied from 0.05 to 1%, depending on the probe. Full chimerism was documented between day 9 and 14 in PBSCT recipients and on day 14 and 16 in BMT recipients. The initial rise in WBC occurred within 3 days of the onset of full chimerism, indicating that full chimerism is a more sensitive indicator of early engraftment. Periodic recipient monitoring using STR after complete chimerism identifies those patients who revert to mixed chimeras. The STR method may be useful in future studies to determine the significance of early engraftment and the clinical implications of sustained complete chimerism or mixed chimerism.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Neurochemical correlates of conditioned circling within localized regions of the striatum.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of conditioned circling on the concentrations of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) within discrete regions of the striatum (STR). The first study assessed the inherent regional distributions of these compounds with respect to the three primary axes: anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral. Concentrations of DA, DOPAC and HVA and the ratios of each metabolite to DA were found to vary across each dimension. However, the topographical distribution of each compound was unique. The results of the first experiment confirm that the STR is not a homogeneous structure. It is possible that the regional variations in dopamine metabolism underly the diverse functions which the STR is thought to modulate. The second experiment determined whether specific regions of the STR were differentially involved in the mediation of conditioned circling. DA metabolism, as estimated by metabolite concentrations and metabolite to DA ratios, was bilaterally increased within the anterior dorsomedial and dorsolateral STR, relative to noncircling, water-deprived controls. DOPAC and the corresponding ratio were enhanced selectively within the dorsomedial region, whereas HVA and its ratio to DA were increased preferentially within the dorsolateral STR. The ratio of DOPAC to DA was also enhanced within the anterior ventromedial STR. No other significant neurochemical effects were detected. These results support the hypothesis that the dorsal STR critically subserves circling. Moreover, it is possible that the medial and lateral regions of the dorsal STR are differentially involved in circling. These results also confirm previous reports of bilateral augmentation of striatal DA metabolism in association with high rates of conditioned circling.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1994

Morphine insensitive allodynia is produced by intrathecal strychnine in the lightly anesthetized rat.

The acute blockade of spinal glycinergic inhibition with intrathecal strychnine (i.t. STR; a glycine antagonist) in rats induces a change in somatosensory processing which is very similar to the sensory dysesthesia of clinical neural injury pain. In the present study, the effects of i.t. STR were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Noxious paw pinch (PP) or tail immersion (TI) in 55 degree C water evoked a pronounced pressor response, increased heart rate (HR) and desynchronized the electroencephalogram; a non-noxious, hair deflection (HD) elicited only minor cardiovascular responses. After i.t. STR (40 micrograms), an identical HD stimulus evoked markedly enhanced cardiovascular responses, resembling those evoked by noxious stimuli, and a HD-evoked motor withdrawal was observed. Consistent STR-dependent responses were only observed if a light plane of anesthesia was maintained for the duration of the experiment. The effects of i.t. STR were dose-dependent and reversible, lasting 15-30 min. Spinal morphine (50 micrograms) completely abolished the cardiovascular responses to PP and TI, but the HD-evoked, STR-dependent cardiovascular and motor withdrawal responses remained unchanged. In contrast, the non-selective excitatory amino acid antagonist, gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG; 50 micrograms) was effective in suppressing both the STR-dependent cardiovascular and motor withdrawal responses. These data suggest that STR-dependent responses evoked by non-noxious stimuli are mediated by mechanisms distinct from those of conventional noxious stimuli and that i.t. STR may be useful for investigating the spinal pharmacology of somatosensory processing following the loss of spinal glycinergic inhibition.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2005

Relation between electrocardiographic ST-segment resolution and early and late outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

