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PubMed1986

[Developments in veterinary medicine and possible impact on veterinary practice and education].

What are the recent developments in the various fields of the veterinary profession and which adjustments in veterinary medicine are required for successful anticipation to these new conditions? Efforts are made to answer these questions from the point of view of each of the authors' professional disciplines. The authors all specialised in different fields of veterinary medicine. The present paper is a summary of each of the authors' editorial contributions on this subject as published in Fakulteitsnieuws (magazine of the Utrecht Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) in 1984 and 1985. Veterinary practice is found to be developing into two main directions: (i) veterinary medicine of pet animals which concentrates on the individual diseased animal and (ii) veterinary medicine of farm animals in which herd health control and preventive medicine are increasingly emphasized. In addition, industry has an increasing need for veterinarians having a specific veterinary pathobiological background. Optimum veterinary care requires veterinarians increasingly to concentrate on one of these (sub)disciplines. This implies that, in veterinary training, students should be afforded ample opportunity to achieve depth in the areas of personal interest. This is made possible by ensuring further differentiation in the veterinary curriculum and by setting up an intensive system of post-graduate education.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1985

Weight control in young college women: who are the dieters?

Dieting behavior was studied in 166 young college women, 18 to 24 years old. The women were divided into three groups on the basis of the amount of time they had spent dieting during the previous school year (8 months). Of the whole population, 18.1% had spent more than half the time dieting (chronic dieters), 45.2% had dieted 50% of the time or less (periodic dieters), and 36.7% had not dieted during that period (nondieters). Physical measurements, background characteristics, and weight-loss experiences were compared among the three groups, following an anthropometric measurement session and administration of a self-report questionnaire. The chronic and periodic dieters weighed an average of 12 lb more than the nondieters and were more likely to be obese. The dieters also had greater triceps skinfold thickness, arm circumference, arm muscle diameter, and arm muscle circumference measurements. Women in both dieting groups were more likely than the nondieting group to consider themselves as having been overweight during their childhood and adolescent years and to consider at least one parent overweight. The average age at the time of the first reducing diet was 16.2 years. The four most commonly tried weight-loss approaches were exercise, moderate calorie restriction, fasting/starvation, and diet pills or supplements. The major sources of information on reducing diets were magazines or newspapers and friends or relatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The paediatric emergency ward--do mothers want to stay?

The attitudes of parents towards staying with their children in the medical emergency ward at the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, are reported on. A randomly selected sample of 80 parents or caretakers attending children in the ward were interviewed. The interviews were semi-structured and included open-ended questions. Data were recorded on interview schedules. Of the respondents, 96% wanted to stay with their acutely ill children, although 20% of these were anxious about the effect of this on events at home or at work. Based on the finding that mothers want to stay, even in view of difficulties regarding the situation at home and at work, improved facilities for parents should receive high priority. Recommendations arising from the study include the provision of more comfortable sleeping accommodation for parents, availability of refreshments on a 24-hour basis and provision of a regular supply of books and magazines to the ward.

Attitude↗
PubMed2026

Unraveling the Mystery of Pain: A Unique Clinical Encounter and Case Report.

BACKGROUND: The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium published an updated guideline for opioids and CYP2D6, OPRM1, and COMT in December 2020. These guidelines include recommendations to avoid key opioids in patients who are ultrarapid or poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 to avoid toxicity and optimize efficacy. CASE REPORT: An older woman encountered a letter to the editor in a family magazine regarding genomically based responses to opioids. She reached out for more information and assistance, attesting to continued lack of analgesia to opioids prescribed during occasions of severe pain over the course of many years. A pharmacogenomic analysis proved to be the key to solving her mystery. CONCLUSION: Pharmacogenomic results may provide life-altering information transforming a patient's perspective on health care. Personalized medicine may be a key component in providing objective evidence for opioid treatment efficacy. There is a critical need for both provider and patient education to increase awareness of pharmacogenomics and how it can be applied to effective pharmacotherapy. Research is needed to explore appropriate, effective educational methods.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Survey on eye comfort in aircraft: I. Flight attendants.

