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PubMed1990

Identification and anatomic categorization of the vascular patterns to the pelvic limb muscles of dogs.

The vascular patterns to pelvic limb muscles were studied in 6 dogs (12 limbs) to identify muscles most suitable for transposition in the treatment of large wounds. Gross dissection of injected specimens and angiography were used to identify the vascular pedicles. The vascular pedicles to several muscles were generally consistent, and any variations would not interfere with most muscle transfers. The cranial part of the sartorius, gracillis, semitendinosus, and rectus femoris muscles were identified as suitable candidates for transfer. The caudal part of the sartorius, cranial tibial, and long digital extensor muscles have segmentalized vascular patterns that would limit its arc of rotation.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of the separation of two thigh muscles in the chick.

Limb muscles separate from one another in a complex but highly stereotyped sequence and spatial pattern. The process of separation is characterized by the progression of a region of increased extracellular space, the cleavage zone, along the proximodistal axis between the individual muscle anlagen. We analyzed ultrastructurally the muscles and cleavage zone during the separation of two representative muscles, the developing sartorius and iliotibialis in the chick thigh, to establish an accurate baseline for an analysis of the mechanisms of separation. Comparisons of the morphology and distribution of cells before and after separation show no evidence that muscles became separated by the massive influx of an exterior cell population; if populations invade the cleavage zone, they are small. We do find characteristic transitions within the cell population of the cleavage zone in situ that could accomplish cleavage without invoking massive cell movements. These progressive transitions within the cleavage zone include a loss of close cell-cell interactions, an increase in extracellular space, the assumption of a more stellate morphology by mesenchyme cells, and a gradual alteration in the composition of the extracellular matrix from one typical of early muscle to one typical of loose connective tissue. Myotubes do differentiate between the incipient muscles, ruling out the possibility that the location where muscles will separate is defined by sites where myotubes fail to differentiate. Instead, the myotubes in the cleavage zone gradually diminish in number and appear to be specifically recognized and removed from the cleavage zone by phagocytes. We suggest that the transitions within the cleavage zone, including the loss of muscle cells, are a result of the progressive differentiation of loose connective tissue. If so, then the spatial pattern and process of cleavage is a consequence of spatially programmed cell differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Muscle MRI in adult-onset acid maltase deficiency.

We report the spectrum of muscle involvement on magnetic resonance imaging in 11 patients with a molecularly confirmed diagnosis of adult-onset acid maltase deficiency at different clinical stages. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging showed a selective progressive pattern of muscle involvement with a constant involvement of the adductor magnus and semimembranosus at the early stage of the disease and a later fatty infiltration of the long head of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and of the anterior thigh muscles. In the advanced phases a selective sparing of sartorius, rectus, and gracilis muscles and peripheral portions of the vastus lateralis was also evident. Muscle strength and magnetic resonance imaging findings were positively correlated. The results suggest that muscle magnetic resonance imaging may provide valuable diagnostic guidance for the assessment of accurate selective muscular involvement in acid maltase deficiency and may help monitor the progression of the disorder. Further control studies in a larger cohort are needed to evaluate the specificity of these findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Trans-osseous ilio-femoral by-pass. A new extra-anatomical by-pass.

A new extra-anatomical by-pass is described as an alternative procedure to solve complicated vascular problems in the groin. This trans-osseous ilio-femoral by-pass can be use in spite of classical extra-anatomical by-passes (obturator, perineal, supra-pubic, axillo-femoral). The proximal anastomosis can be performed on aorto-iliac homolateral axis by a retro-peritoneal approach. The by-pass is going externally on the psoas-iliac muscle, through the iliac aisle and then between the sartorius and gluteus medius muscle. Distal anastomosis can be performed on the profunda femoral artery or, with sequential by-pass, on multiple arteries of the leg. We have performed such a by-pass in 5 patients for femoral triangle infection (4 cases) or radiotherapeutic complication. One patient died after cardiac surgery, another has had a major amputation. Three by-passes are patent with a follow-up period of 2 years. This by-pass is easy to do, its route is short, deep (without neurological, bleeding or compressive risk) and far from an eventual infected common femoral artery.

