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PubMed2002

Hematology and clinical chemistry in dystocic and healthy post-reproductive female chameleons.

Prevalence of egg-laying disorders and hematology and blood chemical parameters were analyzed in free-ranging common chameleons (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) from southern Spain. During four reproductive seasons oviposition failures occurred only during dry years. Egg binding appeared to be an important cause of mortality. Oviductal eggs of dystocic females were longer and wider than those of females with normal oviposition. Blood cell counts, white blood cell differentials, hematocrit, and concentration of hemoglobin, total plasma protein, glucose, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine phosphokinase in blood were determined for eight apparently healthy post-reproductive females and considered as reference values. These chameleons differed from other reptiles in high concentrations of glucose in blood, averaging 362 mg/dl, and in high numbers of heterophils. Females with dystocia differed from reference values in an increase in monocytes and in the high concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase probably associated with tissue trauma.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The Stein-Leventhal syndrome: a neuropituitary disorder.

Hypothalamic and pituitary gonadotropin function and responsiveness in four patients with well-documented Stein-Leventhal syndrome were studied. All patients were of reproductive age and had had menstrual disorders since menarche. Estrogen production was assessed by measuring the circulating levels of immunoreactive estradiol, by vaginal smears, and by the progestogen-induced menses test. Gonadotropin function was evaluated by measuring the serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in blood samples obtained at 15-minute intervals for 150 minutes. Pituitary gonadotropin reserve and responsiveness were studied by giving an intravenous bolus of synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) and measuring the circulating gonadotropin levels before and after the injection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis to prevent disorders in children.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an alternative reproductive option for couples at risk of having a child affected with a genetic disorder. Although prenatal diagnosis (PND) has been available for many years, it is not acceptable to many owing to issues relating to termination of pregnancy. PGD involves assisted-reproductive technology, even though most couples undertaking it are fertile. However, if the treatment is successful, the couple will not have to consider PND. PGD is only available at a small number of centres and for a limited number of genetic conditions. It is a complex and time-consuming procedure. The success rate is around 20%, consequently, there is a relatively low chance of success and this requires careful consideration by couples who generally can become spontaneously pregnant. However, PGD is now more widely understood and available to all at the point of referral. This article sets out to explain the PGD procedure, its implications, limitations, and regulation in the UK and to discuss associated dilemmas.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Time reproduction in finger tapping tasks by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or dyslexia.

AIM: Deficits in timing and sequencing behaviour in children with dyslexia and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have already been identified. However many studies have not controlled for comorbidity between dyslexia and ADHD. This study investigated timing performance of children with either dyslexia or ADHD, or ADHD + dyslexia or unaffected children using a finger tapping paradigm. METHOD: Four groups of children (ADHD x Dyslexia) with a total of 68 children were compared using a four factorial design with two between-subject factors (ADHD (yes/no), dyslexia (yes/no)) and two within-subject factors, inter-stimulus interval (263, 500, 625, 750, 875 and 1000 ms) and tapping condition (free tapping, synchronous tapping, and unpaced tapping). In addition the complexity of rhythm reproduction pattern (unpaced tapping) was varied (simple/complex). RESULTS: No significant differences were found either in the ability of the ADHD or the dyslexia groups to sustain a self-chosen free tapping rate or to generate a stable inter-response interval either by synchronising to a signal or in reproducing a given interval without the previous pacing signal. Response averages showed the expected asynchrony and variability. In rhythm pattern reproduction the groups did not differ significantly in their ability to reproduce rhythms. However, a significant two way interaction effect between dyslexia and complexity was apparent indicating that the difference in levels of performance for simple versus complex rhythms was more pronounced for dyslexia than for the two other groups. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that motor timing ability in the millisecond range below 1000 ms in children with ADHD and/or dyslexia is intact. The performance of the comorbid group was revealed to be similar to the performance of the single disorder groups, but both the dyslexic groups were relatively worse than either the ADHD-only or the unimpaired group at reproducing complex versus simple rhythms.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2006

Premenstrual disorders: prevalence, etiology and impact.

