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PubMed1978

The handling of animal wastes.

Most farm problems with animal wastes occur in modern intensive livestock enterprises where manure is handled as a slurry. It is not practical to treat slurry in the same way as domestic sewage: it should be used on land as a source of plant nutrients. On most farms, this can be done only at certain times of the year and so slurry has to be stored. Storage gives rise to problems of mixing, handling, application, pollution, smell and pathogen survival which can often be solved by separating slurry with special machinery into solid and liquid fractions. Where odour is a serious problem, however, some form of limited aeration will usually provide the best solution. For intensive pig units on limited land close to houses, the NIAE has evolved a new system of slurry treatment which can convert all the slurry from a fattening piggery into inoffensive solids. When incorporated into a piggery for 500 pigs being planned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the system should also reduce smell substantially both inside and outside the building.

Air↗
PubMed1986

Kinetic analysis of zinc metabolism and its regulation in normal humans.

Zinc metabolism was studied in 32 normal volunteers after oral (n = 25) or intravenous (n = 7) administration of 65Zn. Data were collected from the blood, urine, feces, whole body, and over the liver and thigh regions for 9 mo while the subjects consumed their regular diets (containing 10 mg Zn ion/day) and for an additional 9 mo while the subjects received an exogenous oral supplement of 100 mg Zn ion/day. Data from each subject were fitted by a compartmental model for zinc metabolism that was developed previously for patients with taste and smell dysfunction. These data from normal subjects were used to determine the absorption, distribution, and excretion of zinc and the mass of zinc in erythrocytes, liver, thigh, and whole body. By use of additional data obtained from the present study, the model was refined further such that a large compartment, which was previously determined to contain 90% of the body zinc, was subdivided into two compartments to represent zinc in muscle and bone. When oral zinc intake was increased 11-fold three new sites of regulation of zinc metabolism were identified in addition to the two sites previously defined in patients with taste and smell dysfunction (absorption of zinc from gut and excretion of zinc in urine). The three new sites are exchange of zinc with erythrocytes, release of zinc by muscle, and secretion of zinc into gut. Regulation at these five sites appears to maintain some tissue concentrations of zinc when dietary zinc increases.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Side effects after surgical treatment of snoring.

In a questionnaire study detailed side effects after snoring surgery were examined in 415 individuals 2-8 years after surgery. Three years later a new questionnaire was answered by those with side effects affecting taste, smell and voice (n = 74). At the first follow-up 255 had side effects of globus, regurgitation, taste, smell and voice. The globus was the most common (40%). In all spheres except the globus, a significant improvement was seen 3 years later. However, pharyngeal dryness and phlegm had a reported frequency of nearly 60%. No significant differences were seen between the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and laser uvulopalatoplasty methods. Taste disturbances might be due to surgical damage to the nerves or oral dryness. The olfactory impairment present in 7 patients still needs to be explained.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Selective high-dose intra-arterial cisplatin as palliative treatment for incurable head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the palliative effect of selective intra-arterial chemotherapy in progressive unresectable head and neck cancer previously treated with radiochemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 8 patients with advanced residual or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were evaluated. These patients were included in the present study particularly because of progredient pain and recurrent bleedings due to tumor progression. In addition 6/8 patients suffered from unpleasant tumor-related smell. All patients received simultaneous infusions of cisplatin (150 mg/m2) intra-arterially to the tumor and sodium thiosulfate intravenously (9 g/m2) for systemic neutralization of cisplatin. The patients were treated by at most 4 cycles of selective intra-arterial chemotherapy via femoral approach. RESULTS: Tumor-associated pain, occurrence of tumor bleeding and tumor-related smell were reduced after at least 2 cycles of intra-arterial chemotherapy in all patients. Clinical and radiological assessment of the primary tumor site revealed a partial response in 4 patients while 4 patients were classified as nonresponders. Intra-arterial cisplatin treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Selective intra-arterial cisplatin therapy can be delivered safely for palliation of tumor-related symptoms of incurable head and neck cancer.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Chronic rhinosinusitis and olfactory dysfunction.

Chronic rhinosinusitis encompasses a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses of at least 12 weeks' duration. In addition to nasal obstruction and discharge, chronic sinusitis is a common cause of olfactory dysfunction. However, smell loss is often overlooked in the clinical setting of sinusitis, with attention instead focused on the respiratory complaints of nasal obstruction, hypersecretion, and facial pressure and pain. Olfactory dysfunction can result in problems including safety concern, hygiene matters, appetite disorders, and changes in emotional and sexual behavior. Although smell loss related to sinonasal disease is probably the most treatable form of olfactory dysfunction, most studies show that improved olfactory sensation in this setting is usually transient and incomplete.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1995

Sham feeding increases glucose tolerance by a mechanism independent of insulin secretion in normal subjects.

