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PubMedDate not supplied

Temperament and early environment influence comorbidity and personality disorders in major depression.

Measures of temperament and early environment were obtained from 108 patients with major depression using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). TPQ and PBI measures distinguished between depressed patients and controls. Depressed patients with comorbid axis I disorders appear to be temperamentally different from those who do not have these disorders. Those with alcoholism have higher novelty seeking (NS) scores; those with panic disorder have higher harm avoidance (HA) scores; and those with simple phobia have higher persistence (P) scores. More than half the patients had an axis II disorder. Those with a comorbid personality disorder recall worse parental care and have lower reward dependence (RD) scores. Individual personality disorders and DSM-III-R personality disorder clusters reflect to a significant degree underlying temperament as measured by the TPQ. These results suggest that it is possible to better understand the patterns of comorbidity between major depression, other axis I disorders, and personality disorders by studying the underlying temperament dimensions in these patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship between characteristics of sexual abuse and dissociative experiences.

Childhood sexual abuse has been associated with adult dissociative symptomatology. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between specific characteristics of sexual abuse and dissociative experiences in adulthood. Fifty-six female inpatients with a history of physical abuse and severe sexual abuse reported on their history of abuse and dissociative experiences. A logistic regression that controlled for physical revictimization showed that sexual abuse by a greater number of different sex abuse offenders was significantly related to an elevated level of dissociation. In exploring how many sex abuse offenders are associated with dissociative experiences, a logistic regression revealed a significant relationship between four or more sex abuse offenders and greater dissociative symptomatology. The reported age of onset of the sexual abuse was not a significant predictor of dissociation when sexual revictimization was included in the analysis. These findings suggest that severely traumatized patients with a history of multiple sex abuse offenders are highly likely to use dissociation as a primary psychological defense. The implications of the study are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Electroencephalogram epileptiform abnormalities in candidates for aircrew training.

For 30 years the Royal Air Force has used the EEG as part of the medical screening of candidates for aircrew training. A total of 13,658 males aged 17-25 years have been examined. None had a previous history of significant illness. Sixty-nine (0.5%) of these showed unequivocal epileptiform discharges, 44 (58%) occurring only on photic stimulation. Those with EEG discharges of uncertain significance such as 6 and 14 Hz positive spikes, 6 Hz spike and wave, and non-specific paroxysmal activity were not included. A group of 43 with a follow-up period of 5-29 years have been reviewed. Only one person developed unequivocal epilepsy. If this rate is combined with results from similar studies, the chance of healthy individuals with EEG abnormalities of this type subsequently developing epilepsy is 2-3%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Psychological considerations in maxillofacial prosthetics.

An attempt has been made to integrate information from psychological principles and clinical research which is relevant to maxillofacial prosthetics. Attention was given to the role of body parts in the human experience, with particular consideration of facial aspects. The importance of the maxillofacial region in early development, personality dynamics, and day-to-day interpersonal relationships was reviewed together with several specific problems which often accompany maxillofacial changes in structure or function. The dentist must be concerned with the patient's expectations, personality characteristics, and ability to accept and integrate the prosthesis. Several implications for clinical practice were presented. The dentist's understanding and utilization of psychological considerations should result in increased effectiveness in treatment and rehabilitation of maxillofacial patients.

Attitude↗
PubMed1992

Mood and global functioning in borderline personality disorder: individual regression models for longitudinal measurements.

This report addresses the need for prospective studies of personality disorders, as well as some of the difficulties encountered in longitudinal studies when missing data occur due to subject attrition and variable follow-up intervals. Various statistical methods for handling repeated measurements data are reviewed. Many of these methods are quite complex and require expert statistical skills. A simpler way to handle multivariate data using single-number summary scores is proposed as an alternative which is efficient and more readily understood by professionals in many disciplines. Findings are presented from a prospective study of borderline personality disorder which utilized repeated observations over time. Individual regression models were applied to each subject's repeated measurements to obtain a summary of his or her trend on measures of mood and global functioning. The individual regressions produced separate statistics, slopes summarizing rates of change and intercepts which estimated initial levels of functioning. These summaries were then used in group analyses. Findings indicated that subjects showed mild to moderate impairment in mood and moderate impairment in overall functioning. The individual slopes indicated that little overall change was observed during the 5-year period after initial assessment. Neither presence of borderline diagnosis (definite vs. trait vs. no borderline diagnosis) nor gender predicted initial levels of functioning or rates of change. Further examination of other predictors which may influence longterm outcome, such as history of childhood trauma or presence of schizotypal personality features, is suggested. It is concluded that prospective studies are essential in establishing the validity of personality disorders and in understanding individual variation in outcomes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Paediatrician identification of psychological factors associated with general paediatric consultations.

In a study of children 7-12 yr of age referred to general paediatric clinics, paediatricians reported psychological factors associated to somatic presentations in 47% of the children. These cases presented with a variety of somatic symptoms, but abdominal/chest/joint pains and soiling were particularly common. From research interviews with the parents we found increased rates of psychiatric disorder (abnormalities of emotions, behaviour or relationships) amongst them. The most common psychiatric symptoms were depressive mood changes and relationship problems. We also identified an excess of certain personality features in the children and of family health problems in this group. Paediatricians commonly identify psychosomatic issues in children attending general paediatric clinics and independent evidence supports the validity of their assessments.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1991

Type A behavior and its determinants in children, adolescents and young adults with and without parental coronary heart disease: a case-control study.