Millions of reproductive-age U.S. women experience premenstrual symptoms with varying degrees of severity. The large number and variety of premenstrual symptoms reported have made premenstrual disorders difficult to characterize. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the etiology of premenstrual symptoms. Some women appear to have a genetic predisposition toward severe premenstrual symptoms or to have vulnerability traits that increase their risk. It has been suggested that 1 or more neurotransmitters and/or neurohormonal systems in certain women may have an abnormal response to normal fluctuations in gonadal hormones across the menstrual cycle. Premenstrual disorders can have a significant negative impact on a woman's quality of life and work productivity.

Female↗
PubMed2002

LH and FSH receptor mutations and their effects on puberty.

Several mutations have been detected in the genes encoding the gonadotrophin receptors, and their phenotypic effects are observed in sexual differentiation, pubertal development and fertility of the affected individuals. Both activating and inactivating mutations are known for the gonadotrophin receptors. These mutations are rare, but they are very elucidating with respect to the details of gonadotrophin action, as well as clarifying the molecular pathogenesis of certain disorders in the development of reproductive functions. Proper diagnosis of these conditions by molecular biological techniques makes it possible to offer specific treatment for patients and proper counselling for patients and their families.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Porcine circoviruses: a review.

Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are small nonenveloped DNA viruses containing a unique single-stranded circular genome. Previously, no recognized link was found between PCV infection of pigs and disease, and PCV was considered a nonpathogenic agent. Over the last 5 years, a "novel" PCV, designated PCV2, has been associated with various disease syndromes in pigs, primarily postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Pigs with PMWS have a variety of clinical signs, including debility, dyspnea, palpable lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, and pallor or icterus. Lesions associated with the presence of PCV2 in a variety of cell types include lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, enteritis, and pancreatitis. The lesions of PMWS have been reproduced experimentally after inoculation of piglets with PCV2 cell culture isolates, although the full expression of the disease syndrome may require the presence of other agents such as porcine parvovirus or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Recent reports have linked PCV2 to other disorders in pigs, ranging from abortion and reproductive failure to "atypical" PRRS. Available data indicate high seroprevalence of antibodies to PCV2 worldwide. The diagnosis of PCV2-associated disease is based on the direct demonstration of PCV2 antigens or nucleic acid in affected tissues. PCV2 is now regarded as an important emerging pathogen. Although vertical transmission has been documented, the epidemiology of PCV2 infections is poorly understood, as is the role of the immune response in controlling or augmenting disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Polycystic ovary syndrome and valproic acid].

INTRODUCTION: The reproductive functions of epileptic females often display alterations. This dysfunction can be due to psychological, physiological or pharmacological factors. These women have been described as having, for example, a higher incidence of anovulatory cycles, infertility, alterations affecting the hypothalamic or pituitary hormones and the peripheral sex hormones. The greater incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome is subject to debate, since the prevalence varies according to the eligibility criteria used for the syndrome. DEVELOPMENT: The series that show a positive relation between polycystic ovary syndrome and epilepsy tend to understand it to be a side effect of antiepileptic medication, especially valproic acid. Two theories are considered: it has a direct action on the sex hormones or hyperinsulinism that is secondary to weight gain. As neurologists, in our daily practice we must show concern for the conceive. Moreover, we must determine the baseline reproductive hormonal functioning of the epileptic female before beginning antiepileptic therapy, provide laboratory backed evidence of any sexual function disorder and refer them to the reproductive and sexual health of epileptic women. To do so, we need a patient record that is aimed at detecting possible problems, with special attention being given to the warning signs , such as changes in weight, variations of the menstrual cycles or mid cycle bleeding, the appearance of androgynous obesity, signs of virilisation, miscarriages or difficulties to endocrinologist or gynaecologist. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge about both pathologies will enable us to modify antiepileptic therapy if the relation it has with them is confirmed, since this side effect could be reversible.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1997

Contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity in Istanbul.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Istanbul to investigate the relationship between contraceptive choice and reproductive morbidity. Altogether, 918 women who had ever used any means of avoiding pregnancy were interviewed at home, and, among these, 694 parous nonpregnant women were examined by three female physicians. The women were aware of bearing a considerable burden of ill health, with 81 percent reporting at least one episode of illness in the three months prior to the interview. Current users of the intrauterine device were significantly more likely than users of other methods to report menstrual disorders, but pelvic relaxation and reproductive and urinary tract infections, whether perceived or diagnosed, were not significantly related to any of the contraceptive methods. The relatively small amount of switching between methods suggests that most users tended to stay with the same method once chosen and that health concerns played an important part only in the initial choice of the method.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[The effectiveness of hysteroscopic intrauterine septum resection in terms of reproductive outcome].

