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Is an outpatient appointment required for patients referred for a minor operation under local anaesthetic?

The necessity of an outpatient (OP) consultation for patients referred for minor surgery under local anaesthetic (LA) was examined. Two separate prospective studies were performed. The first comprised 107 patients referred for minor surgery, who were assessed in the outpatient department (OPD), before being booked for minor operations. The second study comprised 106 patients whose names were placed directly on a minor operations list on the basis of the GP referral letter alone. In the first study, 97 (91 per cent) patients went on to undergo minor surgery. Five were not suitable for LA and in five an operation was considered unnecessary. Patients not suitable for LA included children, neck swellings, pre-auricular swellings and swellings described as lymph nodes. In the second study, the GP referral letters were screened to exclude the above and of 106 referrals 93 (88 per cent) underwent a minor operation. The benefit of the second study was twofold. First, 106 OP slots were available for other referrals and secondly, patients avoided the OP waiting list and did not lose time from work as a result of the OP visit. There were no adverse effects demonstrated during the second study. We believe the OP consultation can be avoided if the referral letters are carefully screened.

Ambulatory Surgical Procedures↗

[4 years of Microbiología SEM (1994-1997)].

Different aspects of Microbiología SEM editorial process over the years 1994-1997 are analyzed: number of originals received, the process leading to their publication, rates of accepted and refused papers, time needed for each step of the editorial process--which comprises scientific, language editing, if needed--, as well as some characteristics that can define the patterns of the articles, such as number of authors, institutions where the authors work and mean number of references. The contents of the different sections (editorial, research and review articles, perspectives, opinion, books review) are commented on, as well as the role played by some of them as forums for the discussion of topics of current scientific interest, especially the editorials focusing on the state-of-the-art of microbiological research in Latin American countries. Characteristics and frequency of monographic issues are also presented. The information is complemented with data about the circulation and distribution of the journal, its inclusion in international indexes and its current electronic publication on the world wide web.

Bibliometrics↗

[Direct booking of legal abortions by general practitioners to the surgery department--a pilot study].

In order to facilitate the referral procedure for legal abortion, 26 GPs (34% of all GPs in the region) were given the opportunity to book patients directly to the operating unit, without an outpatient' visit to the gynaecology clinic. Thirty-eight patients booked directly to the operating unit by their GP for a legal abortion were compared to 144 patients referred in the same period of time, in the usual procedure to the outpatients' clinic. The number of legal abortions carried out, reasons for abortions cancelled, problems with the referral procedure and complications were registered. There were no differences between the two groups regarding the percentage of legal abortions carried out, the reasons for cancelled operations, problems with the referral procedure or operative complications. Direct-booking of legal abortion by the GP to the operating unit seems to be a safe and convenient alternative to the referral through a gynaecological outpatients' clinic. Further large scale studies are needed in this new field of communication.

Abortion, Legal↗

[Interuniversity Medical Library in Paris (BIUM) Collection of the Polish theses for doctor degrees].

The study consist of two parts. The first refers to the history and the present of Medical Library in Paris - one of the richest European medical book libraries, containing among others collection gathered by Medical Faculty and the Royal Medical Society since 1391. An abridged description of its edifice in the University of René Descartes, interior decorations of its main hall and opened quarters, as well as exhibits of the Museum of Medicine History is given. Author rises merits of professor Pierre Süe - surgeon and librarian - rendered by rescue of the library dismembered during the revolution of 1789. Here we shall find references of the most valuable incunabula and rare prints of the collection, distinctive for particular periods of progress in medicine and printing art. The second part of study contains information about unique collection of doctor theses presented in Medical Faculty since 1539 to 1778, and dissertations from Montpellier, Strasbourg and universities abroad - up to 1778. Particularly important seem to be titles of 32 theses prepared by the Polish authors awarding doctor degrees in Paris in the years 1890-1900 retrieved by the author, as completing in this field the Stanislas Konopka's Polish Medical Bibliography of XIX century (vol. IX, article: Doctor Theses - Paris).