Extensive research in aviation medicine has been devoted to various aspects of vision, but there has been little attention to the eye problems of flight attendants. Flight attendants, especially contact lens wearers, have complained about eye discomfort in aircraft. The purpose of this study was to evaluate some of the conditions in aircraft that might influence their eye comfort. A questionnaire on eye comfort was developed in conjunction with the Air Safety Department of the Association of Flight Attendants and distributed through its Flightlog magazine. Of the 774 respondents, 95% reported some eye discomfort in aircraft. It is significant that both those who did and who did wear contact lenses reported similar eye problems. The most common eye problems reported were conjunctival redness and dried eyes. Smoking was indicated by the respondents to be the most noticeable factor causing eye symptoms. Aircraft cabin conditions are discussed, including relative humidity, atmospheric oxygen, and ozone concentration. Since air passengers are exposed to the same aircraft conditions as the attendants, they probably would manifest similar eye problems.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1971

Bibliotherapy in a patients' library.

This paper describes the involvement of patients in the Patients' Library at McLean Hospital, and the relationship between them and the librarian in library activities. The publication of a patients' magazine is discussed, with case histories of persons who had taken part in its production. The Patients' Librarian has a personal role in patient therapy, and accounts are given of various activities such as play-reading, poetry-reading, and the discussion of poems by established writers, with therapeutic aims in view. Actual clinical experiences are given.

Bibliotherapy↗
PubMed1983

Facilitation of instrumental behavior by a Pavlovian appetitive conditioned stimulus.

Three experiments examined appetitive Pavlovian-instrumental interactions by presenting separately trained conditioned stimuli (CSs) during reinforced instrumental responding in rabbits. Intra-oral reinforcement was used to minimize interference from peripheral responses such as magazine approach. In experiment 1, the rabbits were first trained to perform an instrumental head-raising response for sucrose reward. A conditioned jaw movement response was then established to a 2-sec CS by pairing it with sucrose; a control stimulus was unpaired with sucrose. Instrumental responding maintained by a variable-interval 40-sec schedule was enhanced during 10-sec presentations of the paired, but not the unpaired, CS. Responding on a variable-ratio 15 schedule was unaffected except on trials on which the pre-CS baseline response rate was low; in such cases the paired CS caused a long-lasting acceleration of responding. Noncontingent presentation of the sucrose reinforcer itself briefly suppressed responding but had no long-term effect. In Experiment 2, a CS that had been conditioned at a 10-sec duration produced the same pattern of effects as in the first study, indicating that facilitation resulted from CS presentation rather than from the frustrative effects of non-reinforcement of the CS. In Experiment 3 an inhibitory CS blocked facilitation by the excitatory CS but did not itself affect instrumental responding. These results support the view that Pavlovian processes play a positive role in instrumental performance and suggest that previous findings of suppression by a short-duration CS reflect peripheral interference. The dependence of facilitation on the baseline level of responding is discussed in terms of associative and motivational theories of Pavlovian mediation.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Audio-visual information on the post-partum ward (author's transl)].

About 70% of the maternity patients obtain their information from magazines. About 75% of the patients stated that they had sufficient knowledge of breast feeding and care for the newborn. But only 56% had sufficient information on the nutrition of infants. The preferred films had contents on the correct behaviour in pregnancy, on the recognition of hereditary disease and congenital anomalies during pregnancy and on the normal delivery. The maternity patients wanted to be informed by the physician on the above subjects. Cassette television has proven to be valuable but it not as much requested as other methods of information.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1983

[Diagnosis ex juvantibus-- an observation on giant cell arteritis].

On the basis of some cases of presumable giant cell arteritis, which were diagnosed and treated in a nursing home, the polymorphous character of this affection is emphasized. The author poses that biopsies of the temporal artery--certainly with elderly people--shouldn't be regarded as an absolute necessity and he refers in this context to the discussion held about it in the Dutch Magazine of Medicine (Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 126, 1982, 14, p. 636-637). It is remarkable in this discussion that advocates of the possibly even double-sided temporal biopsies (!) refer to the criteria of the Mayo Clinics (1978), which on further consideration, don't seem to be quite sound and, to say the least of it, don't very much take into account the localization of the arterial lesions outside the well-known ones. Several other authors appear to take full account of the variant and masked forms and have their doubts about the efficiency of the temporal artery biopsy. Where giant cell arteritis concerns mostly elderly people and the geriatric approach and solution of this and other medical problems in general sometimes are contrary to the current 'formal-clinical' attitude, the author thought it right to propose an alternative for the elderly advances in years: the trial of steroid therapy, keeping a conscientious control on the clinical picture and the biochemical symptoms.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Some attitudes to artificial insemination by donor.