The effect of sham feeding on glucose metabolism was studied in eleven normal subjects. At random, one intravenous glucose tolerance test (25 g glucose/4 min) was preceded by 15 minutes of pure sham feeding (the sight and smell of a meal but not the taste) which continued for the first 15 minutes after the intravenous glucose load. Pancreatic polypeptide increased significantly during sham feeding and decreased significantly in response to the glucose injection. The glucose disappearance rate was significantly improved from 1.56 +/- 0.22 to 2.07 +/- 0.33 min-1 when the glucose tolerance test was preceded by sham feeding (p = 0.02). Incremental areas of plasma insulin, plasma C-peptide, and insulin secretion rates were not significantly influenced by sham feeding. We conclude that sham feeding by the sight and smell of food improves glucose tolerance in normal subjects without alteration in insulin secretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Congenital lack of olfactory ability.

Twenty-two patients, all of whom reported never having been able to smell anything, were studied to determine the particular features that distinguish individuals with congenital anosmia. The clinical evaluation on these patients included a thorough medical and chemosensory history, physical examination, nasal endoscopy, chemosensory testing, olfactory biopsies, and imaging studies. There was no evidence to indicate that these patients ever had a sense of smell. The results of olfactory testing suggested that these patients had an inability to detect both olfactory and trigeminal odorants; however, many of the patients in the group seemed to have a slight ability to perceive at least some component of trigeminal odorants. The olfactory epithelium, if it was present at all on biopsy, was abnormal in appearance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The spectrum of abnormal patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: clinical and laboratory correlations.

Several lines of evidence indicate that hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal activity varies among men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). To test the hypothesis that a spectrum of abnormalities of GnRH secretion underlies the syndrome of IHH, we characterized the patterns of GnRH-induced gonadotropin secretion during periods of frequent sampling in 50 consecutive men with IHH and contrasted them with those in 20 normal men. The largest group of IHH patients (n = 42) had no detectable LH or FSH pulsations and could be categorized into 2 subsets according to the presence or absence of evidence of spontaneous puberty. The most severely affected subset (n = 32), who recalled no history of puberty, had testes with a mean volume of 3.3 +/- 0.5 (+/- SEM) ml, with a prepubertal appearance on biopsy, and often were anosmic (n = 17). The second subset of apulsatile IHH men (n = 10) had histories of partial or complete spontaneous sexual development with subsequent isolated loss of sexual function, testes with a mean volume of 13.3 +/- 1.9 ml (P less than 0.01 compared to the first subset), a pubertal or adult appearance of the testes on biopsy, and an intact sense of smell. In a second group of IHH patients (n = 3), LH was secreted predominantly in a nighttime pattern similar to that of normal children during early puberty. These men were aged 18-24 yr, had a mean testicular volume of 10.5 +/- 2.3 ml, pubertal changes on testicular biopsy, and an intact sense of smell. A third group of IHH men (n = 4) had LH pulses of abnormally low amplitude. Only one patient in this group had a history of spontaneous sexual development. The mean testicular volume of these patients was 5.6 +/- 1.9 ml, and the testes appeared prepubertal (n = 3) or pubertal (n = 1) on biopsy. In addition to these groups, another patient had apparent LH pulsations and nearly normal amplitude, but the LH was bioinactive and appeared to consist chiefly of alpha-subunit. Testing of other anterior pituitary hormone functions did not distinguish IHH men from normal men. However, those IHH patients with some evidence of endogenous GnRH secretion had higher basal and stimulated serum PRL levels than IHH men without such evidence (P less than 0.05), suggesting an influence of GnRH on PRL secretion.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of ease of swallowing of dietary supplement products for age-related eye disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine patients' perceptions on the relative importance of the physical characteristics and appearance of dietary supplements, and to evaluate two supplements with the same combination of vitamins and minerals used in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) with respect to ease of swallowing and other features in elderly patients. DESIGN: A single-site, single-visit, crossover design, subject-masked comparison of two dietary supplements (ICaps AREDS Formula--Alcon; Ocuvite PreserVision-Bausch & Lomb). SETTING: Ophthalmology practice. PATIENTS: 50 patients aged 50 years or older. INTERVENTIONS: Patients ranked the importance of eight physical characteristics of a vitamin tablet or capsule (ease of swallowing, size, shape, color, smell, coating, texture, and taste) irrespective of the test products used in the study and then took both test products randomly and were asked to indicate which product they preferred based on the same eight characteristics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall patient preference and preference for swallowing two tablets at once. RESULTS: The highest rated (most important) characteristic in a vitamin supplement was ease of swallowing, with a median score of 9.0 on a 0-10 visual analogue scale. The characteristic of least importance was tablet color, with the lowest median score of 1.0. Statistically significant differences were detected between the products with regard to preferences for ease of swallowing, swallowing two tablets at once, size, and coating (P < or = .0001). Significantly more patients preferred the ICaps AREDS formula to Ocuvite PreserVision with respect to these characteristics and overall preference (P < .001). Age, gender, and previous vitamin use were contributing factors in the rating of physical characteristics and tablet preferences. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, ease of swallowing is the most important characteristic of dietary supplement tablets for elderly patients, followed by taste, size, and smell. Significant differences in preference exist between the study products, which contain similar formulations but have different physical characteristics.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 glycosylation is required for axon pathfinding by olfactory sensory neurons.