Academic Dissertations as Topic↗

Open-book tests to complement assessment-programmes: analysis of open and closed-book tests.

Today's health sciences educational programmes have to deal with a growing and changing amount of knowledge. It is becoming increasingly important for students to be able to use and manage knowledge. We suggest incorporating open-book tests in assessment programmes to meet these changes. This view on the use of open-book tests is discussed and the influence on test quality is examined. To cope with the growing amount of medical knowledge, we have divided the body of knowledge into core knowledge, which students must know without need for references, and backup knowledge, which students need to understand and use properly with the help of references if so desired. As a result, all tests consist of a subtest for reproduction and understanding of core knowledge (a closed-book test) and a subtest for the ability to understand and manage backup knowledge (an open-book test). Statistical data from 14 such double-subtest exams for first and second-year students were analyzed for two cohorts (N = 435 and N = 449) with multilevel analysis, in accordance with generalizability theory. The reliability of the open and closed-book sections of the separate tests varied between 0.712 and 0.850. The open-book items reduce reliability somewhat. The estimated disattenuated correlation was 0.960 and 0.937 for cohorts 1 and 2 respectively. It is concluded that the use of open-book items with closed-book items slightly decreases test reliability but the overall index is acceptable. In addition, open and closed-book sections are strongly positively related. Therefore, open-book tests could be helpful in complementing today's assessment programmes.

Cohort Studies↗

The kidneys in the Bible: what happened?

The kidneys, always used in the plural (kelayot), are mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible. In the Pentateuch, the kidneys are cited 11 times in the detailed instructions given for the sacrificial offering of animals at the altar. Whereas those instructions were for purification ceremonies at the Temple, sacrificial offerings were made subsequently in seeking divine intervention for the relief of medical problems. In the books of the Bible that follow the Pentateuch, mostly in Jeremiah and Psalms, the human kidneys are cited figuratively as the site of temperament, emotions, prudence, vigor, and wisdom. In five instances, they are mentioned as the organs examined by God to judge an individual. They are cited either before or after but always in conjunction with the heart as mirrors of the psyche of the person examined. There is also reference to the kidneys as the site of divine punishment for misdemeanors, committed or perceived, particularly in the book of Job, whose suffering and ailments are legendary. In the first vernacular versions of the Bible in English, the translators elected to use the term "reins" instead of kidneys in differentiating the metaphoric uses of human kidneys from that of their mention as anatomic organs of sacrificial animals burned at the altar. This initial effort at linguistic purity or gentility has progressed further in recent versions of the Bible, in which the reins are now replaced by the soul or the mind. The erosion may have begun in the centuries that followed the writing of the Bible, when recognition of the kidneys as excretory organs deprived them of the ancient aura of mysterious organs hidden deep in the body but accessible to the look of God. At approximately the same time, Greek analytical philosophy argued that the brain, which is never mentioned in the Bible, was the most divine and sacred part of the body. This argument gained ground in the past century, when the functions of the brain were elucidated, and ultimately established in the 1960s, when salvaging the kidneys for transplantation necessitated a change in the definition of death as irreversible brain function. It is ironic that advances in understanding kidney function and in nephrology that made kidney transplantation feasible may have contributed, albeit indirectly, to the gradual elimination of the metaphoric mention of human kidneys in the Bible.

Animals↗

["Spoils of war"--losses of the Berlin Veterinary Medicine Library in 1945].