Blood Vessel Prosthesis↗
PubMed1988

Changes in the 5.9 nm actin layer-line on activation of frog skeletal muscles.

The intensity changes of the actin layer-lines during activation of sartorius and overstretched semitendinosus muscles were measured by using a two-dimensional X-ray detector. In both muscles, the intensity of the 5.9 nm layer-line increased without a detectable shift in the peak position. The intensity of the second layer-line increased in both muscles by a similar amount. In semitendinosus muscle, a large intensity decrease of the first actin layer-line was observed. Model calculations suggest that these results are difficult to explain in terms of a simple steric blocking model of regulation involving only a movement of tropomyosin on the actin helix.

Actins↗
PubMed1988

Cause of changes in the thin filament-associated reflexions on activation of frog muscle--myosin binding or conformational change of actin.

Although the intensity increase of the 5.9 nm layer-line (5.9 L.L.) on activation can potentially be informative, systematic investigation is left to be done. The present study is aimed to assign the cause of the intensity increase. Using the synchrotron radiation, X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded from live sartorius or semitendinosus muscle of the frog (mostly at a temperature of 3-4 degrees C) either on the "Imaging Plates", a newly developed X-ray image recording system, or with the fast linear detector. The Imaging Plates enabled us to measure the disorientation of the thin filaments in the contracting muscle, so that the intensity profiles of the layer-lines were corrected for the disorientation. After the correction, a slight inward shift of the intensity peak of 5.9 L.L. was measured which is associated with the intensity increase on activation at 4 degrees C. At higher temperatures, 5.9 L.L. increases less. The extent of the intensity increase is linearly related to the sarcomere overlap, whereas the outer part of the 2nd actin layer-line (2nd L.L.) is as high as 60% at 10% overlap. The rise of the intensity of 5.9 L.L. is as fast as that of 2nd L.L., but much faster than the changes of the equatorial reflexions and the tension rise. Although these results do not let us assign the cause, some properties are elucidated of the structural change which causes the intensity increase.

Actins↗
PubMed1965

Osmotic properties of amphibian muscles.

Changes in the volume of fiber water in hypotonic and hypertonic Ringer's solution were determined for the sartorius, stomach, and cardiac muscle of the frog using two methods. Loss of water in hypertonic solutions was nearly the same in all muscles, but swelling in hypotonic solutions was greatest in the sartorius, smallest in the heart. For the sartorius the deviation from the properties of an osmometer can be accounted for by a loss of electrolyte and by assuming that a small part of the fiber water is bound, but this appears insufficient to explain the behavior of stomach and cardiac muscle in hypotonic solutions. In very dilute solutions of CaCl(2) and MgCl(2) a large difference in concentration of electrolytes is maintained between the fibers and the medium. Under these conditions divalent cations, accumulating in the fibers, produce a change in physical properties which indicates increased internal cross-linking. It is suggested, therefore, that swelling is limited as in a gel and that a considerable hydrostatic pressure may develop within the fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Transposition possibilities of pelvic muscles.

A total of 270 muscles, 45 of each of the six individual muscles studied (the sartorius m., the gracilis m., the semitendinous m., the semimembranous m., the greatest gluteal m., the internal obturator m.) were followed up with the aim of evaluating their length parameters and blood and nerve supply. The aim of the study has been to choose the muscle most suitable for transposition and reconstruction of the neosphincter. From the point of view of their anatomy, the internal obturator muscle has been found the most suitable for the purpose.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2005

Proposal of new category for congenital unilateral upper limb muscular hypertrophy.

