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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Mark-release-recapture experiments with Anopheles saperoi (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Yona Forest, northern Okinawa, Japan.

Six mark-release-recapture experiments with Anopheles saperoi Bohart and Ingram were performed in the Yona Forest, northern Okinawa, Japan from June 1998 - November 1999, in order to estimate the gonotrophic cycle, survival, spatial distribution, flight range, and population size of An. saperoi. Adults and immature An. saperoi were collected from the Yona Forest area, taken to the laboratory and maintained under a controlled temperature and humidity in order to get a lager number of mosquitos for the mark-release-recapture experiments. Cohorts of An. saperoi females and males, numbering 3,016, 4,728, 327, and 2,603 for experiments I, II, III, and IV, respectively, were released. Cohorts of An. saperoi females only, numbering 709 and 586 for experiments V and VI, respectively, were also released. At the release site, the An. saperoi were marked with 0.5% fluorescent dye Rhodamine B and released. The recapture rates were 14 (0.93%), 33 (1.40%), 3 (1.83%), 32 (2.46%), 14 (1.97%), and 22 (3.75%) for experiments 1, II, III, IV, V, and VI, respectively. The length of the gonotrophic cycle of the recaptured An. saperoi females was estimated to be about 4 days, through the dissection method. The daily survival rate was estimated to be 0.73 by regression coefficient. The spatial distribution of marked, recaptured An. saperoi was similar to that of unmarked captured An. saperoi. The spatial distribution of the marked, recaptured An. saperoi among the collection site categories was significantly different. The observed differences in the frequency distribution of marked recaptured An. saperoi were considered to be due to the spatial variation of the habitats between the collection sites. The maximum flight range of the recaptured An. saperoi recorded in this study was 0.93 km. The population size of An. saperoi females in the study area was estimated by the Seber method to be 23,841, 1,182, 3,514, 5,679, and 9,238 for experiments I, II, IV, V, and VI, respectively. The estimated population size has a low standard of error using the Seber method, therefore we estimated our population size reasonably well. The population attributes and ecology of An. saperoi in the Yona Forest, in northern Okinawa are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The control of the diuresis following a blood meal in females of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L).

Control of post-feeding diuresis in females of the mosquito Aëdes aegypti has been studied by means of a weighing technique and simple surgical procedures. The primary controlling factor is (as in the larva) a nervous feedback mechanism and not an increased production of diuretic hormone. As the mosquito ingests blood, sensory information from the distending abdomen reaches the mid gut via the nerve cord, brain and stomatogastric system. This information probably inhibits retroperistaltic movements of the mid gut allowing fluid from the Malpighian tubules (which seems to be produced continually) to be moved back to the rectum for subsequent excretion, instead of being re-cycled to the haemolymph via the mid gut. Such a control does not preclude a role for the diuretic hormone, continual secretion of which may cause the continual production of fluid from the Malpighian tubules.

Aedes↗
PubMed1978

Malaria immunization in Rhesus monkeys. A vaccine effective against both the sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium knowlesi.

Rhesus monkeys were immunized with a preparation of Plasmodium knowlesi parasites containing principally microgametes with lesser numbers of macrogametes and asexual trophozoites. The antigen mixture was emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) and administered intramuscularly. After one or two inoculations of from 10(5) to 10(7) microgametes in FCA, monkeys showed high levels of circulating anti-gamete antibodies as demonstrated by various in vitro microgamete immobilization or transmission blocking tests. After challenge with P. knowlesi, immunized monkeys developed low level asexual parasitemias and were not infectious to feeding mosquitoes as measured by growth of the parasite on the mosquito gut. Control monkeys developed rapidly rising, usually fatal infections and were highly infectious to mosquitoes. Anti-gamete antibodies appear to neutralize the sexual parasites and prevent mosquito infection within the gut of the recently fed mosquito vector. Suppression of asexual parasitemia in immunized monkeys may be due to the presence of asexual trophozoites in the antigen mixture or to antigens common to both sexual and asexual stages of the parasite. A vaccine effective as a single injection capable of interrupting malaria transmission from man to man whereas reducing the severity of the disease in infected individuals offers a new approach to the control of one of the major diseases affecting man.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Members of a trypsin gene family in Anopheles gambiae are induced in the gut by blood meal.