All the German veterinary libraries suffered heavy losses during World War II and its aftermath, but the Berlin Veterinary Faculty, whose library was known until 1945 as the biggest veterinary book collection of the world, was exceedingly affected. The reports on the damage during these years note losses of up to 35,000 or 43,000 of nearly 60,000 books. Actually, diverse papers did mention this fact but they concealed the underlying causes of the losses or simply referred to effects of war. However, new evidence allows to claim, that most of the losses have been caused by a very different measure: the confiscation of parts of the library by units of the Soviet Army in May and June 1945 as spoils of war. Eye witnesses and unpublished official as well as unofficial reports show that the choice as to what books should be seized was purposefully made according to special criteria: the most modern specialists' literature (journals and books) and the rare books of bibliophilic value. The library lost important parts of its stock: medical books, parts of the irreplaceable historical collection in veterinary medicine, the foreign language books, the biggest part of the natural science literature (physics, chemistry, biology with botany and zoology) and books on adjacent fields of interest (geography and travel literature, belles lettres, history, philosophy and so on). This contribution deals with the events during the weeks before and after VE day and the course of measures taken in selecting and expropriating the books mentioned above. It is intended to invite additional contemporary witnesses who might bei knowledgeable about these events to help in specifying them more precisely and clearing open questions, which still remain.

Animals↗

The Ram's Horn: the commonplace book of Dr. Earle Parkhill Scarlett.

Dr. Earle Scarlett (1896-1982) was "a man for all sasons:" he was a flourishing internist in Calgary, Alta., and a proud, self-confessed "medical truant." One of his greatest accomplishments was his written work; he published over 500 articles in several journals. His passion for books and reading gave rise to his commonplace book, The Ram's Horn. He used this collection of poems, prose, quotations, thoughts, and ideas as a source for his articles, most of which focused on historical and philosophical matters, and were rich in references to literary figures, mythology, and the Bible. The Ram's Horn contains writings that he deemed to be worthwhile and enjoyed reading over again. This book gives insight into the writings and interests of Scarlett, and in his words. "sound[s] a full-blooded compliment to [his] life."

Canada↗

Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: People with sickle cell disease are particularly susceptible to infection. Infants and very young children are especially vulnerable, and the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease observed an incidence rate of 10 per 100 patient years of pneumococcal septicaemia in children under the age of three. Vaccines, including customary pneumococcal vaccines, may be of limited use in this age group. Therefore, prophylactic penicillin regimes may be advisable for this population. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of prophylactic antibiotic regimes for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group specialist trials register which comprises references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches, hand searching relevant journals and hand searching abstract books of conference proceedings. Date of the most recent search: December 2001. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing prophylactic antibiotics to prevent pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease with placebo, no treatment or a comparator drug. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Both reviewers independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials were identified by the initial search, of which three trials met the inclusion criteria. All of the included trials showed a reduced risk of infection in children with sickle cell disease (SS or Sb0Thal) receiving prophylactic penicillin. For initiation of treatment the odds ratio was 0.37 (95% CI 0.16, 0.86), and for withdrawal OR= 0.49 (95% CI 0.09, 2.71). Adverse drug effects were rare and minor. Rates of pneumococcal infection were found to be relatively low in children over the age of five. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic penicillin significantly reduces risk of pneumococcal infection in children with homozygous sickle cell disease, and is associated with minimal adverse reactions. Further research may help to determine the ideal age to safely withdraw penicillin.

Adolescent↗

Anticonvulsants for preventing seizures in patients with chronic subdural haematoma.

BACKGROUND: Anticonvulsant therapy is sometimes used prophylactically in patients with chronic subdural haematoma, although the benefit is unclear. OBJECTIVES: To establish the effectiveness of prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with chronic subdural haematoma, for both pre- and post-operative periods. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Injuries Group Specialised Register, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons Database and abstract books of conference proceedings of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. We also searched the references of all identified studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials comparing any anticonvulsant versus placebo or no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: No trials met the inclusion criteria for the review. MAIN RESULTS: No randomised, controlled trials were identified. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: No formal recommendations can be made about the use of prophylactic anticonvulsants in patients with chronic subdural haematoma based on the literature currently available. Non-controlled studies came up with conflicting results. There is an urgent need for well-designed randomised controlled trials.

