Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Mandatory Programs”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. American College of Physicians and Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Knowledge about the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection gained since 1988 has necessitated an update of our previously published policies. Important advances have been made in the treatment of HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), resulting in a prolongation of the symptom-free period. Transmission of HIV infection from a dentist to several of his patients is believed to have occurred. Heterosexual transmission of HIV infection is increasing in importance. This statement emphasizes the ethical imperative to care for all patients; the need for health care professionals to adhere scrupulously to universal precautions because of the low but definite risk for transmission of HIV in the health care setting; the expanded recommendations for HIV testing to identify infected persons as early as possible; and the need for national leadership in public education, public policy development, and health care funding.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1993

Affected by the tooth of time: legislation on infectious diseases control in five European countries.

The exercise of compulsory powers for the protection of society against the spread of infectious diseases may impose severe restrictions on individual liberty. The law should therefore enable public health officials to strike the proper balance between public health and individual rights. An overview of the infectious diseases control legislation of five European countries (Germany, Switzerland, England, Sweden and the Netherlands) shows outdated medical approaches to infectious diseases, deficiencies in substantive statutory criteria and a lack of suitable procedural protection. The law has to be modified not only to fit current epidemiological insights, but also to give full weight to evolving individual rights.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1993

AIDS and HIV: the dilemma of the health care worker.

The possible transmission of the HIV virus in the work setting has created many concerns for U.S. health care workers today. There is much debate over the methods of transmission, the best techniques for prevention, and the employability of those infected. This article examines these pressing issues, including the legal implications for U.S. health care workers.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Mandatory parental consent to abortion. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association.

This report analyzes the ethical issues raised by requirements that parents be involved when minors seek an abortion. Parents are generally supportive and understanding and can provide helpful guidance to their children. In some cases, however, parents may respond abusively to the knowledge that their minor child is pregnant or is considering an abortion. In addition, privacy in matters of health care is a profound need of minors as well as adults. Accordingly, the Council concludes that, while minors should be encouraged to discuss their pregnancy with their parents and other adults, minors should not be required to involve their parents before deciding whether to undergo an abortion.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed1993

Privacy beliefs and the violent family. Extending the ethical argument for physician intervention.

Privacy beliefs associated with the family impede physicians' response to domestic violence. As a private sphere, the family is regarded as sacred, separate, and hidden from public view. Hence, physicians who look for or uncover violence in the family risk defilling a sacred object and violating norms of non-interference. Privacy beliefs also obfuscate the ethical analysis of physicians' duties to intercede on behalf of battered patients. Ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence have been invoked to justify physicians' duties to abused patients; however, the principle of justice has not been invoked. Ethical analysis of physicians' duties in this area must be broadened to include the principle of justice. Justice is at stake because establishing conditions favorable to self-respect is a requirement of justice, and the response physicians make to battered patients carries important ramifications for supporting patients' self-respect and dignity. If justice forms part of the ethical foundation for physician intervention in domestic violence, mandatory steps that do not transgress the confidentiality of the physician-patient relationship or infringe the patient's autonomy should be taken, such as requiring domestic violence training in medical education and following treatment plans and protocols to identify abuse and provide assistance to battered patients.

American Medical Association↗
PubMed1993

HIV-infected health care professionals. Public opinion about testing, disclosing, and switching.

BACKGROUND: We wanted to know what the public believes about the risks of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in health care settings, and what opinions the public holds regarding HIV-infected health care professionals. We also wanted to uncover the correlates and predictors of those opinions. METHODS: A telephone survey of a nationwide random probability sample of adults was conducted in summer 1991. Thirteen hundred fifty adults completed the survey. The response rate was approximately 63%. We assessed (1) public opinion about whether HIV-infected physicians, surgeons, and dentists should quit working, and (2) the public's self-reported intention to remain in the care of an HIV-infected professional or to switch to another provider. RESULTS: Public concern about HIV transmission in health care settings has increased from 19% in 1988 to 38% in 1991. More of the public now believes that transmission from HIV-infected physicians is likely (up from 33% in 1988 to 46% in 1991). Yet, fewer respondents believe that HIV-infected physicians should not be allowed to work (45% vs 39%). Only 5% would deprive HIV-infected physicians of their livelihood as physicians. Fewer would switch from HIV-infected physicians now than in 1988 (56% vs 37%). Knowing someone with HIV infection was related to less concern and to less belief in likelihood of transmission as well as to increased support of HIV-infected health professionals' right to work. CONCLUSIONS: Although the public is more concerned about HIV transmission in health care settings since 1988, fewer would not allow HIV-infected health care professionals to work now than in 1988. Personalizing the epidemic, by using personal physicians and people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as educators, might help continue the trend toward improved attitudes toward HIV-infected health care professionals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