ST-segment resolution (STR) is a surrogate end point in reperfusion trials of acute myocardial infarction, but there are few data regarding the optimum methods of measurement, clinical predictors, and correlation with late cardiac mortality. Consecutive patients (n = 1,005) who had acute myocardial infarction and >/=2 mm ST-segment elevation controlled with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) constituted our study group. Follow-up was obtained in 97% of patients at a median of 6.2 years. STR measured as maximum ST-segment elevation after PCI provided better discrimination of late cardiac mortality than did STR measured as percent resolution. Complete STR (<1.0 mm ST-segment elevation after PCI) was achieved in only 42% of patients. Anterior infarction, Killip's class 3 to 4, and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grades <2 before PCI and <3 after PCI were strong independent predictors of partial or poor STR. STR (complete [<1.0 mm] vs partial [1.0 to 2.0 mm] vs poor [>2.0 mm]) correlated with in-hospital mortality (4.0% vs 6.7% vs 11.6%, p = 0.005), reinfarction (1.4% vs 3.4% vs 6.1%, p = 0.01), and late cardiac mortality (17% vs 25% vs 44%, p <0.0001). Correlation with late mortality was stronger for nonanterior than for anterior infarction. Poor STR was a strong independent predictor of late mortality (hazard ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.50, p = 0.028), even after adjusting for Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow. These data support the use of STR as a simple method to stratify patients by risk after primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction and support the use of STR as a surrogate end point in reperfusion trials of acute myocardial infarction.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

ST-segment recovery and prognosis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction reperfused by prehospital combination fibrinolysis, prehospital initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention, or primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Complete ST-segment recovery (STR) is associated with favorable prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The optimal reperfusion strategy in patients presenting soon after symptom onset is still a matter of debate. STR for patients treated by prehospital combination fibrinolysis or prehospital initiated facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared with primary PCI has not been assessed. In the Leipzig Prehospital Fibrinolysis Study, patients with STEMI (symptoms <6 hours) were randomized to prehospital combination fibrinolysis (1/2 dose reteplase + abciximab; n = 82, group A) or prehospital initiated facilitated PCI (n = 82, group B). Further, a control group of patients with primary PCI (n = 136, group C) was prospectively assessed. STR at 90 minutes was analyzed by blinded observers as percent resolution. Categorization was performed as complete resolution (>70%), intermediate resolution (70% to 30%), or no resolution (<30%). The percentage of patients with complete STR was highest in group B with 80% versus 52% in group A and 52% in group C (p <0.001, B vs A and C, p = NS; A vs C). Complete STR resulted in lower event rates for the combined clinical end point of death, myocardial reinfarction, and stroke compared with intermediate and no STR in groups A (complete 9.8%, intermediate 23.8%, no STR 36.8%, p = 0.04), B (7.7%, 18.2%, and 50.0%, p = 0.01), and C (8.6%, 18.4%, and 42.9%, p <0.001). In conclusion, prehospital initiated facilitated PCI results in the highest percentage of complete STR compared with prehospital combination fibrinolysis or primary PCI. In addition, STR has been confirmed to predict prognosis in timely optimized reperfusion strategies.

Abciximab↗
PubMed2004

Choroid plexus papillomas: a single institutional experience.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term outcome of resected choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs). METHODS: Medical records and histologic specimens were reviewed for 41 patients (19 male, 22 female; median age, 36 years; range, 6 months to 74 years) with CPP seen between 1974 and 2000. Tumor locations were as follows: 76%, fourth ventricle; 17%, lateral ventricle, and 7%, third ventricle. Fifty-six percent had a gross total resection (GTR) and 44% had a subtotal resection (STR). Median follow-up was 6.5 years. RESULTS: Five-year local control, distant brain control, and overall survival were 84%, 92%, and 97%, respectively. Comparison of GTR and STR at 5 years showed a significant increase in local control (100% vs. 68%; P = 0.04) but not in overall survival (100% vs. 94%). Even after STR, only 50% of patients required a subsequent resection for recurrence. Addition of radiation therapy to initial STR did not seem to influence outcomes. At first relapse, GTR was accomplished in 1 patient, and only STR was accomplished in the others. Addition of radiation therapy to STR in our study led to disease control in half the patients treated, and STR alone led to disease control in only a quarter of the patients. Second relapses were treated palliatively with radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for CPPs. After initial STR, reoperations for recurrence are required only half the time. Therefore, there seems to be no role for radiation therapy after initial STR. For STRs at first relapse, local control outcome is poor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The association of soft-tissue rheumatism and hypermobility.