Anticonvulsants↗

Disclosing a diagnosis of dementia: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The issue of diagnostic disclosure in dementia has been debated extensively in professional journals, but empirical data concerning disclosure in dementia has not previously been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVE: To review empirical data regarding diagnostic disclosure in dementia. METHODS: Five electronic databases were searched up to September 2003 (Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science). Additional references were identified through hand searches of selected journals and bibliographies of relevant articles and books. The title and abstract of each identified paper were reviewed independently by two reviewers against pre-determined inclusion criteria: original data about disclosure were presented and the paper was in English. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion until consensus was reached. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers using a structured abstraction form. Data quality were not formally assessed although each study was critically reviewed in terms of methodology, sampling criteria, response rates and appropriateness of analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-nine papers met the inclusion criteria for detailed review. Many of the studies had methodological shortcomings. The studies reported wide variability in all areas of beliefs and attitudes to diagnostic disclosure and reported practice. Studies of the impact of disclosure indicate both negative and positive consequences of diagnostic disclosure for people with dementia and their carers. CONCLUSIONS: Existing evidence regarding diagnostic disclosure in dementia is both inconsistent and limited with the perspectives of people with dementia being largely neglected. This state of knowledge seems at variance with current guidance about disclosure.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Minimally invasive abdominal surgery: lux et veritas past, present, and future.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery has developed out of multiple technology innovations and the desire to see beyond the confines of the human body. As the instrumentation became more advanced, the application of this technique followed. By revisiting the historical developments that now define laparoscopic surgery, we can possibly foresee its future. DATA SOURCES: A Medline search was performed of all the English-language literature. Further references were obtained through cross-referencing the bibliography cited in each work and using books from the authors' collection. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive surgery is becoming important in almost every facet of abdominal surgery. Optical improvements, miniaturization, and robotic technology continue to define the frontier of minimally invasive surgery. Endoluminal resection surgery, image-guided surgical navigation, and remotely controlled robotics are not far from becoming reality. These and advances yet to be described will change laparoscopic surgery just as the electric light bulb did over 100 years ago.

Abdomen↗

Understanding uncertainty and minimizing families' anxiety at the time of transfer from intensive care.

When general ward registered nurses (RN) receive patients from an intensive care unit (ICU) they report that much of their time in the initial phases revolves around meeting family needs (Farvis, 2002). Families experience anxiety when leaving the security of the close monitoring seen in ICU (Leith, 1999) and their anxiety reduces their ability to play a key role in the patient's recovery (McShane, 1991; Leske, 1992) as it can impair their decision-making (Cagan, 1988; Halm et al., 1993). By reducing a family's anxiety, they may be more able to cope with the necessary transition to a general ward and support the patient's recovery. A literature search from 1990 onwards was performed within the CINAHL, Medline and Cochrane databases using the key words: intensive care, family, General System Theory, uncertainty, anxiety and transfer. Further articles were retrieved from citation references from the Web of Science or through the reference lists of retrieved literature. Library catalogues were searched using the same key words for books and book chapters. von Bertalanffy's General System Theory provides a framework for understanding the importance of family in a critical illness situation. Critical illness permits little or no time to adapt, thus reducing the family's ability to cope with the situation. Transfer out of ICU is a significant anxiety-producing event for families. Uncertainty in illness is reported in other illness situations to reduce family's adaptation to illness events, but has not been researched with an ICU cohort of families. Seven out of the top 10 needs of ICU families are information needs, highlighting the importance of communication regarding progress and future plans. Nurses require an increased awareness that transfer anxiety exists for families and to be knowledgeable about ways to reduce its occurrence. Research is required to evaluate the efficacy of interventions to reduce anxiety for families and examine the level of uncertainty in illness in this cohort.

Anxiety↗

Aretaeus on migraine and headache.