Healthy children, adolescents and young adults with parental coronary heart disease (CHD) (N = 78) were compared with their one-to-one matched controls without a parental CHD (N = 78) in terms of their psychological and behavioral characteristics. The variables adopted were Type A behavior, self-esteem, achievement striving, hyperactivity and social maladjustment. The results indicate a tendency for boys with parental CHD to be characterized by higher scores on Type A behavior, lower self-esteem and more intense striving for achievement compared to their matched controls. Girls with parental CHD differed from their matched controls in the predicted direction only in one respect: a higher level of hyperactivity was characteristic for cases.

Achievement↗
PubMed1992

Habitual somatic discomfort in a representative sample of adolescents.

The study is concerned with relations between habitual somatic discomfort, assessed by means of a questionnaire, and indicators of psychosocial adjustment, in a representative sample of 15-16 yr-old Finnish girls (N = 179) and boys (N = 205). Symptom prevalence was associated with anxiety, negative relations with parents, modest plans for education, fear of the future, loneliness, smoking, and drinking. These associations were significant for the boys but not for the girls. High symptom scores also tended to be associated with difficult peer relations (fighting, being target of peers' verbal aggression), and with the use of aggressive and the lack of constructive coping strategies in conflict situations. Boys who often felt lonely and girls who had been involved in physical fights with peers had consistently high scores. Different symptom patterns and sex differences are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

The effects of physical activity and exercise training on psychological stress and well-being in an adolescent population.

To determine whether participating in physical activity affects psychological well-being in an adolescent population, 147 adolescents completed self-reports of exercise and psychological stress and well-being. Analysis revealed that those who reported greater physical activity also reported less stress and lower levels of depression. Adolescents who experienced a higher incidence of life events also demonstrated a strong association between stress and anxiety/depression/hostility. To investigate the effects of exercise training on psychological well-being, adolescents were assigned to either high or moderate intensity aerobic training, flexibility training or a control group. The training groups met twice per week for 25-30 min. Aerobic fitness levels, heart rate, blood pressure and self-report of stress and well-being were measured prior to and following 10 weeks of training. Post-training fitness measures confirmed the effectiveness of the high intensity aerobic exercise and between groups differences for physiological and some psychological measures were found. Subjects undergoing high intensity exercise reported significantly less stress than subjects in the remaining three groups. The relationship between stress and anxiety/depression/hostility for the high intensity group was considerably weakened at the end of the training period. For the remaining subjects, however, this relationship was, if anything, strengthened. This experiment provides evidence to suggest that in an adolescent population, high intensity aerobic exercise has positive effects on well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Left-handedness and myasthenia gravis.

In two separate studies comparing the handedness of patients suffering from myasthenia gravis with matched controls, no evidence was found to support the Geschwind Behan hypothesis of an association between autoimmune disease and left-handedness. Counter to prediction both studies found marginally lower incidences of left-handedness in myasthenics, and when combined with the similar result of Cosi et al. (Cortex 24, 573-577, 1988) the difference was highly statistically significant. The personality of myasthenics, as assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and in particular the psychoticism scale, which has been postulated to be related to androgen levels, was not significantly different from controls. However, assessment of sex-roles using the Bem Sex Role Inventory suggested that female myasthenics were more masculine than controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Negative affect, absorption, and immunity.

Relationships between the psychological characteristics absorption and neuroticism, and in vitro and in vivo measures of cell-mediated immunity were examined. Thirty-nine female subjects responded to questionnaires, donated blood for analysis of T-cell numbers, and were tested for delayed hypersensitivity skin responses. Consistent with the experimental hypothesis, subjects classified as repressors of negative affect (low absorption/low neuroticism), or extreme expressors of negative affect (high absorption/high neuroticism), showed lower immune responses than other groups of subjects. For the in vitro T-cell measures and the in vivo skin induration measures, there were also pervasive main effects of neuroticism, with subjects higher in neuroticism showing higher immunity than subjects lower in neuroticism.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Antibody responses to Fermi antirabies vaccine in 21 patients bitten by a rabid jackal.

In a village in Upper Egypt, 21 persons were bitten by a rabid jackal. All received antirabies vaccine of the Fermi type within a few hours after the exposure. Antirabies hyperimmune serum was not administered. Three of the 21 victims died on days 16, 17 and 27 after exposure. Blood samples were obtained from 19 of the 21 bitten persons 5 days after completion of a series of 20 vaccine doses. Sera were tested for rabies antibodies by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. All 19 persons developed rabies antibodies detectable by these techniques. IFAT titres ranged from 128 to greater than or equal to 1024. ELISA antiglycoprotein titres were generally low, ranging from 0.7 to 18 iu/ml of serum.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subclinical infection with Mycobacterium leprae--a problem for leprosy control strategies.

Tests for the serodiagnosis of leprosy, including those based on phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I), have shown poor specificity for leprosy in studies of endemic communities, despite initially promising results in studies of selected patients. During a 5 years follow-up study of a hyperendemic community in Papua New Guinea, a marked reduction in numbers of seropositive children and an increase in age of those seropositive followed introduction of multi-drug therapy. This was accompanied by a reduced case detection rate and a shift to paucibacillary disease in new cases, consistent with a reduction in transmission. Only a minority of persistently seropositive persons developed leprosy. These observations suggest that subclinical infection with Mycobacterium leprae is common in endemic communities and that PGL-I seropositivity is a marker of subclinical infection, with poor specificity for overt disease. Detection of subclinical infection may confound control strategies which use screening tests to identify asymptomatic highly infectious cases for earlier therapy.

Adolescent↗