Uterine septum is the major intrauterine disorder associated with infertility and recurrent abortions. The aim of the study was to find out what is the effectiveness of hysteroscopic intrauterine septum resection in terms of reproductive outcome and in comparison with conventional procedure. The mean follow up period was 18 +/- 8.3 months. The pregnancy wastage before operation in study group was 79% and decreased to 45% after hysteroscopic treatment. Hysteroscopic resection of intrauterine septum is the treatment of choice for patients suffering from infertility or recurrent pregnancy wastage.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Genetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of male infertility: recommendations for genetic counseling and screening.

OBJECTIVE: To review the most clinically significant genetic disorders associated with severe oligospermia and azoospermia in males, and to present recommendations for the genetic counseling and screening of infertile males and their partners before undertaking intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)-assisted reproduction. DESIGN: The literature on genetic disorders associated with severe oligospermia and azoospermia was reviewed, and the most recent outcome data from surveys of ICSI-derived offspring are presented. Studies related to this topic were identified through MEDLINE. RESULT(S): Genetic disorders are not infrequent causes of severe oligospermia and azoospermia in males undergoing ICSI-assisted reproduction. The application of ICSI in the treatment of oligospermic or azoospermic males may result in the transmission or de novo introduction of genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities in their offspring. Genetic counseling and appropriate screening of couples with male infertility should be performed before their undertaking ICSI-assisted reproduction. CONCLUSIONS: An understanding of the genetic risks and possible consequences that are inherent when ICSI is used to assist fertilization in couples with male infertility is necessary for clinicians and their patients.

Cytoplasm↗
PubMed1988

Attitudes of genetic counselors: a multinational survey.

Of 1,053 medical geneticists in 18 nations 677 (64%) returned questionnaires on their views on the importance of seven goals of genetic counseling, the appropriateness of five directive/nondirective approaches to counseling, and their choices of action in four situations involving directive/nondirective counseling. The majority (92%-94%) regarded nondirective approaches as appropriate; their views on both goals and approaches were similar to those reported in an earlier survey of 205 genetic counselors in the United States. In clinical situations involving presentation of reproductive options to carriers of disorders not diagnosable prenatally, 74%-85% would present contraception, sterilization, taking one's chances, artificial insemination donor (AID), or adoption as options even if not asked; 66% would present in vitro fertilization (IVF) with a donor egg; and 46% (67% in the United States) would present surrogate motherhood. In regard to three situations involving fetuses with low-burden disorders (Turner syndrome, XYY, and a possible small neural tube defect), 84%-88% would counsel nondirectively. Stepwise logistic regression analyses on professional and personal background variables showed that gender was related, cross-nationally, to self-reported directiveness in counseling, with men more likely than women to regard directive approaches as appropriate, more likely to give advice about fetuses with low-burden disorders, and more likely to present either IVF with donor egg or surrogate motherhood as options. Social and ethical implications of this widespread acceptance of nondirective counseling are discussed.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Compulsive-like behaviour according to the sex and the reproductive stage of female rats.

The aim of the present study was to explore putative differences in the responses assessed in an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) according to the sex and the reproductive cycle of female rats. The model consists of the induction of perseveration (repetitive choices of the same arm in a T-maze) by 8-OH-DPAT (1.0mg/kg). Males and females (pooled in all stages of their oestrous cycle) persevered after 8-OH-DPAT administration and no differences were observed between groups. During the oestrous cycle, this 5-HT(1A) agonist induced perseveration in metoestrus, dioestrus and prooestrus and reduced levels of this behaviour in oestrus. 8-OH-DPAT provoked perseveration in mid-gestation, an effect that was reduced in late-gestation and blocked during lactation. Reproductive cycle changes in the induced perseveration are discussed from the standpoint of the ovarian steroids' action on the serotoninergic system and on the bases of the variations in stress responsiveness along the reproductive cycle of the female. Present results validate the use of females in this model of OCD and could be relevant for studying the role of reproductive hormones in the pathophysiology of this disorder.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed2000