Aretaeus of Cappadocia's classification of headache has been referred to for many centuries. Several Latin translations and an English translation (1856) of his books have been published in the past. We translated the pertinent texts on headache from the Greek text as published by Hude in 1958. In this paper, we present an annotated translation preceded by an outline of contemporary knowledge of headache from Celsus' De Medicina. Although symptomatic headache was most probably involved in the types of headache identified by Aretaeus and the making of retrospective diagnoses is hazardous, the terms heterocrania and cephalea may be compared with what today we would call migraine and tension type headache respectively.

Egypt, Ancient↗

Frequently cited sources in human sexology.

Counting professional citations in the field of human sexology can yield an increased understanding of important clinical/research contributions, their authors and institutions, and central topics within an ever-increasing body of sexological information. This article provides lists of both authors and specific articles and books that are frequently cited in recent sex research. Frequency analyses were based on 4440 references in three major sex research journals for two complete years. Results are discussed in terms of citation patterns and their implications.

Bibliographies as Topic↗

Improving care: a study of orthopaedic outpatient referrals.

OBJECTIVE: To identify aspects of outpatient referral in which general practitioners', consultants', and patients' satisfaction could be improved. DESIGN: Questionnaire survey of general practitioners, consultant orthopaedic surgeons, and patients referred to an orthopaedic clinic. SETTING: Orthopaedic clinic, Doncaster Royal Infirmary. SUBJECTS: 628 consecutive patients booked into the orthopaedic clinic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Views of the general practitioners as recorded both when the referral letter was received and again after the patient had been seen, views of the consultants as recorded at the time of the clinic attendance, and views of the patients as recorded immediately after the clinic visit and some time later. RESULTS: Consultants rated 213 of 449 referrals (42.7%) as possibly or definitely inappropriate, though 373 of 451 patients (82.7%) reported that they were helped by seeing the consultant. Targets for possible improvement included information to general practitioners about available services, communication between general practitioners and consultants, and administrative arrangements in clinics. Long waiting times were a problem, and it seemed that these might be reduced if general practitioners could provide more advice on non-surgical management. Some general practitioners stated that they would value easier telephone access to consultants for management advice. It was considered that an alternative source of management advice on musculoskeletal problems might enable more effective use to be made of specialist orthopaedic resources. Conclusion--A survey of patients' and doctors' views of referrals may be used to identify aspects in which the delivery of care could be made more efficient. Developing agreed referral guidelines might help general practitioners to make more effective use of hospital services.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

Handheld computer use in U.S. family practice residency programs.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the uses of handheld computers (also called personal digital assistants, or PDAs) in family practice residency programs in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: In November 2000, the authors mailed a questionnaire to the program directors of all American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and American College of Osteopathic Family Practice (ACOFP) residency programs in the United States. MEASUREMENTS: Data and patterns of the use and non-use of handheld computers were identified. RESULTS: Approximately 50 percent (306 of 610) of the programs responded to the survey. Two thirds of the programs reported that handheld computers were used in their residencies, and an additional 14 percent had plans for implementation within 24 months. Both the Palm and the Windows CE operating systems were used, with the Palm operating system the most common. Military programs had the highest rate of use (8 of 10 programs, 80 percent), and osteopathic programs had the lowest (23 of 55 programs, 42 percent). Of programs that reported handheld computer use, 45 percent had required handheld computer applications that are used uniformly by all users. Funding for handheld computers and related applications was non-budgeted in 76percent of the programs in which handheld computers were used. In programs providing a budget for handheld computers, the average annual budget per user was 461.58 dollars. Interested faculty or residents, rather than computer information services personnel, performed upkeep and maintenance of handheld computers in 72 percent of the programs in which the computers are used. In addition to the installed calendar, memo pad, and address book, the most common clinical uses of handheld computers in the programs were as medication reference tools, electronic textbooks, and clinical computational or calculator-type programs. CONCLUSIONS: Handheld computers are widely used in family practice residency programs in the United States. Although handheld computers were designed as electronic organizers, in family practice residencies they are used as medication reference tools, electronic textbooks, and clinical computational programs and to track activities that were previously associated with desktop database applications.

Data Collection↗