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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Metalinguistic judgments on sentence structure in agrammatism: a matter of task misinterpretation.

Judgments of sentence structure were studied in two non-agrammatic and four agrammatic patients. The subjects were required to sort the words from a sentence on the basis of how closely related they felt the words to be in that particular sentence. A hierarchical cluster analysis was then carried out on the data. The non-agrammatic patients produced typical "agrammatic" subjective trees in which function words and adjectives were weakly related to the rest of the sentence. The agrammatic patients produced structures that were fully normal. Two conclusions are drawn. First, this metalinguistic paradigm is inadequate as an indicator of an impairment in the mental representation of constituent structure. Second, the hypothesis that agrammatic speakers do not have such a representation is seriously weakened. Implications are discussed for the methodology of aphasia research as well as for theories on the nature of agrammatism.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Cesarean delivery for intrapartum fetal heart rate abnormalities: incorporating survey data into clinical judgment.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the descriptive clinical practice of maternal-fetal medicine specialists when faced with severe intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) abnormalities (as determined by continuous electronic fetal monitoring). METHODS: All regular members of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (maternal-fetal medicine specialists) were sent a survey questionnaire on the topic of cesarean delivery for intrapartum FHR abnormalities. The time from observation of FHR abnormalities to making the decision to proceed to cesarean delivery was the main outcome measure. Time was allowed for intrauterine resuscitative maneuvers to alleviate the abnormal pattern. Legislative definitions of consensus and strong consensus were applied to the data. Analysis of covariance was performed to determine the effect of physician demographic factors on the times reported. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-one of 704 (61.2%) questionnaires were returned. Consensus was identified for deciding on cesarean delivery (after intrauterine resuscitation) 1) after 30 minutes for cases of repetitive late and severe variable decelerations, 2) after 10 minutes in cases of fetal bradycardia, and 3) in all scenarios with decreased beat-to-beat variability of the FHR. Consensus was identified for deciding on cesarean delivery in five of eight intrapartum FHR pattern abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The descriptive clinical practice of maternal-fetal medicine specialists demonstrated in this study should be considered in prudential clinical judgment.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗
PubMed1987

Visual field asymmetries for rhyme and syntactic category judgments in monolinguals and fluent early and late bilinguals.

A tachistoscopic study investigated hemispheric specialization among monolingual and fluent French-English bilingual adults for speeded rhyme and syntactic category matching. A right visual field superiority was obtained for both types of verbal judgments. This effect was more pronounced in late bilinguals than in early bilinguals or monolinguals. In addition, bilingual subgroup differences in response latency and strategy were found, suggesting a preference for semantic processing among early bilinguals and for surface processing among late bilinguals, consistent with previous findings. Possible theoretical implications of these differences are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Event-related potentials and the interaction between orthographic and phonological information in a rhyme-judgment task.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from one midline and three pairs of lateral electrodes in three experiments involving a rhyme-judgment task. Experiment 1 employed sequentially presented word pairs consisting of orthographically similar and dissimilar rhyming and nonrhyming items (RUNG-SUNG, MAKE-ACHE, BEAD-DEAD, GIFT-ROAD). Comparison of the ERPs elicited by the dissimilar pairs revealed a rhyme/nonrhyme difference in the form of an increase in the amplitude of a late negative component (N450) for nonrhyming pairs; this effect was confined almost entirely to right-hemisphere electrodes. By contrast, rhyme/nonrhyme differences in the ERPs to orthographically similar word pairs were smaller in magnitude, later in onset, and bilaterally distributed. Experiment 2 showed that this pattern of ERP effects with orthographically similar items depended upon orthographic and not visual similarity. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that the lack of a right-hemisphere based N450 effect with orthographically similar items resulted from the operation of an orthographic priming mechanism. ERPs to nonrhyming pairs containing a word with an inconsistent segment (COAST-FROST) were compared with visually matched controls (SPARSE-CREASE). The rhyme/nonrhyme differences in the N450 components from these two conditions were indistinguishable, although subjects found it as difficult to make nonrhyme responses to "COAST-FROST" pairs as to the orthographically similar nonrhyming items in Experiment 1. It was concluded that while "orthographic priming" accounted for the behavioral data from these experiments, it could not explain the interaction between phonology and orthography observed in the concurrently recorded ERP data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Clinical judgment of abuse-proneness based on parent-child interactions.

