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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

The prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans in the cytology clinic at Ibadan, Nigeria.

In a study of 2224 adult women from the cytology clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, the prevalence of 'specific vaginal infection' (i.e. Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans) was 14.5%. For individual organisms, the rates were 9.76% for G. vaginalis, 2.52% for T. vaginalis and 2.20% for C. albicans. About half of the patients were asymptomatic while others were referred from other clinics with vaginal discharge, cervical erosion, post-coital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding and various other symptoms and signs. The infections were almost uniformly distributed in all age groups studied. Increasing promiscuity either as a result of increased mobility of husbands (due to economic depression) or increased use of contraception by older women was thought to be responsible for the persistence of these infections in those aged 45 years and above. In addition, Gardnerella vaginalis, Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans infections can also be easily diagnosed from cervical cytology, by identification either of the organism or of characteristic cytological cellular changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Seroprevalence of HIV infection in Himachal Pradesh.

Serum samples from 2645 individuals representing all the twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh were screened for antibodies to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), employing ELISA test. These were categorised into four major high risk groups, viz, patients attending STD clinics (1305), voluntary blood donors (1012), hospital staff dealing with blood and blood products (200) and foreign nationals (128). No evidence of HIV infection was found in Himachali population. Two foreign nationals were repeatedly found positive for HIV antibodies by ELISA test and these were confirmed by Western Blot technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Adolescent sexuality in Kenya.

Adolescent sexuality has become a major problem all over the world. This review paper describes the main problems encountered in Kenya with regards to adolescent sexuality. The role of the Government and some non-governmental organisations is outlined. Factors which contribute to the problem of adolescent sexuality in Kenya are described. The paper stresses the role of research in solving these problems and finally suggests some strategies which may be adopted in order to minimise the undesirable effects of adolescent sexuality in Kenya.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Screening practices for cervical and breast cancer in Costa Rica.

Cervical cancer and breast cancer are leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in Costa Rica. This article reports results of an evaluation of cervical and breast cancer screening practices among Costa Rican women 25 to 58 years old that was based on a nationwide 1984-1985 survey. The evaluation showed that while Pap smears were widely used to screen for cervical cancer, many women did not have their first cervical smear or gynecologic examination until age 30, and that cervical cancer screening was less common among certain high-risk groups, including women with multiple sexual partners and those with high parity. Less than half the women surveyed reported having had a breast examination by a health care provider. Utilization of both cervical cancer and breast cancer screening examinations could be increased by targeting inadequately screened high-risk women through the existing health care system.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cervical cytology screening in Calcutta and adjoining areas with special reference to carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

A total of 1232 female subjects including 100 prostitutes from Calcutta and adjoining areas in the age group of 21-70 years were screened for cervical pathology according to the method of Papanicolaou. Of 1232 examined, 815 were found to have smears with normal cellular cytology (66.15%). The others were grouped into dysplasia (18.4%) and inflammatory (15.4%) according to the cytomorphological characteristics of the exfoliated cells. The findings though revealed more cases of cervical dysplasia in women with early marriage, early childbirth, high parity and multiple sexual partners, it failed to support the smegma theory of cervical carcinoma. This study also showed a number of inflammatory cervical smears in women coming from low socio-economic group.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sentinel surveillance of HIV infection among new inmates and implications for policies of corrections facilities.

Seroprevalence surveys of incoming inmates provide useful sentinel information on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection rates among groups that practice HIV-associated high-risk behaviors. In addition, such data are beneficial to corrections officials in the formulation of institutional policies to prevent HIV infection. Inmates entering the Michigan corrections system from December 1987 to March 1988 participated in blind, anonymous serosurveys for HIV infection. Eight of 802 entering inmates (1.0 percent) were seropositive; most seropositive persons reported intravenous drug use. The most common risk behaviors reported by study participants were intravenous drug use (20.0 percent), multiple sexual partners (37.1 percent), and infrequent (that is, never or seldom) use of condoms (82.6 percent). Women reported the highest rates of intravenous drug use (35.1 percent) and needle-sharing (19.4 percent). Results from this study indicate that in spite of wide-spread HIV-associated risk behaviors, the extent of HIV-seropositivity among incoming inmates in Michigan is relatively low. Such data suggest that there is still time to impact the course of the AIDS epidemic among high-risk groups in States where the prevalence of HIV infection is relatively low. The data also indicate that the potential for HIV spread in correctional facilities is noteworthy and that HIV prevention education and substance abuse treatment services are needed in corrections facilities.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Hawaii.