Serine proteases are among the enzymes that play a crucial role during the digestion of the blood meal in the gut of mosquitoes. The identification of the corresponding genes would have important implications for the control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Analysis of the genomic organization of these genes may lead to the isolation of a gut-specific, inducible promoter for the expression of anti-parasitic agents in transgenic mosquitoes. Moreover, specific inhibitors could be designed on the basis of the structural properties of the enzymes. We report here on the identification of a trypsin gene family in Anopheles gambiae, the mosquito vector of malaria in Africa. Mosquito trypsin-related sequences were amplified by PCR using as template cDNA derived from RNA of blood fed mosquitoes. Cloning of the PCR product revealed two distinct sequences. Corresponding full-length cDNA clones were obtained and sequenced. Antryp1 and Antryp2 code for proteins of 274 and 277 amino acids respectively, showing 75% homology at the amino acid level. The deduced amino acid sequences clearly identify them as trypsins. Five additional trypsin sequences were found in overlapping genomic clones. The genes identified are tightly clustered within 11 kb and sequencing indicates that no introns are present. Northern and PCR analysis indicated that the transcription of both Antryp1 and Antryp2 is induced by blood feeding. Moreover, the Antryp1 protein was detected among the proteins of a midgut lysate of blood fed mosquitoes using antisera against recombinant Antryp1. In addition, the recombinant polypeptides derived from Antryp1 and Antryp2 expressed in Escherichia coli showed a strong proteolytic activity against different sets of blood proteins. We conclude that the products of Antryp1 and Antryp2 play an important role in the breakdown of the proteins during the digestion of the blood meal in the mosquito gut.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Chemical odorant of colonial seabird repels mosquitoes.

The crested auklet, Aethia cristatella, emits a class of aldehydes shown to be potent invertebrate repellents when used by heteropterans against their predators. Our aim was to determine the efficacy of these aldehydes against mosquitoes in the laboratory. Synthetic analogues of the auklet odorant were strongly repellent to mosquitoes in controlled laboratory trials. Furthermore, the efficacy was similar to previous reports for commercial mosquito repellents. These results, in combination with a previously published study, show that constituents of the aldehyde odorant are broad spectrum in efficacy against ectoparasitic arthropods of birds. Our report is the first empirical evidence for an endogenous mosquito repellent in birds.

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

Biosynthesis of 130-kilodalton mosquito larvicide in the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6.

The 130-kilodalton mosquito larvicidal gene, cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, was introduced into the cyanobacterium Agmenellum quadruplicatum PR-6 by plasmid transformation. Transformed cells synthesized 130-kilodalton delta-endotoxin protein and showed mosquito larvicidal activity. Results demonstrate a potential use of a cyanobacterium for biological control of mosquitoes.

Aedes↗
PubMed1991

Potential use of scrap expanded polystyrene beads for the control of Aedes triseriatus.

The potential use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads for control of Aedes triseriatus was tested in the laboratory and the field. Laboratory studies showed that beads present in amounts which persisted throughout a season significantly reduced the emergence of Ae. triseriatus adults by preventing normal eclosion from the pupae. In the field, tree holes containing EPS beads had significantly fewer larvae present than untreated controls. These field data suggest that EPS beads may mechanically prevent oviposition by mosquitoes.

Aedes↗
PubMed1998

Olfactory responses of female Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in a dual-choice olfactometer.

Olfactory responses of individual female (n = 1010) Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) to various odor stimuli were studied in a dual-choice olfactometer. Responses (i.e., the number of mosquitoes entering either of both olfactometer ports) were studied towards clean conditioned air (control), human foot skin emanations (collected on worn stockings), carbon dioxide (4.5% in clean air), moistened air, and various combinations thereof. Skin emanations were significantly more attractive (chi 2 = 23.0, p < 0.001) than clean stockings (control). The mosquito was also significantly more attracted (chi 2 = 7.7, p < 0.01) to skin emanations than to a clean stocking to which water (an equivalent of that absorbed by a worn stocking) was added. A moistened (1 g H2O) clean stocking, however, was slightly more attractive than a dry stocking (chi 2 = 6, p < 0.025). Carbon dioxide (4.5%) did not elicit higher responses than clean air, and no synergistic effect was observed in combination with skin emanations. With the aim of developing an odor-baited trap, our results indicate that Cx. quinquefasciatus responds well to human body odors which can be collected on polyamide materials.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Reflections on the Anopheles gambiae genome sequence, transgenic mosquitoes and the prospect for controlling malaria and other vector borne diseases.

The completion of the Anopheles gambiae Giles genome sequencing project is a milestone toward developing more effective strategies in reducing the impact of malaria and other vector borne diseases. The successes in developing transgenic approaches using mosquitoes have provided another essential new tool for further progress in basic vector genetics and the goal of disease control. The use of transgenic approaches to develop refractory mosquitoes is also possible. The ability to use genome sequence to identify genes, and transgenic approaches to construct refractory mosquitoes, has provided the opportunity that with the future development of an appropriate genetic drive system, refractory transgenes can be released into vector populations leading to nontransmitting mosquitoes. An. gambiae populations incapable of transmitting malaria. This compelling strategy will be very difficult to achieve and will require a broad substantial research program for success. The fundamental information that is required on genome structure, gene function and environmental effects on genetic expression are largely unknown. The ability to predict gene effects on phenotype is rudimentary, particularly in natural populations. As a result, the release of a refractory transgene into natural mosquito populations is imprecise and there is little ability to predict unintended consequences. The new genetic tools at hand provide opportunities to address an array of important issues, many of which can have immediate impact on the effectiveness of a host of strategies to control vector borne disease. Transgenic release approaches represent only one strategy that should be pursued. A balanced research program is required.

Animals↗