Soft-tissue rheumatism (STR--tendinitis, bursitis, fasciitis and fibromyalgia) accounts for up to 25% of referrals to rheumatologists. The estimated prevalence of generalized hypermobility in the adult population is 5-15%. There have previously been suggestions that hypermobile individuals may be predisposed to soft-tissue trauma and subsequent musculoskeletal pain. This study was designed to examine the mobility status and physical activity level in consecutive rheumatology clinic attendees with a primary diagnosis of STR. Of 82 patients up to age 70 yr with STR, 29 (35%) met criteria for generalized hypermobility. Hypermobile compared to non-hypermobile individuals reported significantly more previous episodes of STR (90% vs 51%, P < 0.01), and more recurrent episodes of STR at a single site (69% vs 38%, P < 0.001). Although we were unable to show any difference in the time spent carrying out physical activity between the two groups, the hypermobile patients were performing significantly more repetitive activities. When specific anatomical sites of STR were analysed, small joints (elbows, hands and feet) currently affected with STR were more likely to show localized hypermobility than if those joints were asymptomatic. These findings suggest that hypermobility may be a factor in the development of STR. Repetitive activity may be a contributing factor towards STR in some hypermobile individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Glycoprotein receptors for a heat-stable enterotoxin (STh) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Glycoprotein receptors for heat-stable enterotoxin STh of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the rat intestinal cell membrane were identified and characterized. Incubation of rat intestinal cell membranes with radioiodinated N-5-azidonitrobenzoyl-STh[5-19] (125I-ANB-STh[5-19]) followed by photolysis resulted in specific radiolabeling of two distinct proteins with M(r)s of 200,000 (designated STR-200A and STR-200B). STR-200A was found to be composed of two molecules of a protein with an M(r) of 70,000 (70-kDa protein), whereas STR-200B was composed of two different protein molecules with M(r)s of 53,000 (53-kDa protein) and 77,000 (77-kDa protein). These proteins showed no guanylate cyclase activity. The 70-kDa protein was labeled most with 125I-ANB-STh[5-19], suggesting that STR-200A is the main receptor protein in the rat intestinal cell membrane. The carbohydrate moieties of STR-200A and STR-200B were examined by enzymatic deglycosylation. The 70-kDa protein of STR-200A was found to contain N-linked high-mannose-type and/or hybrid-type oligosaccharides, and results suggested that it possesses at least three N glycosylation sites. The 53-kDa protein of STR-200B was found to have an N-linked complex-type oligosaccharide side chain. The deglycosylated 70-kDa protein retained activity for binding to STh, suggesting that the carbohydrate moieties of these receptor proteins are not important for binding with STh.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Neisseria meningitidis expressing transferrin binding proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae can utilize porcine transferrin for growth.

Homologous recombination was used to generate a number of mutants of serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis B16B6 with the following characteristics: (i) an inability to bind human or porcine transferrin because of loss of both transferrin binding proteins (Tbp) A and B [strain B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(-)B(-)] and (ii) an ability to bind porcine transferrin but not human transferrin [strain B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(ap)B(ap)] due to replacement of the meningococcal Tbp with the Tbp of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. During construction of the B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(ap)B(ap) strain, transformants expressing only TbpA or TbpB of A. pleuropneumoniae were isolated [strains B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(ap)B(-) and B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(-)B(ap)]. Expression of the A. pleuropneumoniae Tbp in N. meningitidis B16B6 was iron regulated and expressed under the control of the meningococcal promoter. The relative abilities of the meningococcal transformants to bind porcine transferrin were in the order B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(ap)B(ap) > B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(ap)B(-) > B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(-)B(ap). Of these transformants, only B16B6(Str(r))/tbpA(ap)B(ap) could grow in the presence of porcine transferrin as the sole iron source, achieving a growth rate similar to that of the B16B6 parent strain in the presence of human transferrin.