Tropical spastic paraparesis or human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy is a degenerative encephalomyelopathy with pyramidal tract dysfunction affecting the lower extremities. It is associated with HTLV-I infection and found primarily in the Caribbean region and in southwestern Japan. Five cases of tropical spastic paraparesis (or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy) in Hawaii are reported. All five patients were born in Hawaii; four are women. Each of the patients has parents who were from HTLV-I-endemic areas of Japan. Two of these patients had serum antibodies to HTLV-I. Five of six of the spouses and children of the seropositive patients were also seropositive. Viral cultures of lymphocytes from both seropositive patients and two of the three seropositive children were positive for HTLV-I. None of the five patients had a history of antecedent blood transfusion, multiple sexual partners, or intravenous drug use. There is no evidence of adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma in any of the patients or their families. Given the increasing seroprevalence of HTLV-I in the United States, clinicians need to be alert to new cases of this disorder.

Back Pain↗
PubMed1990

Absence of T cell impairments in a unique group of anal-receptive transvestite and male prostitutes in Israel.

High rates of immunologic abnormalities in asymptomatic, clinically healthy urban homosexual men have been associated with promiscuous, unprotected receptive rectal intercourse, and related to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). In cohort studies in Israel, which is still a low risk country for HIV infection and AIDS, about 40% of asymptomatic, clinically healthy male homosexuals consistently showed T cell defects that were not correlated with anal-receptive sexual behavior and were independent of HIV antibody status. Since pre-existing immune impairments in HIV-seronegative individuals have been implicated as a risk factor for seroconversion, we have attempted to investigate more precisely the role of anal-receptive homosexual activity as a risk factor for the acquisition of immune defects. We compared T lymphocyte profiles and mean geometric titers of EBV and CMV in a homogeneous group of 14 transvestite and male anal-receptive homosexual prostitutes with those of 77 HIV-seronegative male homosexuals who were not exclusively anally passive with multiple sex partners. While 44% of the control group showed a decrease of total T cells or their subpopulations as compared with normal heterosexual men (P less than 0.001), T lymphocyte values of the anal-receptive prostitutes were within the normal range. In the prostitutes, serum antibodies to HIV were detected in only 1 individual, to CMV in 12 of 13, and to EBV in all. Despite high mean geometric titers of antibodies to CMV (86.6) and EBV (25.8), frequent anal-receptive intercourse was not sufficient, in itself, to cause immune impairment in this unique group. The results suggest that the problem of cofactors contributing to immune deficiency in male homosexuals should be reexamined in countries with a low incidence for HIV seropositivity and AIDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.

The pathogenesis, risk factors, microbiology, sequelae, diagnosis, and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) are reviewed, and factors associated with the selection of effective, safe, and economical drug therapy are discussed. PID is an acute clinical syndrome not related to surgery or pregnancy that is caused by the spread of microorganisms from the vagina and cervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and other adnexal structures. Primary PID, the most common form of the disease, is the result of the ascent of sexually acquired or endogenous lower genital tract microorganisms to the upper genital tract. Presence of a sexually transmitted disease is the most common risk factor for PID, but a previous episode of PID, multiple sexual partners, intrauterine device use, and young age are also risk factors. PID is classified as gonococcal or nongonococcal (i.e., caused by anaerobic and aerobic pelvic organisms). The long-term consequences of PID are the most devastating aspects of the disease; infertility remains the most common sequela. Therapy of PID is aimed at preserving fertility, preventing long-term consequences, and relieving acute clinical symptoms. In areas in which penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae is endemic, therapy that is effective against penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae is necessary. Gonococcal PID that is not penicillin resistant may be treated with a single intramuscular or oral dose of a penicillin; penicillin-resistant infection may be treated with a cephalosporin or ciprofloxacin. If chlamydia is a diagnostic consideration, a one- to two-week course of oral tetracycline or doxycycline (injectable-drug therapy is an alternative) should be added to the regimen. Single-agent therapy is a cost-effective alternative to combination regimens. Ampicillin-sulbactam is a cost-effective alternative to the more costly injectable cephalosporins or the combination regimens of an aminoglycoside plus clindamycin or metronidazole. With the increasing prevalence of PID in the United States, the selection of cost-effective antimicrobial therapy has important implications for the hospital pharmacist and the pharmacy and therapeutics committee.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1990

International travel and HIV infection.

Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a worldwide problem, its prevalence and pattern vary from country to country. Accordingly, the risk to international travellers of acquiring HIV infection also varies widely in different parts of the world, and depends principally on their behaviour. The risk of sexual acquisition of HIV infection can be virtually eliminated by avoiding penetrative sexual intercourse with intravenous drug users and persons who have had multiple sexual partners (such as prostitutes) or reduced by the use of condoms. The risk of parenteral exposure to HIV can be reduced by avoiding parenteral drug use and behaviour that is likely to lead to injury (with its attendant risk of requiring blood transfusion) and by seeking medical facilities with adequate capabilities to screen blood donors for HIV and to sterilize instruments. HIV screening of international travellers is an ineffective, costly, and impractical public health strategy for limiting the worldwide spread of HIV infection. Travellers infected with HIV require specialized advice regarding health precautions, prophylactic medications, and immunization.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Seroprevalence of HIV-2 infection in Greece (Crete).