During embryonic development, axons from sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) extend into the olfactory bulb (OB) where they synapse with projection neurons and form glomerular structures. To determine whether glycans play a role in these processes, we analyzed mice deficient for the glycosyltransferase beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1 (beta3GnT1), a key enzyme in lactosamine glycan synthesis. Terminal lactosamine expression, as shown by immunoreactivity with the monoclonal antibody 1B2, is dramatically reduced in the neonatal null OE. Postnatal beta3GnT1-/- mice exhibit severely disorganized OB innervation and defective glomerular formation. Beginning in embryonic development, specific subsets of odorant receptor-expressing neurons are progressively lost from the OE of null mice, which exhibit a postnatal smell perception deficit. Axon guidance errors and increased neuronal cell death result in an absence of P2, I7, and M72 glomeruli, indicating a reduction in the repertoire of odorant receptor-specific glomeruli. By approximately 2 weeks of age, lactosamine is unexpectedly reexpressed in sensory neurons of null mice through a secondary pathway, which is accompanied by the regrowth of axons into the OB glomerular layer and the return of smell perception. Thus, both neonatal OE degeneration and the postnatal regeneration are lactosamine dependent. Lactosamine expression in beta3GnT1-/- mice is also reduced in pheromone-receptive vomeronasal neurons and dorsal root ganglion cells, suggesting that beta3GnT1 may perform a conserved function in multiple sensory systems. These results reveal an essential role for lactosamine in sensory axon pathfinding and in the formation of OB synaptic connections.

Amino Sugars↗
PubMed2006

Laboratory evaluation of the 3-bowl system used for washing-up eating utensils in the field.

OBJECTIVE: A 3-bowl system is used for washing-up eating utensils on many expeditions when running water is not available. The utensils are washed in the first bowl until they are visibly clean, rinsed in the second bowl, and disinfected in the third bowl. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this system in reducing bacterial loads on contaminated utensils and to compare it with alternative washing-up methods. METHODS: Different washing-up systems were tested with a simulated dish washing of 5 contaminated mess tins followed by 5 uncontaminated mess tins. Porridge was used to simulate food residue and was mixed with Escherichia coli to produce bacterial contamination. Reduction of bacterial load on the mess tins was measured, as were subjective observations regarding the various systems. RESULTS: Bacterial load on contaminated tins is reduced when the 3-bowl system is used. Uncontaminated tins become contaminated in bowl 1, but this is then reduced in subsequent bowls. Disinfectant use, especially bleach, produced a marked reduction in bacterial load on contaminated and uncontaminated tins when used in bowl 2. Detergent is needed to remove grease, and a final rinse removes the smell of disinfectant. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the most effective washing-up system in the laboratory was removal of most food residue with detergent in bowl 1, finish washing with bleach until visibly clean in bowl 2, and a final rinse in drinkable water in bowl 3. This system has advantages over the established 3-bowl system by getting mess tins clean more easily, killing potentially harmful bacteria, and removing the smell and taste of disinfectant.

Avena↗
PubMed2002

Issues in the formulation of drugs for oral use in children: role of excipients.

An ideal oral drug for children should be effective, well tolerated, be of low cost and have good palatability, i.e. acceptable taste, after-taste and smell. Many of the drugs used for children are not available in suitable forms (such as chewable or liquid). Liquid forms may need to be prepared using appropriate excipients at the time of dispensing by the pharmacist. Modern medications are complex mixtures containing many other components besides the active ingredient. These are called 'inert ingredients', or excipients, and consist of bulk materials, flavorings, sweeteners and coloring agents. These excipients increase the bulk, add desirable color, mask the unpleasant taste and smell, and facilitate a uniform mixture of the active ingredient in the final marketed preparation. Unlike the active ingredients, excipients are not well regulated in most countries. Although mostly well tolerated, some adverse events and idiosyncratic reactions are well known for a variety of excipients. These components play a critical role, especially in liquid and chewable preparations that are mostly consumed by infants and children. This article reviews excipients commonly used in pediatric oral preparations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of olfaction.

The sense of smell is often taken for granted until it is impaired or lost. Chemosensory disorders involving a decreased, absent, or distorted sense of smell can be devastating to those who suffer them and may have an impact on an individual's health, safety, and quality of life in a number of ways. It is necessary to approach the diagnosis of chemosensory disorders in a systematic manner that may reveal reversible pathology and to provide patients with counseling that can help them accommodate their disability.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

Selective irrigation of the sinuses in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis refractory to medical therapy: a promising start.