Professionals skilled in working with abusive families and a sample of university undergraduates viewed video tapes of abusive and matched control parent-child dyads interacting in a free play setting. Subjects were asked to indicate which of each pair of dyads was abusive and the reasons for their judgment. Performance of both groups was at chance levels. Implications of these results for the prediction and prevention of child abuse and the training of clinicians are discussed.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of children's sexual behaviors and incorporation of base rates in judgments of sexual abuse.

One hundred sixty-one professionals and 97 undergraduates were asked to (a) prioritize 12 hypothetical CPS cases on the basis of sexual behaviors displayed by children, and (b) estimate the probability of abuse in a single case involving a child who had displayed sexual behavior and came from a population with a known base rate of abuse. When asked to prioritize the 12 cases as "high," "medium," or "low" on the basis of sexual behaviors, professionals were more accurate than students. However, when asked to estimate the probability of abuse in the single case, both professionals and students failed to incorporate base rate information into their decisions. As a result, both groups misestimated the probability of abuse under some circumstances. Professionals' performance on both judgment tasks was unrelated to level of experience with sexual abuse cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Training of primary health care medical officers in mental health care. Errors in clinical judgment before and after training.

This investigation examined the nature and frequency of errors in clinical judgment that were displayed by primary health care medical officers before and after short-term training in mental health care. Thirty-nine medical officers who underwent inservice training for 2 weeks were evaluated using standardized case vignettes. Before the training, doctors displayed a sizable percentage of major and minor errors, which dropped significantly following training. Errors were not unique to psychiatric presentations alone, but occurred with respect to vignettes representing physical disorders as well. The results on the whole demonstrate a satisfactory gain in clinical skills of medical officers following the training and highlight the need for continuation of a program of this nature.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Loudness judgments, evoked potentials, and reaction time to acoustic stimuli early and late in the cardiac cycle in chronic schizophrenics.

Two experiments were performed to test Broen's (1968) theory that chronic schizophrenics show increased sensitivity of the inhibitory mechanisms assumed to follow cardiovascular baroreceptor stimulation. Subjects were chronic schizophrenics and normals matched for age and education. In Experiment I reaction times, vertex potentials, and loudness judgments to single tones presented during systole or diastole were analyzed. Contrary to expectation, schizophrenics more often judged tones presented during systole to be louder than tones presented during diastole; the opposite was true for normals. A similar pattern was found in Experiment II, where pairs of tones were presented instead of single tones. No influence of cardiac cycle on reacion time or evoked potentials emerged. Results do not support Broen's assumption.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

Judgments by monkeys of apparent depth in dynamic random-dot stereograms.

Young macaques discriminated apparent depths of targets embedded in dynamic random dot stereograms; a test of stereopsis. In a 'same/different' paradigm, the discrimination took longer if the pair of stimuli appeared to be in same depth plane, than when they appeared to be located in a different depth plane. The decision time was an inverse function of the disparity difference. Apparent depth discrimination performance decreased as a function of disparity, with no differences in judgments regarding crossed or uncrossed disparities.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The accuracy of prognostic judgments of elderly long-term care patients.

Health care professionals' ability to make accurate prognostic judgments for long-term care patients was tested in a study employing quarterly assessments and prognoses for more than 700 patients. Prognoses were made for patients to 'improve', 'decline', or 'remain the same', in physical functioning ability for the next 90 days, after which reassessments took place. Despite substantial information on their patients, these teams of physicians, nurses, physical therapists, and social workers were not very accurate in making prognoses. They were right only about half the time. In general, they tended to be too optimistic. The study has profound implications for policy makers considering reimbursement on the basis of performance related to patient outcome goals. The goals are not likely to have much validity. Health care professionals may also be disturbed by the poor rate of correct guesses about patients' future courses of recovery.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Subjective judgments of deception in pain expression: accuracy and errors.