The seroprevalence of HIV-2 was evaluated in 20,407 consecutive normal blood donors, 100 homo- and/or bisexuals, and 7,020 heterosexuals presenting for an HIV test using an EIA test. Sixty-seven sera were revealed to be repeatedly positive. Analysis by Western blot confirmed the infection in four cases, an indeterminate (antibodies against only the gag-encoded proteins) pattern was revealed in 25 cases, whereas 38 sera were negative. Three of the four HIV-2-positive sera also reacted with two distinct, but close, synthetic peptides homologous to viral gp36. The fourth serum, which did not display antibodies against gp36 on Western blot, did not react with gp36-derived synthetic peptides. None of these sera reacted with native HIV-1 antigens or synthetic peptides homologous to gp41. Sera with an indeterminate HIV-2 Western blot did not react with gp36-derived synthetic peptides. Although 10 of them also displayed an indeterminate HIV-1 Western blot, no serum sample reacted with two gp41-derived synthetic peptides or proved to be positive when they tested for p24 antigen. One bisexual and one heterosexual HIV-2 positive subject reported sexual contacts with West Africans, whereas two other heterosexuals had had multiple sexual partners from different countries.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Knowledge of and attitudes towards sexually transmitted diseases among secondary school students in Fako District Cameroon.

This study examines the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in matters concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among secondary school students in Fako-District, Cameroon. A substantial proportion of the respondents are sexually active and doing so with multiple sexual partners. Although 70% of respondents claimed they knew about STDs, not more than 16.1% of them could name any one common STD and give its signs or symptoms. Knowledge about prevention and complications of STDs was equally poor. The school teacher was the principal source of information followed by magazines/books. Among the respondents who had had an STD, only 8% had consulted in an STD clinic, 13.6 and 15.4% respectively to a Doctor and in Hospital, 43% received no treatment and another 19% had gone to chemist shops. The implication of these results together with the needs of the students are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the blood donors of Delhi, India.

In the present study, blood from paid and unpaid donors was screened for the presence of HIV infection using a competitive ELISA test. None of the 8,000 unpaid donors but 4 (0.23%) of the 1,700 paid donors showed evidence of HIV infection. All of these four ELISA-positive samples were confirmed by the Western blot test. The present study indicates that HIV infection has entered the group of paid donors in the Delhi metropolitan area. Careful donor screening, discouraging use of paid donors, and stringent screening of donated units of blood has become mandatory in India to prevent HIV transmission through blood and blood products.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[364 anonymous screening tests for AIDS at the Vaudois University Hospital Center: who? why?].

From 1 July to 31 December 1988 risk factors for HIV infection were systematically recorded for all individuals tested anonymously at our institution and compared with similar data observed when anonymous testing was introduced (1985-1986). The absolute number of homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers remained stable but their ratio decreased because most tests are now performed in persons with multiple heterosexual partners. More than half of heterosexuals said they used condoms. Tests were positive only in homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers. These data suggest that the ongoing Swiss nationwide educational programmes have been successful in reaching people potentially exposed to HIV. Such campaigns may still prevent the dissemination of HIV infection to the heterosexual population.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Risk factors for in situ cervical cancer: results from a case-control study.

A case-control study of 293 patients with in situ cervical cancer and 801 community controls was conducted between 1982 and 1984 in five geographic areas in the United States. Relative risk (RR) was elevated among women reporting multiple sexual partners (RR for greater than or equal to 5 partners = 5.0), a history of an abnormal Papanicolaou smear (RR = 5.0), interval since last Papanicolaou smear (RR for greater than or equal to 10-year interval versus 0- to 2-year interval = 4.1), use of oral contraceptives (RR for greater than or equal to 10 years use = 1.4), a history of nonspecific genital infection (RR = 2.6), and smoking (RR for current smokers = 1.9). Risk was low among diaphragm users (RR for greater than 2 years use = 0.5). Neither age at first coitus nor number of births was predictive of risk of in situ disease. Comparisons between this analysis and risk factors previously identified for invasive cervical cancer in this same study indicate that the risk factors were quite similar.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The social impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The potential expansion of the HIV epidemic and its cultural impact in sub-Saharan Africa are vast. Projections under conservative assumptions suggest that the toll of AIDS will reach five million annual deaths by 2010, although the net African population will continue to increase significantly. Cultural practices, including large differences in age between men and women at marriage and a long period of postpartum abstinence, have contributed to the frequency of extramarital relations and eased the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. In response to the spread of AIDS, social adaptations will include profound changes in sexual behavior, marriage customs, and childbearing.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