According to congenital anomalies of the hand and forearm classifications, the common characteristic of overgrowth problems is the skeletal overgrowth of part or all of the hand. Congenital unilateral muscular hypertrophy of the upper extremity has been classified under the overgrowth (gigantism) problems as whole-limb hemihypertrophy. The common characteristic of overgrowth problems is the skeletal overgrowth of part or all of the hand, which is not prominent in these patients. Only 15 cases with this anomaly have been reported since 1962. These patients have abnormal muscles with hypertrophic appearance and changed tendon to muscle length ratio. This type of muscular hypertrophy shows an increase in the number of fibers in transverse section, as also seen in multiply innervated muscles like the sartorius and gracilis in humans. Although this phenomenon has a mosaic type distribution, there is no progression of the muscular hypertrophy during growth period. Hand deformities are not due to a part of progression of the disease but result of imbalance of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The evolutionary changes of skeletal muscles should be investigated to explain this congenital phenomenon and might be classified in a different entity from the present categories.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

[Skeletal muscle CT scan and ultrasound imaging in two siblings with central core disease].

The computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) imaging studies were performed on skeletal muscles of two siblings (5-year-old boy and 10-year-old girl) with central core disease. The appearance of low-density areas in muscles was remarkable at the levels of the 3rd lumbar vertebra (L3), the midthigh and the thickest part of legs. The muscles at the levels of L3 and thigh were more severely affected than those of legs. Especially, paravertebral muscles, m. vastus, m. sartorius, m. gracilis tended to be more severely affected. The muscles of the legs except m. soleus were well preserved. US imaging of the thigh revealed a marked increase of echogenicity of rectus muscle as well as opaque, indistinct changes of fascia and bone. In contrast, the CT finding of the rectus muscle was relatively well preserved.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Muscle sensory innervation patterns in embryonic chick hindlimbs following dorsal root ganglion reversal.

Previous studies suggest that sensory innervation of muscles is patterned by motor innervation. Muscle afferent projections mirror motor projections after various experimental manipulations and muscle afferents fail to project to muscle in the absence of motoneurons. It is not known, however, whether muscle afferents are specified with respect to the corresponding motoneurons or target muscles. To test this possibility we rotated three to four segments of neural crest in St. 15-17 chick embryos, leaving motoneurons intact, to reverse the rostrocaudal order of dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) T7/LS1-LS3. This caused sensory neurons derived from one segmental level to grow into the limb with motor axons from a different level. The resulting innervation patterns were assessed at St. 28-37 by injecting DiI and DiA into the sartorius and femorotibialis muscles or into the spinal cord and DRG. DiI labeling of crest prior to rotation showed that DRGs in the operated region were derived primarily from rotated cells. Muscle afferents from rotated DRGs grew to muscles in accord with their new rostrocaudal position, together with "inappropriate" motor axons from the same segmental level. The segmental distribution of sensory neurons innervating each muscle was more widespread in embryos operated at older than at younger stages. In contrast, sensory axons projected to the appropriate muscles in accord with their embryonic origin when segments of the whole neural tube, including motoneurons, were rotated, as reported previously. Thus, sensory neurons do not appear to be selectively matched with motoneurons or target muscles at stages when the corresponding motoneurons have clear identities.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

X-ray interference studies of crossbridge action in muscle contraction: evidence from quick releases.

We have used a high-resolution small angle X-ray scattering system, together with a high-performance CCD camera, on the BioCAT beamline at the APS synchrotron radiation facility at the Argonne National Laboratory, to study X-ray interference effects in the meridional reflections generated by the arrays of myosin crossbridges in contracting muscle. These give information about axial movements of the myosin heads during contraction with sub-nanometer resolution. Using whole intact muscle preparations (frog sartorius) we have been able to record the detailed behavior of M3 (the first order meridional reflection from the myosin crossbridges, at 14.56 nm) at each of a number of quick releases of increasing magnitude, on the same specimen, and at the same time make similar measurements on higher order myosin meridional reflections, particularly M6. The latter provides information about the dispersion of lever arm angles of the actin-attached myosin heads. The observations show that in isometric contraction the lever arm angles are dispersed through +/- 20-25 degrees on either side of a mean orientation that is about 60 degrees away from their orientation at the end of the working stroke: and that they move towards that orientation in synchronized fashion, with constant dispersion, during quick releases. The relationship between the shift in the interference fringes (which measures the shift of the myosin heads scattering mass towards the center of the sarcomere, and the changes in the total intensity of the reflections, which measures the changes in the axial profile of the heads, is consistent with the tilting lever arm mechanism of muscle contraction. Significant fixed contributions to the meridional reflections come from unattached myosin heads and from backbone components of the myosin filaments, and the interaction of these with the contributions from actin-attached myosin heads determines the behavior of these reflections.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Laser revascularization of ischemic skeletal muscle.