HIV/AIDS and nursing: an ethical debate.

The purpose of this discussion is to provide the reader with a dual opportunity. It encompasses various ethical paradigms and concepts, thus broadening the horizons of those interested in the ethical processes. Furthermore, it deals with issues pertaining to AIDS/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in an ethical framework. The discussion is designed not to provide answers, but rather to create a foundation for future postulation and discussion based on ethical issues arising from the complexities of AIDS/HIV. AIDS/HIV is discussed in three ways. The first perspective deals with the client's right to treatment, and the quality of treatment each should be able to expect. The second is the nurse's role in the care of clients with AIDS/HIV. It encompasses the right of refusal of a nurse to care for an HIV positive client if directed to do so. These arguments culminate in a final discussion which deals with discrimination; however, discrimination is presented in a predominantly ethical context.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

The adolescent's right to confidential care when considering abortion. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Adolescence.

In this statement, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) reaffirms its position that the rights of adolescents to confidential care when considering abortion should be protected. The AAP supports the recommendations presented in the report on mandatory parental consent to abortion by the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the American Medical Association. Adolescents should be strongly encouraged to involve their parents and other trusted adults in decisions regarding pregnancy termination, and the majority of them voluntarily do so. Legislation mandating parental involvement does not achieve the intended benefit of promoting family communication, but it does increase the risk of harm to the adolescent by delaying access to appropriate medical care. The statement presents a summary of pertinent current information related to the benefits and risks of legislation requiring mandatory parental involvement in an adolescent's decision to obtain an abortion. The AAP acknowledges and respects the diversity of beliefs about abortion and affirms the value of voluntary parental involvement in decision making by adolescents.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Encore performance. Discovering new directions in gaming.

The use of games as a teaching method for mandatory education programs has increased in popularity in recent years. Games provide a fresh, enjoyable learning experience for content often viewed as relatively dry, boring material. The challenge remains for educators to develop new approaches for learners to maintain interest, enthusiasm, and knowledge of essential content. This article offers a variety of creative approaches that can be utilized to "keep the drive alive" and to continue this effective, efficient, and highly accepted strategy of game use.

Boredom↗
PubMed1997

Ethical and policy issues in altruistic living and cadaveric organ donation.

Organs for transplantation are usually obtained from living genetic relatives or from heart-beating cadavers. Unfortunately, these sources have so far been unable to keep up with demand. As a result, there is a large and steadily increasing number of potential recipients awaiting transplantation, some of whom will die before an organ can be found. In an attempt to rectify this tragic situation, several solutions have been proposed. This review will consider proposals designed to increase the availability of human organs without resorting to commercialism. These include expanding the use of living donors by: 1) encouraging donations by genetic relatives; 2) allowing volunteers a greater voice in determining their own suitability; 3) encouraging the use of emotionally related individuals and accepting altruistic strangers; and 4) considering motivated identical twin minors and older adolescents as donors. Suggestions for increasing the pool of cadaveric donors include: 1) overcoming the family consent barrier by presuming consent, mandating completion of binding advanced directives, or by eliminating the need for consent entirely; 2) reconsidering non-heart-beating donors; 3) elective ventilation for organ donation; and 4) accepting organs from anencephalic infants before brain death occurs. All of these proposals raise concerns which are discussed. Those approaches considered to be ethically acceptable and to hold promise for success should be vigorously pursued, beginning with carefully designed pilot studies. Hopefully, such an approach will eventually increase the number of organs available for patients suffering from end-stage organ disease.

Altruism↗