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The paper presents the data of the hygienic studies made at the All-Russian Research Institute of Railway Hygiene to examine the materials for carriage building. Some materials (such as designing, finishing, and heat insulating ones) are recommended for their industrial use.
The paper deals with a physiological rationale for fixing pensions for locomotive-drivers within the ranges of age and length of service. The study is based on the fact that the nature and conditions of their work accelerate their ageing and decrease their working capacity.
The practical introduction of "Sanitary Requirements for the Design and Operational Use of Diagnostic Cars and Trolleys" indicates that the stock of diagnostic cars does not meet the present requirements. To put this document into practice has determined specific measures for meeting sanitary specifications for diagnostic cars and trolleys.
Occupational morbidity in railway transport is discussed. The rates of occupational morbidity are compared with that due to temporary working incapacity. There were no direct correlations between the incidence of major nosological entities of occupational diseases, the magnitude and rate of influence of industrial factors, which provides evidence for their further testing and correction.
The paper discusses whether industrial factors can influence the emotional sphere of railway workers. It outlines the basic trends of recreative measures and the principle of their use in emotional disorders.
The paper deals with the setting up of a system for early diagnosis of premorbidity and for medical professional rehabilitation of locomotive teams. Non-drug preventive measures are shown to have a high rehabilitative effect.
The rates of morbidity with temporary working incapacity (TWI) of magnetic-powder defectoscopic operators are discussed. The incidence of diseases with TWI and the days of disability in the study group of workers are greater than the average industrial rates. A comprehensive physical examination detected asthenic vegetative syndrome. This shows it necessary to improve methodological approaches to medical examinations of workers exposed to electromagnetic waves.
The paper deals with the physiological assessment of some biologically active food additives (BAFA). The authors formulate principles in selecting BAFA to prevent fatigability and premorbidity associated with safe railway traffic.
The fundamental hygienic principles in the design of a high-speed Sokol electric train and its ergonometric approach cause one to anticipate a new rolling stock with high convenience for passengers, which will be an analogue of the world's best ones to appear.
The stock of railway machines has been greatly replaced by that new-generation ones that have a high capacity and can themselves move at high speeds. This changes the working conditions of the staff and the conditions of their driving. The new conditions promotes the development of new standard requirements and the methods of tests and assessing the indices of unfavorable working conditions.
The paper describes the efficiency of the heating, thermal insulating, and air-tightness systems in the cabs of a railway rolling stock.
A washing and steaming station built by Finnish specialists in 1997 operates at the Ryazan petroleum processing plant. The process is completely automatic and hermetic, excludes the workers' contact with harmful industrial factors. There is a whole set of special clothes and individual protective means. The plant's gas-fighting and rescue service monitors the air environment every 3 months. There is a closed rinsing water regeneration system at the plant.
Solar flashes of 1500 to 9000 kd/m2 have been ascertained to have an adverse impact on the functional status of a visual analyzer. Comparing Russian and foreign sun-proof filters has indicated that a HC-9 neutral light-proof filter and a NIIOOIK film have the optimum light-protective properties, which may be recommended for use in the sun-proof glasses for locomotive workers.
Long exposure to small radio activity doses have no impact on the acuity of photopic and mesopic vision, on the resistance of eyes to glare, and on the rapidity of color differentiation, which remain to be at the high level that meets medical requirements for the professional abilities of locomotive workers.
Progress in emergency medicine in the prevention and liquidation of hazardous cargo-induced accidents is analyzed. The results of development of theoretical aspects, search for adequate individual protective means and methods for chemical decontamination of hazardous cargo residues are summarized.
Protective measures in emergencies during railway transportation of radioactive cargoes must be planned in advance, by obligatorily taking into account many factors that influence the scope, nature, specific features and consequences of radiation transport accidents. Of great importance are radiation monitoring, protective regimens, and requirements for decontamination of various objects in liquidating the consequences of a radiation transport accident.
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A study was carried out on the mortality of 3741 individuals who worked in a factory making railway rolling stock, in which crocidolite was used to insulate the coaches in the 60's and 70's. Employees who had worked in the factory between 1960 and 1995 were included in the study, with the main aim of investigating cancer mortality in these subjects. 9 cases of mesothelioma were known in this factory before starting the study. The follow-up was performed from 1960 to 1996. The SMR's for lung cancer and mesothelioma in 2737 blue-collar workers were 1.23 (CI 95% = 1.00-1.50) and 6.50 (CI 95% = 2.96-12.38) respectively, based on national rates. The excesses were mainly found among subjects who had worked before 1970 with duration of employment exceeding 20 years.