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae↗
PubMed2002

Short-term training enhances endothelium-dependent dilation of coronary arteries, not arterioles.

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that short-term exercise training (STR) of pigs increases endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) of coronary arteries but not coronary arterioles. Female Yucatan miniature swine ran on a treadmill for 1 h, at 3.5 mph, twice daily for 7 days (STR; n = 28). Skeletal muscle citrate synthase activity was increased in STR compared with sedentary controls (Sed; n = 26). Vasoreactivity was evaluated in isolated segments of conduit arteries (1-2 mm ID, 3-4 mm length) mounted on myographs and in arterioles (50-100 microm ID) isolated and cannulated with micropipettes with intraluminal pressure set at 60 cmH(2)O. EDD was assessed by examining responses to increasing concentrations of bradykinin (BK) (conduit arteries 10(-12)-10(-6) M and arterioles 10(-13)-10(-6) M). There were no differences in maximal EDD or BK sensitivity of coronary arterioles from Sed and STR hearts. In contrast, sensitivity of conduit arteries (precontracted with PGF(2alpha)) to BK was increased significantly (P < 0.05) in STR (EC(50), 2.33 +/- 0.62 nM, n = 12) compared with Sed animals (EC(50), 3.88 +/- 0.62 nM, n = 13). Immunoblot analysis revealed that coronary arteries from STR and Sed animals had similar levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In contrast, eNOS protein was increased in STR aortic endothelial cells. Neither protein nor mRNA levels of eNOS were different in coronary arterioles from STR compared with Sed animals. STR did not alter expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) protein in any artery examined. We conclude that pigs exhibit increases in EDD of conduit arteries, but not in coronary arterioles, at the onset of exercise training. These adaptations in pigs do not appear to be mediated by alterations in eNOS or SOD-1 expression.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Incomplete resolution of ST-segment elevation is a marker of transient microcirculatory dysfunction after stenting for acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Incomplete ST-segment resolution (STR) after successful primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with a poor prognosis. We used intracoronary Doppler velocimetry to investigate whether incomplete STR after primary angioplasty is a marker of severe microcirculatory dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty patients with < or =12-hour AMI underwent successful primary angioplasty and systematic stenting with a Doppler guidewire. Patients with incomplete (<50%) STR 60 minutes after TIMI 3 flow was restored had flow velocity features suggestive of severe microcirculatory dysfunction, including a higher incidence of early systolic retrograde flow (41% versus 9%, P=0.007) and lower coronary flow velocity reserve (CVR, 1.3 versus 1.6, P<0.001). CVR improved immediately after stenting in patients with > or =50% STR but not in patients with <50% STR. There was a significant correlation between STR and poststent CVR. At 3 months, CVR was similar in patients with <50% and > or =50% STR. However, left ventriculography indicated lower global (42% versus 55%, P=0.001) and regional (16% versus 20%, P=0.03) left ventricular ejection fractions and 201Tl rest-redistribution scintigraphy indicated a larger infarct size (34% versus 16% 201Tl defect, P=0.007) in patients with <50% STR. CONCLUSIONS: After successful primary angioplasty with systematic stenting, <50% STR is a marker of severe albeit transient microcirculatory dysfunction in patients with AMI and is associated with more extensive myocardial damage.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative analysis of allele polymorphism of three short tandem repeats in the Russian, Uzbek and Georgian populations].