Accuracy and errors in judges' attempts to differentiate facial expressions that displayed genuine pain, no pain or were dissimulated (i.e., masked and exaggerated) were examined. Judges were informed that misrepresentations in the facial expressions were present and were asked to rate their confidence in classifying these expressions. Detailed, objective coding of the patients' facial reactions (e.g., brow lowering, mouth opening) were related to judges' decisions. Judges' classification decisions were better than chance, but there were many errors. Extreme expressions (i.e., no pain, and exaggerated expressions) were identified more accurately than genuine and masked expressions. Judges level of confidence was consistent with their level of accuracy. Judges consistently used rules of thumb based on specific facial cues when making judgments. Certain cues were effectively discriminative. Systematic training in the use of specific cues or the use of articulated decision rules may be helpful in improving judges' accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The identification of nasal obstruction through clinical judgments of hyponasality and nasometric assessment of speech acoustics.

This study examined the records of a consecutive series of 79 patients referred for evaluation at the Oral-Facial and Communicative Disorders Program during a 3-month period in 1989. The purpose was to determine whether clinical judgments of hyponasality, based on a six-point equal-appearing interval scale or an acoustic assessment with a Kay Elemetrics nasometer could provide information concerning nasal airway patency comparable to that obtained by means of aerodynamic measurement techniques. Among the 40 adults in the series, the sensitivity of hyponasality ratings was 0.55 when nasal airway impairment was defined as a condition in which the airway was less than 0.40 and 0.71 when the definition was limited to airways of less than 0.30 cm2. Specificities for the two groups were 0.89 and 0.85, respectively. Similarly, the sensitivity of nasometer ratings was 0.30 for the first group and 0.38 for the second group, while the specificity for the two groups was 0.83 and 0.92, respectively. Comparable analyses for children were not possible because of the extent to which nasal airway size varies in children younger than 15 years of age. Possible reasons for the findings and their clinical significance are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Developing an inverse time-to-collision crash alert timing approach based on drivers' last-second braking and steering judgments.

Drivers were asked to execute last-second braking and steering maneuvers while approaching a surrogate target lead vehicle. This surrogate target was designed to allow safely placing naive drivers in controlled, realistic rear-end crash scenarios under test track conditions. Maneuver intensity instructions were varied so that drivers' perceptions of normal and non-normal braking envelopes could be properly identified and modeled for forward collision warning timing purposes. The database modeled includes 3536 last-second braking judgment trials. A promising inverse time-to-collision model was developed, which assumes that the driver deceleration response in response to a crash alert is based on an inverse time-to-collision threshold that decreases linearly with driver speed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

Neural correlates of lexicon and grammar: evidence from the production, reading, and judgment of inflection in aphasia.

Are the linguistic forms that are memorized in the mental lexicon and those that are specified by the rules of grammar subserved by distinct neurocognitive systems or by a single computational system with relatively broad anatomic distribution? On a dual-system view, the productive -ed-suffixation of English regular past tense forms (e.g., look-looked) depends upon the mental grammar, whereas irregular forms (e.g., dig-dug) are retrieved from lexical memory. On a single-mechanism view, the computation of both past tense types depends on associative memory. Neurological double dissociations between regulars and irregulars strengthen the dual-system view. The computation of real and novel, regular and irregular past tense forms was investigated in 20 aphasic subjects. Aphasics with non-fluent agrammatic speech and left frontal lesions were consistently more impaired at the production, reading, and judgment of regular than irregular past tenses. Aphasics with fluent speech and word-finding difficulties, and with left temporal/temporo-parietal lesions, showed the opposite pattern. These patterns held even when measures of frequency, phonological complexity, articulatory difficulty, and other factors were held constant. The data support the view that the memorized words of the mental lexicon are subserved by a brain system involving left temporal/temporo-parietal structures, whereas aspects of the mental grammar, in particular the computation of regular morphological forms, are subserved by a distinct system involving left frontal structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

"It's magic!" The effects of presentation modality on children's event memory, suggestibility, and confidence judgments.