A preliminary survey to assess and quantify attitudes to Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID) has been conducted with the aid of an article in a national magazine. The consensus of 375 individuals (mostly with a vested interest in infertility) concerning their attitudes to semen donation, hypothetical receipt of donor semen, legal aspects and the keeping of donor records, etc., have been analysed and their answers correlated to their age, sex, ethnic grouping, educational level, religion, and marital and fertility status as well as their place of residence. Within the limitations of this study, three major conclusions can be drawn. Firstly there are probably many potential semen donors in the general community and recruitment techniques need to be improved to capitalize on this source. Secondly, a centralized non-identifying National Register of donor information may be tolerated, and finally, the couples questioned felt an AID child should not be likened to one received through adoption. These and other findings would suggest that attitudes towards AID are changing and consequently some of the practices within AID programmes may need to be altered. Further statistically conducted surveys are warranted to determine these current attitudes.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

CYBEST model 3 automated cytologic screening system for uterine cancer utilizing image analysis processing.

The improvements incorporated into the Model 3 version of CYBEST (Cyto-Biological Electronic Screening System) are highlighted. Following the successful development of a software-controlled automatic shading for a video system, the new Model 3 CYBEST contains a televisions scan system with a single-step, fine-resolution scan and strobe-light illumination in place of the two-step (coarse and fine) scan of Model 2. The automatic shading control is described in detail, as is the automated focusing system, which uses a touch-sensor to achieve a near-focus level and a differential adding algorithm to obtain exact focus. Improvements in the slide magazine and slide autochanger have quadrupled the number of slides that may be loaded into the machine at one time while increasing the speed of operation. CYBEST Model 3 has achieved our goal of rapid processing, requiring less than three minutes per specimen for final assessment as compared with the six minutes per specimen of Model 2. Field tests of Model 3 are currently under way, with a large number of smears prepared by our automated cell dispersion and monolayer smearing device (CYBEST-CDMS).

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1982

A history of rhinoplasty.

The history of rhinoplasty, from the writings of Sushruta in 500 BC to the present, is discussed. The interest shown in plastic surgery was sporadic for several thousand years and punctuated by peaks of interest stimulated by the attainments of the Brancas and Tagliacozzi. A stagnant period of 200 years ended with the revival of the art as a result of a letter published in the Gentleman's Magazine of London in 1794. The influence that this description of a forehead flap reconstruction of the nose had on Joseph Carpue and European surgeons, and the effects it had in modern times, are noted. The introduction of cosmetic surgery by Roe, Weir and Jacques Joseph, and the enormous influence of the latter on modern concepts are outlined. The psychosocial aspects of rhinoplasty as it affects the patient and surgeon are discussed, and the challenges facing the discipline evaluated.

Egypt↗
PubMed1982

Dental health: testing the readability of educational materials.

Dental practitioners have an important role in the dissemination of information to their patients and their advice is often reinforced with written health education literature. Unfortunately, this material is often of limited value because of its level of readability. This study covered two aspects of the problem: first, a group of 140 secondary school children were asked to explain the meaning of a selection of words commonly used in dental education and second, the readability of some health education literature was assessed and compared with that of texts in magazines and newspapers. Many of the words were not understood by the children: for instance, over 80% were unsure of the meaning of fluoride tablets, gum disease, gingivitis and oral hygiene. As for readability, the test showed that the material reflects the reading capacity of the designers rather than the ability of the potential target group. These findings pinpoint the need to ensure that dental health education literature is not unduly complex and, for dentists, to take more time explaining the dental vocabulary in lay terminology. The methods used in the study can easily be extrapolated to other areas of health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Attention factors in contralateral threshold shift.

Young adults (2 F, 1 M) in a sound room tracked fixed-frequency Bekesy threshold in the L ear to a 3-kc/s tone for 4 min before, and for 4 min after, receiving in the R ear either a 13-min fatiguing .5-kc/s tone at 75 db SPL, or 13 min silence. Half the time S, when receiving the fatiguing tone, read a magazine, and half the time attention was directed to the R ear. In the control condition with no fatiguing tone, S read half the time and half the time counted soft tone pips in the R ear. Only when S's attention was directed to the fatiguing tone did threshold rise. In other cases, threshold dropped. Results are discussed in terms of central-attentional variables and recovery from fatigue.

Attention↗
PubMed1981

Rapid contextual conditioning in autoshaping.