BACKGROUND: Although endoscopic sinus surgery has been widely used for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, some patients fail to derive clinical benefit from this procedure. We evaluated the efficacy of a treatment regimen consisting of selective irrigation of diseased sinus mucosa with topical antibiotics and steroids in conjunction with oral antibiotics and steroids. METHODS: Twenty patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and resistant to medical treatment (mean duration 3.4 years) underwent intubations of the affected maxillary and/or ethmoid sinuses for irrigation for a duration of 21 to 30 days. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the paranasal sinus was taken both pre- and post-treatment and staged according to the Lund-MacKay system. Clinical symptoms were scored for rhinorrhea, facial pain, nasal congestion, and smell at least 2 months prior to treatment and approximately 18 months after the follow-up. RESULTS: The clinical experience with the technique of intubation and irrigation was well tolerated by all patients. We found an improvement in all symptom scores, including rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, smell (n = 20; p < .001), and facial pain (n = 20; p < .01). Similar improvements were seen on the CT scans, with reduced staging from 14.6 +/- 1.1 to 5.6 +/- 1.1 (p < .001). Only three patients did not respond to selective irrigation of the sinuses and needed further surgery. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that sinus irrigation could provide a reasonable and effective alternative to ethmoidectomy with drainage procedures and offer promise for the treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who are resistant to medical treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Clinical aspects of dysosmia and presentation of European Olfactory Test of "sniffin sticks": a review].

The medical community has neglected olfactory dysfunction for a long time. However, over the last two decades, remarkable progress has been made in terms of understanding the sense of smell and both the assessment and diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction. Currently, there are only a few validated olfactory tests. The most commonly used one is the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test. Owing to its cultural biases, this test is mostly used in the United States. "Sniffin' Sticks" are one of the first European tests to be widely used. Since their development in 1996, they have been applied in numerous studies and have found increasing use in otolaryngology clinics. The goal of this article is to present Sniffin' Sticks and to provide a review of clinical olfactory research during recent years.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1996

Effects of corticosteroid therapy in non-allergic rhinosinusitis.

Corticosteroids have a multifactorial effect initiated by their binding to a specific cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor. At the cellular level there is a reduction in the number of antigen-presenting cells, in the number and activation and T cells, in the number of epithelial mast cells, and in the number and activation of eosinophils. Steroids have a proven effect on symptoms and signs in non-allergic rhinosinusitis with eosinophilia and in nasal polyposis. Topically applied drugs, studied in many controlled trials, reduce rhinitis symptoms, improved nasal breathing, reduce the size of polyps and their recurrence, but have a poor effect on the sense of smell and no direct effect on sinus pathology. Systemic steroids, less well studied, appear to have an effect on all types of symptoms and pathology, the sense of smell included. A short course of systemic steroids is as effective as polypectomy with a snare. Individualized management of nasal polyposis and non-allergic rhinosinusitis with eosinophilia may consist of long-term topical steroids, short-term systemic steroids, or surgery, in various combinations.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2000

The psychophysics of imagery.

A series of experiments considers the extent to which the interrelations among subjective magnitudes aroused by images corresponds to those for subjective magnitudes aroused by physical stimuli. In Experiment 1, 68 undergraduates typed phrases in response to graded categories regarding the imagined magnitude of lights, sounds, and smells. In Experiment 2, 5 undergraduates and, in Experiment 3, 3 graduate students then magnitude estimated the image intensity aroused by each of these stimulus phrases. In Experiments 4 and 5, the same subjects performed cross-modality matches between phrases arousing images for different attributes (light, sound, and smell). Statistical analysis indicates that estimates based on images display many of the same patterns as those based on physical stimuli. The major exception involves sequence effects, present for actual stimuli but not for images.

Arousal↗
PubMed2003

[Experience in nausea and vomiting of pregnancy(NVP) in woman: grounded theory approach].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore NVP process in woman. METHOD: This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin. The participant were 12 women selected by theoretical sampling. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recording over a period of five months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded in categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin' methodology. RESULT: NVP is caused by having an empty stomach and irritation of smell. NVP occur in connection with environmental change and overworking. The central incident about NVP in Woman were aggravation of physical condition and irritability of emotional state. Intervening condition that conclude action/interational strategies of NVP -Coping behavior is related to family support. Action/interational strategies to NVP-Coping in woman were dependence on medical treatment, change in food intake, rest, removal of smell, conversion in attention. NVP in woman result in ambivalence. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that the result of this study may contributed to the development NVP-coping strategy for woman. There is need to develop family support system and individualized care plan respect to food favorite.

English Abstract↗