The allele polymorphism of the AGC short tandem repeat (STR) of exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene located in Xq11-12, ATCT STR of intron 40 of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene located in chromosome 12p12, and AGAT STR of an anonymous DNA sequence (STRX1) from the short arm of the X chromosome was analyzed in the Georgian, Uzbek, and Russian populations. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA of unrelated persons revealed 14 AR, 7 vWF, and 7 STRX1 alleles in Georgians; 14, 8, and 6 alleles, respectively, in Uzbeks; and 16, 8, and 9 alleles, respectively, in Russians. The heterozygosity at these STR was 0.61, 0.78, and 0.46 in Georgians; 0.60, 0.83, and 0.44 in Uzbeks; and 0.80, 0.70, and 0.58 in Russians. The correspondence of genotype frequencies to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed with AR STR in Russians and Uzbeks, STRX1 STR in Georgians, and vWF in all three populations. A significant deviation from the equilibrium was found for STRX1 in Russians and Uzbeks and AR in Georgians. The potential of individualization was 0.05 for AR, 0.13 for vWF, and 0.18 for STRX1 in Georgians; 0.04, 0.09, and 0.13, respectively in Uzbeks; and 0.05, 0.14, and 0.07, respectively, in Russians. The allele and genotype frequency distributions of each STR were analyzed in all three populations. Allele frequencies in the populations were compared by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The Russian population significantly differed in allele frequencies of the three STR from Uzbeks and in those of STRX1 and AR from Georgians. Georgians and Uzbeks significantly differed in vWF and STRX1 frequencies. The possibility of using the three STR in molecular diagnosis of the corresponding monogenic diseases, population genetic studies, and personal identification is discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

[Forensic application of 9 Y-STRs fluorescence-labeled multiplex amplification system].

OBJECTIVE: In order to increase significantly the discriminatory potential of Y-STR systems available to the forensic community, we have developed a system capable of simultaneously amplifying 9 Y-STR loci by fluorescence-labeled multiplex PCR technique. METHODS: Primers of STR loci DYS434, GATA-A10, DYS438 and DYS439 were labeled with 6-FAM, primers of STR loci DYS531, DYS557, DYS448 were labeled with HEX, and primers of STR loci DYS456, DYS444 were labeled with TAMRA, respectively. PCR products were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis and GeneScan Software on the ABI Prism310 DNA Analyzer. Series experiments were carried out to evaluate the useful value in forensic application such as the sensitivity, male specificity and genotyping DNA different tissues of the same individual. RESULTS: 9 Y-STR loci were exactly determined following optimization of the polymerase chain reaction. In a sample of 120 males, a total of 105 different haplotypes was identified, 97 of them being unique. Overall, haplotype diversity was 0.996 8. It was proved that genotyping of these 9 Y-STR loci in some sexual crime should be prior to that of automosomal STR. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the newly constructed 9-plex will be very powerful for establishing Y-STR database, population genetic studies and mixture stains identification.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Polymorphisms of twelve short tandem repeat loci in a Taiwanese population and their application in parentage testing.

With the advancement of techniques in molecular biology, rapid, sensitive, and reliable methods of DNA typing for parentage testing have become available. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 12 unlinked short tandem repeat (STR) loci for paternity testing in Taiwan. The genetic informativeness of this test was then compared with that of conventional human leukocyte antigen (HLA) analysis in 167 parentage studies. The 12 STR loci alone provided a cumulative power of exclusion of up to 0.9998. Paternity was excluded in 59 (35.3%) cases, including 40 of 112 paternity trios and 19 of 55 paternity duos. In the 40 trios in which paternity was excluded, a mean of 6 (range, 3-9) incompatible STR markers were in the 19 duos in which paternity was excluded, a mean of 4 (range, 1-8) incompatible STR markers were noted. In the 72 trios in which the alleged paternity could not be excluded, the mean probabilities of paternity (PP) were 90.6863% with HLA testing alone, 99.9847% with STR analysis alone, and 99.9972% with combined HLA and STR analysis. In the 36 duos in which the alleged paternity could not be excluded, the mean PPs were 81.4768% with HLA testing alone, 99.6124% with STR analysis alone, and 99.9145% with combined HLA and STR analysis. These results suggest that STR analysis is very powerful when used alone for paternity trio testing and when combined with conventional serologic HLA typing for duo parentage testing in the Taiwan population.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2001

Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACD CPR) uses a hand-held suction device, applied mid sternum, to compress the chest then actively decompress the chest after each compression. Randomised controlled trials on use of active compression decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation have results which are discordant. OBJECTIVES: To determine clinical effects and safety of active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation compared with standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (STR). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Heart Group Specialised register (April 2001), the Cochrane library, MEDLINE and EMBASE. We checked the reference list of retrieved articles and contacted enterprises manufacturing the active decompression devices. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomized or quasi-randomized studies comparing active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation compared with standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with a cardiac arrest who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a trained medical or paramedical team. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were independently extracted. All data were analysed on an intention-to-treat basis. The authors of the primary studies were contacted for more information when needed. Studies were cumulated, if appropriate, and pooled relative risk (RR) estimated. Subgroup analysis according to setting (out of hospital or in hospital) and attending team composition (with physician or paramedic only) were predefined. MAIN RESULTS: Twelve trials were included: 10 were in out-of-hospital settings, one set in-hospital only and one had both in-hospital and out-of-hospital components. Allocation concealment was adequate in 4 trials. The two in-hospital studies were very different in quality (A and C) and size (773 and 53 patients). Both found no differences between ACD CPR and STR in any outcome. Trials conducted in out-of-hospital settings cumulated 4162 patients. There were no differences between ACD CPR and STR for mortality either immediately (RR 0.98 [95% CI 0.94 - 1.03]) or at hospital discharge (RR 0.99 [95% CI 0.98 - 1.01]). The pooled RR of neurological impairment, any severity, was 1.71 [95% CI 0.90 - 3.25], with a non-significant trend to more frequent severe neurological damage in survivors of ACD CPR (RR 3.11 [95% CI 0.98 - 9.83]). However, assessment of neurological outcome was limited and there were few patients with neurological damage. There was no difference between ACD CPR and STR with regard complications such as rib or sternal fractures, pneumothorax or hemothorax (RR 1.09 [95% CI 0.86 - 1.38]). Skin trauma and ecchymosis were more frequent with ACD CPR. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Active chest compression-decompression in patients with cardiac arrest is not associated with clear benefit.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Regional differences in glutaminase activation by phosphate and calcium in rat brain: impairment in aged rats and implications for regional glutaminase isozymes.