BACKGROUND: Clinical trials have shown that transmyocardial laser revascularization is an effective secondary treatment for ischemic heart disease patients. Laser revascularization may also provide an alternative method for treating peripheral vascular disease. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential for laser revascularization in ischemic skeletal muscle. Eighteen rabbits (3-4 kg) were instrumented chronically with transit time ultrasound flowprobes on both common iliac arteries. All rabbits performed graded exercise tests on a treadmill where maximal blood flow was recorded. Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was produced by ligation of one femoral artery. At week 3 postligation, 10 rabbits received laser therapy and 8 underwent a sham surgery. In each of four muscles (gracilius, medialis, sartorius, and biceps femoris) 5 to 22 laser channels were created (average = 52 channels per leg). RESULTS: At week 3 postligation the maximal blood flow of the ischemic limb for the treated group was 64 +/- 3 ml/min (mean +/- SEM) and at 6 weeks postlaser therapy maximal blood flow increased to 75 +/- 5 ml/min. The sham surgery group had a maximal blood flow of 58 +/- 4 ml/min at week 3 postligation and 66 +/- 3 ml/min at week 6 postsham surgery. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that laser therapy does not induce angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in the ischemic hindlimb of a rabbit which exceeds that seen with a sham surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Regeneration of frog twitch and slow muscle fibers after mincing.

Iliofibularis muscles of Rana temporaria were minced and allowed to regenerate in the iliofibularis or the sartorius bed of the same frog. Regenerated muscles were examined for the presence of slow muscle fibers using electrophysiologic, histochemical, and contractile parameters. Muscle regeneration from sartorius mince was also studied. Regeneration was more successful from iliofibularis than from sartorius mince, and the iliofibularis bed was more favorable for regeneration than the sartorius bed for both types of muscle. Twitch fibers regenerated within a few months, but slow fibers could not be identified earlier than 14 months after muscle destruction. Slow muscle fibers regenerated only from iliofibularis mince, both orthotopically and heterotopically. All regenerates capable of maintaining a K-contracture contained histochemically identified slow fibers; the membrane properties of electrophysiologically identified slow fibers were normal. It is concluded that slow muscle fibers regenerate only from the remnants of a muscle that contains slow fibers. The results are discussed with respect to the role of innervating nerve fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Release of cobalt and nickel from a new total finger joint prosthesis made of vitallium.

An in vivo study of a new total finger joint prosthesis was performed to evaluate a biological ingrowth system of attachment of the device to bone. The prosthesis consisted of two conical ribbed ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene plugs that were fixed by impaction into the medullary cavity after reaming. A cobalt--chromium alloy metal stemmed hinge slides inside the plugs with the joint articulation at the end of the stem. The focus of this study was to measure the concentration of cobalt and nickel in the serum, erythrocytes, and periarticular tissue (muscle from the sartorius and vastus medialis) resulting from the implantation of this device in the knee of the cat for periods of up to 1 year. The results indicate significant elevation in serum cobalt concentrations only after 5 months and increased concentrations in serum nickel which, were more pronounced after two months. Column chromatographic separations on cross-linked Dextran (G-200) shows a different distribution across the three principal protein peaks for each metal.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effects of aldrin-transdiol on neuromuscular facilitation and depression.