Two experiments are reported which investigate the speed of contextual conditioning in autoshaping. In both experiments, a procedure was employed in which ring doves were magazine trained in one context prior to the manipulation of background values in a second context. In Experiment 1, subjects were exposed to 4, 8, 64, 128, or 256 US-only presentations prior to autoshaping. Acquisition speed and maintained response measures were monotonically related to the number of pretraining trials. Subjects in Group 4 acquired the key-peck response fastest, and retardation was maximal within 64 pretraining trials. In Experiment 2, subjects given 20 pretraining trials were significantly more retarded than subjects given 2 pretraining trials, but only when pretraining and testing were conducted in the same context. Overall, the results of these experiments show that in autoshaping, contextual conditioning is very rapid; this demonstrates the plausibility of theoretical accounts of Pavlovian conditioning which assert that the development of the conditioned response depends on the associative values of both the CS and background stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Principles, means and evaluation of a programme for diabetes education (author's transl)].

A programme of patient information and education, as a primary tool of diabetes treatment, has been developed during the past 5 years, aiming to an effective self-management of diabetes. The programme is patient-oriented, with an essential psychological approach, based on a realistic language and following the concepts of a simple "diabetes philosophy". The diabetes is considered as an human condition, not necessarily a disease. Two phases are proposed. The first, termed "basic information", essentially consists of: 1) an individual checklist of 20 main-items to be gradually completed, with sharing of responsibilities between professionals and diabetics, according to the Etzwiler's contract concept; 2) a set of six original slide-tapes (Bell a. Howell and Reflex projectors) and video-tape films (Fairchild), with personal comments; 3) the red booklet "Condizione diabete" published in 1978 by the Karen Bruni Diabetes Centre. The second phase of the programme, termed "advanced information", is intended for a continuous up-to-dating of diabetological knowledge. The means used are: 1) periodical information meetings with discussion on various existential problems of diabetics; 2) a quarterly magazine "Centro KB", in which new techniques and investigations (such as C peptide and insulin antibody determination) are explained or local events are commented. The effectiveness of the programme has been evaluated through a questionnaire given to 305 subjects attending both the diabetes ward (in-patients and out-patients) and the diabetes clinic (out-patients only). The questionnaire asks 20 specific questions, of the multiple choice type, about day-to-day care complications, natural history of the diabetes, and so on. The percentage of total correct responses, as well as of correct responses to 3 key questions (hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia, complicating infections) has been analyzed on a computer PDP 11/23 (FORTRAN) in relation to demographic and diabetological variables. The educational level appears to be positively correlated with attendance to the ward (initial hospitalization) in comparison to the out-patients clinic, young age and insulin-dependence, and schooling. No relationship was found between level of information and metabolic control, as assessed by HbA1C. Following conclusions are drawn: 1) the complete programme of patient education is particularly valuable for young insulin dependent (ID) diabetics, who really need and properly use the information; 2) to the adult-old, non insulin-dependent diabetics (NID) a limited information programme seems to be more suitable; 3) a separation between ID and NID diabetics has to be considered when planning a future information programme; 4) permanent hard personal engagement by the diabetologist, and continuous review and criticism of information means and techniques, are requested if the tasks of a really patient-oriented teaching have to be attained.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Tax economics of charitable giving: pointers for the hospital and donor.

Charitable giving is a big business in the United States. In 1979 over $43 billion was donated to charitable organizations, an amount equal to over 50 percent of the $78 billion combined net income for all of Fortune Magazine's largest 500 corporations in America. Only 13.7 percent (approximately $6 billion) of these donations were received by health care institutions. A much smaller amount went specifically to hospitals. The excalating cost of providing quality health care and the increasing difficulty of fully recovering these costs from third party payers is making hospitals more dependent on charitable contributions to remain solvent. Hospital executives and board members who can intelligently discuss with potential donors the tax economics of charitable giving are better able to increase the flow of donated funds to their own hospitals. Careful planning by donors and hospitals can result in properly structured donations that reduce taxes paid by the donor, increase the donor's personal cash flow and increase donations to the hospital.

Charities↗
PubMed1995

Counselling as death approaches: is the New Yorker really the best we can do?

An expert in palliative care has taken exception to a recent CMAJ article dealing with euthanasia. That column praised a magazine article in which a son explained why he and his family had helped their mother commit suicide in the face of a terminal illness. Dr. Balfour Mount says the article was misleading and offers no credible solutions to the issues surrounding palliative care.

Counseling↗