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Antitrust law implications of exclusive contracts, closed staffs, and denials of hospital privileges.

Reports of an impending surplus of physicians have intensified economic incentives to exclude competing professionals from the hospital workplace. These conditions have led to a substantial increase in the number of private lawsuits instituted by the excluded physicians. Denials of hospital privileges can be essential to the maintenance of high standards of quality and efficiency at a hospital. However, unreasonable denials of staff privileges, staff closures, and exclusive contracts can raise antitrust implications depending on the facts. The relevant factual and economic questions that should be asked about such conduct in order to determine the degree of antitrust risk are discussed.

Contract Services↗

Neurology referral patterns.

To examine the indications for referral of patients to neurologists, a survey was conducted of 88 such referrals by general internists in an HMO. In approximately one third of all referrals, the neurologist's advice regarding diagnosis and treatment was of minor or no importance. Instead, such referrals were often responsive to patient and family demands or focused upon the necessity for neuroimaging, even when the likely diagnosis and required treatment were already evident. Referral rates in HMO practice are strongly influenced by the practice styles of primary care providers. The authors conclude that a case manager ("gatekeeper") mechanism in competitive medical plans that excludes patient self-referrals may have a greater effect upon total (and surgical) specialty care, compared with the volume of services provided by medical specialists such as neurologists.

Data Collection↗

Hospital wars.

According to the author, marketing warfare precipitated by increased competition and recent public policy decisions is a distinct possibility in the health care environment. Since the military marketing metaphor has been useful in describing the current situation, Dr. Dempsey presents clear explanations of both attack and defense strategies with examples of organizations that have used them.

Economic Competition↗

The case of the unhealthy hospital.

On a cold March morning, Bruce Reid, Blake Memorial Hospital's new CEO, visited the Lorris housing project clinic, one of six off-site clinics operated by Blake Memorial. He was not encouraged by what he saw: peeling paint, leaking pipes, and cramped conditions. When he asked Renée Dawson, the clinic's primary care physician, how she endured the conditions, she just stared at him. "What are my options?" she asked. That was a good question. Blake Memorial was in poor financial health, due to rising costs and stagnating revenue. The hospital's quality of care was also a major problem. In addition, the clinics were losing over $250,000 a year. As Reid worked on Blake Memorial's 1992 budget, he saw he would have to cut some services in order to fund others. One of the services he was considering cutting was the clinic program. But there were a number of conflicting forces that Reid had to consider. On the political front, the recently appointed commissioner of health services said she would challenge Blake Memorial's tax-exempt status if Reid dismantled the clinics. Within the hospital were two warring factions. One wanted more high-tech services for the hospital and favored closing the clinics. "Instead of clinics, we should have a shuttle bus from the housing projects to the hospital," one doctor suggested. The other faction wanted to expand the clinics. "Wherever the service is most needed, that is where the hospital should be," argued the clinics' director. Reid must decide what to cut and what to keep. But to do so, he must first settle on Blake Memorial's long-term mission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Budgets↗

Coping with success: new challenges for nonprofit marketing.

In the tight, competitive economic climate of the 1990s, nonprofits are as concerned with marketing as are for-profit organizations. But nonprofit marketing is undoubtedly more complicated than conventional business marketing. Nonprofits have multiple, nonfinancial objectives; they can't rely on a risk cushion; they cater to multiple publics, including customers who are often not the ones who pay; they can collaborate as well as compete with competitors; and they garner more public attention, both positive and negative, than the average business. In this paper, Gallagher and Weinberg review the difficulties associated with introducing marketing into nonprofits and highlight the new challenges facing nonprofits that have successfully adopted a marketing orientation.

Canada↗

Hospital positioning: a strategic tool for the 1990s.

The authors extend the process of market positioning in the health care sector by focusing on the simultaneous utilization of traditional research methods and emerging new computer-based adaptive perceptual mapping technologies and techniques.

Computer Graphics↗

Determinants of capital structure.

This study analyzes the determinants of hospital capital structure in a new market setting that are created by the financial pressures of prospective payment and the intense price competition among hospitals. Using California data, the study found hospital system affiliation, bed size, growth rate in revenues, operating risk, and asset structure affected both short- and long-term debt borrowings. In addition, percentage of uncompensated care, profitability, and payer mix influenced short-term borrowings while market conditions and ownership affected long-term borrowings. Most significant of all is the finding that smaller hospitals tend to borrow more, possibly because they cannot generate funds internally.

California↗

The "V" word.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

California↗

Competing for private patient revenue.

The opportunity to maximise revenue from private patients is now available to NHS hospitals. A survey of UGMs found that most felt they could compete with private hospitals but identified a number of obstacles. David Jones analyses the survey.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