Danazol for pelvic pain associated with endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue (stromal and glandular) outside the normal uterine cavity. Conventional medical and surgical treatments for endometriosis aim to remove or decrease deposits of ectopic endometrium. The observation that hyperandrogenic states (an excess of male hormone) induce atrophy of the endometrium has led to the use of androgens in the treatment of endometriosis. Danazol is one of these treatments used. The efficacy of danazol is based on its ability to produce a high androgen/low estrogen environment (a pseudo menopause) which results in the atrophy of endometriotic implants and thus an improvement in painful symptoms. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of danazol compared to placebo or no treatment in the treatment of the symptoms and signs, other than infertility, of endometriosis in women of reproductive age. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Menstrual Disorders Group search strategy was used to identify randomised controlled trials of the use of danazol in endometriosis. In addition, all reference lists of included trials were searched, and relevant drug companies were contacted for details of unpublished trials SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in which danazol (alone or as adjunctive therapy) was compared to placebo or no therapy. Trials which only reported infertility outcomes were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Only four trials met the inclusion criteria and two authors extracted data independently from these trials. All four trials compared danazol to placebo. Two trials used danazol as sole therapy and two trials used danazol as an adjunct to surgery. Although the main outcome was pain improvement other data relating to laparoscopic scores and hormonal parameters were also collected. MAIN RESULTS: Treatment with danazol (including adjunctive surgical therapy) was effective in relieving painful symptoms related to endometriosis when compared to placebo. Laparoscopic scores were improved with danazol treatment (including adjunctive therapy) when compared with either placebo or no treatment. Side effects were more commonly reported in those patients receiving danazol than placebo. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Danazol is effective in treating the symptoms and signs of endometriosis. However, its use is limited by the occurrence of androgenic side effects.

Danazol↗
PubMed2004

Sexual and reproductive behaviors among persons with mental illness.

For this study, 200 women and men with a major mood disorder or schizophrenia were interviewed about their sexual and reproductive behaviors. The responses of the women and men were compared with those of persons from a national health survey who were matched for age and race. Compared with women from the national survey, women with mental illness had fewer pregnancies and live births but were more likely to have had a pregnancy that did not result in a live birth. Women with mental illness had more lifetime sexual partners. The findings suggest that clinicians should pay attention to patients' sexual and reproductive health.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The use of reproductive hormones in canine reproduction.

Naturally produced and synthetically prepared reproductive hormones are frequently employed as pharmaceuticals in canine reproduction. Specific indications for the use of these preparations are few; too often hormonal therapies are used incorrectly and at times deleteriously. Appropriate uses of reproductive hormones are based on known physiological mechanisms in order to improve reproductive efficiency or to treat specific disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Luteal phase defect. Etiology, diagnosis, and management.

Luteal phase defect is an ovulatory disorder of considerable clinical importance that is implicated in infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. As a subtle disruption of ovulatory or luteal function, it may be the most common ovulatory disorder in women. Pathophysiologic alterations of the complex reproductive process that lead to delayed endometrial maturation characteristic of LPD include disordered folliculogenesis, defective corpus luteum function, and abnormal luteal rescue by the early pregnancy. A variety of clinical conditions, such as hyperprolactinemia, hyperandrogenic states, weight loss, stress, and athletic training may result not in overt oligo- or anovulation, but rather may be manifest as LPD. Reasonable consensus exists regarding the use of endometrial biopsy for diagnosis of LPD, although issues regarding timing, number of samples needed, method of interpretation, and the adjunctive use of hormone assay and ultrasonography are still not settled. Other tests, including assay of progesterone-associated endometrial protein, analysis of decidual steroid receptors, or determination of decidual prolactin production, may in the future contribute to the accurate diagnosis of this condition. In the absence of an identifiable correctable underlying cause of LPD, progesterone replacement and clomiphene citrate are the usual treatment options for consideration. Combination therapy, gonadotropins, and other treatments are reserved for refractory cases. No data at present suggest a difference in efficacy between progesterone and clomiphene. When abnormal luteal endometrial biopsy is corrected, conception and live birth rates are high.

Biopsy↗