Regional regulation of glutaminase by phosphate and calcium was examined in the temporal cortex (TCX), striatum (STR) and hippocampus (HIPP) from adult and aged male F344 rats. Phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity in adult rats was significantly lower (35-43%) in the HIPP (100 and 150 mM) and STR (150 mM) compared to PAG activity in the TCX. Phosphate activation in aged rats was 50-60% lower in the HIPP at concentrations greater than 25 mM compared to the aged TCX or STR. PAG activity in the TCX and STR was unaffected by age, but was significantly reduced (30-50%) in the HIPP from aged rats at phosphate concentrations of 25 mM and greater when compared to adult rats. In adult rats at concentrations of CaCl2 above 1 mM, PAG activity was significantly lower (60-75%) in the STR and HIPP when compared to the TCX. In aged rats, PAG activity (1 mM CaCl2) in the HIPP was significantly less (50%) than STR PAG activity in aged rats. Diminished PAG activity was seen only in the TCX (2.5 mM; 32%), and the HIPP (0.5 mM; 25% and 1 mM; 38%) at higher calcium concentrations compared to adult. Phosphate-independent calcium activation of PAG occurred in the HIPP but not in either the TCX or the STR. Addition of phosphate resulted in a synergistic activation of PAG in the STR and TCX, but not in the HIPP. These findings suggest that PAG is regionally regulated by phosphate and calcium, and this regulation is impaired in aged rats. These data also support the hypothesis that isozymes of PAG exist with different regulatory properties.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Feasibility of a cost-effective approach to evaluate short tandem repeat markers suitable for chimerism follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Precise chimerism monitoring is important for the prediction of the success of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Most of the current procedures employed for chimerism follow-up with short tandem repeat (STR) markers are either time-consuming, labor-intensive, or use expensive assays, making it burdensome to perform large-scale studies of transplanted patients. AIM: To set-up a simple nonradioactive method to investigate a set of STR markers that could be used in the evaluation of chimerism status after allogeneic BMT. METHOD: Six dinucleotide STRs (D2S123, D5S107, CRTL1, D7S500, D11S1356, and TP53) were analyzed by touchdown (TD)-PCR followed by medium size non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. The sensitivity of the approach was evaluated by dilution competition assays. Peripheral blood samples were taken from a group of 50 healthy Argentinean donors, two transplanted patients, and their respective bone marrow donors. Buccal mucosa samples were also obtained from the BMT recipients. RESULTS: Four markers, D2S123, D7S500, D11S1356, and TP53, presented the highest heterozygosities (0.67-0.88) under our experimental system. A sensitivity of 0.8-1.6% for chimerism detection was consistently found for the different STR. The usefulness of these STR in chimerism analysis was illustrated with the screening of related siblings analyzing two transplanted patients with persistent mixed chimerism, which were previously studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Similar proportions of mixed chimerism were obtained with STR analysis compared with those estimated by FISH. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this was the first study of mixed chimerism using TD-PCR to achieve a highly specific STR amplification. This approach allows simple and accurate chimerism quantification because it avoids slippage of Taq polymerase on repeat stretches and prevents the differential amplification of the shorter allele. STR heterozygosities and the high level of sensitivity of this method demonstrated that this approach is not only very informative in this population, but is also rapid (taking less than 14 hours) and cost-efficient. CONCLUSION: The data confirms that this method is a useful tool applicable to routine large-scale STR genotyping and mixed chimerism analysis in low-complexity laboratories worldwide.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed2002

Enhancement of N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the neostriatum after methamphetamine sensitization. An in vitro slice study.

It has been suggested that behavioral methamphetamine sensitization involves changes in cortical excitatory synaptic inputs to neostriatal (Str) projection neurons. To test this, we performed blind whole-cell recording of medium spiny neurons in Str slice preparations. In Str neurons of naive rats, the amplitude of the subcortical white matter stimulation-induced N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials (NMDA-EPSPs) was decreased upon hyperpolarization, owing to the voltage-dependent Mg(2+) blockade of NMDA receptor channels. In contrast, the amplitude of the NMDA-EPSPs in Str neurons of rats undergoing methamphetamine withdrawal (MW) did not show the Mg(2+) blockade and was nearly voltage independent over the membrane potential range of -70 to -110 mV. Application of the specific protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12, 13- DL-acetate, blocked the voltage-dependent Mg(2+) blockade of NMDA receptor channels in Str neurons of naive rats. Application of the specific activator of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), Sp-cAMPS-triethylamine salt, increased the amplitude of the NMDA receptor-mediated EPSPs at the rest but not at hyperpolarized potentials. Coapplication of the PKC and PKA activators yielded NMDA-EPSPs similar to those seen in Str neurons of MW rats. In Str slices of naive rats, tetanic subcortical white matter stimulation induced long-term depression of field potentials. In Str slices treated with the PKC and/or PKA, the same stimulation induced long-term potentiation of field potentials similar to those observed in slices obtained from MW rats. These results suggest that the enhancement of the NMDA receptor-mediated corticostriatal synaptic transmission plays an important role in behavioral methamphetamine sensitization. This enhancement is probably associated with phosphorylation of NMDA receptors mediated by the simultaneous activation of PKC and PKA.

Animals↗