The effects of aldrin-transdiol, one of the active metabolites of the insecticide dieldrin, on evoked transmitter release, neuromuscular facilitation and neuromuscular depression have been studied in frog sartorius nerve-muscle preparations. Conventional techniques of intracellular recordings were used. Aldrin-transdiol caused a marked increase in end-plate potential amplitude under conditions of low quantal content, i.e., in Mg2+-blocked junctions. The increase in end-plate potential amplitude was less pronounced in curarized junctions, in which the transmitter release was not impaired. Concomitant with the increase in end-plate potential size there was a marked enhancement of facilitation during short trains of stimuli applied to the motor nerve. The decay of facilitation was, however, not seriously affected by aldrin-transdiol. These effects may be explained in terms of the known 'calcium hypothesis' by assuring that aldrin-transdiol increases the amount of calcium which enters the nerve terminal during the nerve impulse. The increase in end-plate potential amplitude and in facilitation by aldrin-transdiol was transient. At later stages of poisoning, end-plate potential and facilitation decreased below control level and neuromuscular depression was significantly enhanced. This latter effect may be the result of a direct inhibitory effect of aldrin-transdiol on transmitter mobilization. As far as the fall in end-plate potential amplitude is concerned the known suppressive action of aldrin-transdiol on the chemical sensitivity of the postsynaptic membrane and on the nerve action potential probably plays a part as well. Finally, neuromuscular transmission was completely blocked by aldrin-transdiol.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1985

Effects of guanethidine and phenethylguanidine on the frog neuromuscular junction.

The effects of two guanidine derivatives, guanethidine and phenethylguanidine (2-phenyl-ethyl-guanidine), on neuromuscular transmission in the sartorius nerve-muscle preparation of the frog, Rana pipiens, were investigated. Both compounds decreased the peak height of the evoked end-plate current (EPC). The decay of the EPC was changed from a single exponential to a double exponential. The effects of both compounds on the EPC peak height increased with hyperpolarization, and the peak EPC/membrane voltage relationship thus became non-linear. The absence of an effect on the mean quantal content (m) indicated that the two compounds acted postsynaptically. The power spectrum of the ACh-induced noise was changed by guanethidine from a single Lorentzian to a double Lorentzian curve. The single channel conductance was decreased with hyperpolarization. It was concluded from these observations that guanethidine is an open channel blocker. Phenethylguanidine shifted the cut-off frequency of the ACh-induced noise to a higher frequency. However, the power spectrum showed only a single Lorentzian, and there was a lack of low frequency component in the power spectrum, which was expected from the decay phase of the EPC. The single channel conductance decreased, but in contrast to the case of guanethidine, there was no voltage dependency. The possible mechanism of action of phenethylguanidine is discussed.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1984

The interaction of anticholinesterase agents with the acetylcholine receptor-ionic channel complex.

The actions of pyridostigmine (Pyr), a quaternary carbamate compound, and physostigmine ( Phy ), a tertiary carbamate, both known for their reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), were studied on the electrically excitable membrane and acetylcholine (ACh) receptor of the frog cutaneous pectoris, sartorius, and interosseal muscles, as well as the chronically denervated soleus muscle of the rat and myoballs from neonatal rats. Both Pyr and Phy first potentiated, then depressed and finally blocked the indirectly evoked muscle twitch. Pyr and Phy had negligible effects upon either membrane potential or muscle action potential. But at the synaptic junction, they decreased the peak amplitude of the endplate current (EPC) in a voltage- and concentration-dependent manner. Pyridostigmine produced a marked prolongation of the decay time constants of both the EPC and the miniature endplate current ( MEPC ), while maintaining a single exponential decay, and Phy decreased peak amplitude, while having little effect on its voltage dependence. Physostigmine also decreased the decay time constant, suggesting a channel block, presumably in open state. Single channel recordings using patch clamp techniques disclosed that Pyr interacts with the ACh receptor as a weak agonist capable of inducing desensitization, alone, and when combined with ACh. Physostigmine interacts directly with the ACh-ionic channel complex, blocking it in open conformation.

Action Potentials↗