The current study investigated the influence of presentation modality (live, video, and slide show) on children's memory, suggestibility, recognition, and metamemorial monitoring processes. A total of 270 children in three age groups (5- and 6-year-olds, 7- and 8-year-olds, and 9- and 10-year-olds) watched a magic show and were questioned about it 1 week later. The live show yielded more correct answers to nonleading questions, higher resistance to misleading questions, and better recognition memory than did the video condition, which in turn resulted in better performance than did the slide show. Although presentation modality raised the general level of memory performance, the effects were equally strong in all age groups and did not affect memory phenomena such as the size of the misinformation effect and confidence judgments.

Child↗
PubMed2005

The effect of speaking task on perceptual judgment of the severity of dysphonic voice.

This study investigated the effect of speaking task on auditory-perceptual judgment of the severity of dysphonia. Three speech-language pathologists experienced in evaluating of disordered voices rated 29 recorded speakers, each of whom produced speech elicited via the same three tasks: sustained vowel /a/, oral reading of a standard passage, and connected speech describing a standard picture. Stimuli were played in sound field, and raters used direct magnitude estimation with a visual analog scale. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a statistically significant (P < .05) effect of speaking task, with post hoc analyses that indicate a statistically significant difference between ratings for the sustained vowel versus connected speech elicited via picture description (P < .05). No statistically significant difference in ratings was found between oral reading and picture description or between oral reading and the sustained vowel. The ANOVA also revealed a statistically significant difference among raters (P < 0.001), but no statistically significant task by rater interaction. Possible reasons for an effect of speaking task are discussed. Also, the implications of one task for determination of dysphonic severity are discussed, as is the possibility of a task effect when determining other clinically useful vocal parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Temporal order judgments for audiovisual targets embedded in unimodal and bimodal distractor streams.

We investigated whether the presence of unimodal or bimodal (synchronous) distractors would affect temporal order judgments (TOJs) for pairs of asynchronous audiovisual target stimuli. Participants made unspeeded TOJs regarding which of a pair of auditory and visual stimuli, presented at different stimulus onset asynchronies using the method of constant stimuli, occurred first. These asynchronous target stimuli were presented in a fixed position amongst a stream of three (auditory, visual, or audiovisual) distractors in each block of trials. The largest just noticeable differences (JNDs) were reported when the target stimuli were presented in the middle (position 3) of the distractor stream. Importantly, audiovisual distractors were shown to interfere with TOJ performance far more than unimodal (auditory or visual) distractors. The point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) was also influenced by the modality of the distractors, and by the position of the target within the distractor stream. These results confirm the existence of a specifically bimodal crowding effect, with audiovisual TOJs being impaired far more by the presence of audiovisual distractors that by unimodal auditory or visual distractors.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Novel ultrasonic evaluation of tissue-engineered cartilage for large osteochondral defects--non-invasive judgment of tissue-engineered cartilage.

Although numerous methods for regenerating articular cartilage have been investigated, the regenerated tissue showed various histological findings from hyaline-like cartilage to fibrous tissue. Without biopsy, we are unable to know whether the cartilage regeneration method was histologically successful or not. We developed a new ultrasonic evaluation system for articular cartilage using the maximum magnitude (MM) from ultrasonic analysis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of ultrasonic judgment of the cartilage regeneration procedure. Using our system we quantitatively evaluated tissue-engineered cartilage in rabbit cartilage defects. The specimens were retrospectively divided into two groups on the basis of histological findings and investigated whether significant differences in ultrasonic analysis could be found between the two (group H: hyaline-like cartilage group, successful; group F: fibrous tissue group, failure). In the ultrasonic findings, the MM was 1.11+/-0.32 in group H and 0.65+/-0.18 in group F and these differences were significant (P=0.00061). Our results suggest that the ultrasonic evaluation system used in the present study is capable of judging the success or failure of cartilage regeneration procedures, and therefore, it could be a valuable tool arthroscopic diagnosis of cartilage regeneration.

Animals↗