Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intelligent Systems”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

A real-time automated system for the recognition of human facial expressions.

A fully automated, multistage system for real-time recognition of facial expression is presented. The system uses facial motion to characterize monochrome frontal views of facial expressions and is able to operate effectively in cluttered and dynamic scenes, recognizing the six emotions universally associated with unique facial expressions, namely happiness, sadness, disgust, surprise, fear, and anger. Faces are located using a spatial ratio template tracker algorithm. Optical flow of the face is subsequently determined using a real-time implementation of a robust gradient model. The expression recognition system then averages facial velocity information over identified regions of the face and cancels out rigid head motion by taking ratios of this averaged motion. The motion signatures produced are then classified using Support Vector Machines as either nonexpressive or as one of the six basic emotions. The completed system is demonstrated in two simple affective computing applications that respond in real-time to the facial expressions of the user, thereby providing the potential for improvements in the interaction between a computer user and technology.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

'Smart' homes and telecare for independent living.

Telecare services and 'smart' homes share a common technological base in information technology and telecommunications. There is growing interest in both telecare services and smart homes, although they have been studied in isolation. Telecare has been driven largely by perceived cost savings and improved service delivery to the home, leading to improved quality of life and independent living. Smart homes are also expected to provide better and safer living conditions. The integration of the two should produce more secure and autonomous living. There are different forms of telecare services, as there are different types of smart homes, each ranging from basic systems involving the use of alarms and the ordinary telephone to intelligent monitoring with sensors and interactive communication. The introduction of these systems has policy implications, such as the need for coordination between health, social services and housing policy makers, which will reduce duplication and inefficient allocation of resources. Successful delivery of telecare to the home is as much dependent on the construction and condition of the housing stock as it is on the ability of the care provider to meet users' needs. If the UK National Health Service (NHS) could replace a significant proportion of domiciliary nursing visits by telephone calls, then savings of up of 200 million Pounds per annum would be possible.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Using a claims data-based sentinel system to improve compliance with clinical guidelines: results of a randomized prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the potential effect of deploying a sentinel system that scans administrative claims information and clinical data to detect and mitigate errors in care and deviations from best medical practices. METHODS: Members (n = 39 462; age range, 12-64 years) of a midwestern managed care plan were randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group. The sentinel system was programmed with more than 1000 decision rules that were capable of generating clinical recommendations. Clinical recommendations triggered for subjects in the intervention group were relayed to treating physicians, and those for the control group were deferred to study end. RESULTS: Nine hundred eight clinical recommendations were issued to the intervention group. Among those in both groups who triggered recommendations, there were 19% fewer hospital admissions in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < .001). Charges among those whose recommendations were communicated were dollar 77.91 per member per month (pmpm) lower and paid claims were dollar 68.08 pmpm lower than among controls compared with the baseline values (P = .003 for both). Paid claims for the entire intervention group (with or without recommendations) were dollar 8.07 pmpm lower than those for the entire control group. In contrast, the intervention cost dollar 1.00 pmpm, suggesting an 8-fold return on investment. CONCLUSION: Ongoing use of a sentinel system to prompt clinically actionable, patient-specific alerts generated from administratively derived clinical data was associated with a reduction in hospitalization, medical costs, and morbidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A new way for multidimensional medical data management: volume of interest (VOI)-based retrieval of medical images with visual and functional features.

The advances in digital medical imaging and storage in integrated databases are resulting in growing demands for efficient image retrieval and management. Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) refers to the retrieval of images from a database, using the visual features derived from the information in the image, and has become an attractive approach to managing large medical image archives. In conventional CBIR systems for medical images, images are often segmented into regions which are used to derive two-dimensional visual features for region-based queries. Although such approach has the advantage of including only relevant regions in the formulation of a query, medical images that are inherently multidimensional can potentially benefit from the multidimensional feature extraction which could open up new opportunities in visual feature extraction and retrieval. In this study, we present a volume of interest (VOI) based content-based retrieval of four-dimensional (three spatial and one temporal) dynamic PET images. By segmenting the images into VOIs consisting of functionally similar voxels (e.g., a tumor structure), multidimensional visual and functional features were extracted and used as region-based query features. A prototype VOI-based functional image retrieval system (VOI-FIRS) has been designed to demonstrate the proposed multidimensional feature extraction and retrieval. Experimental results show that the proposed system allows for the retrieval of related images that constitute similar visual and functional VOI features, and can find potential applications in medical data management, such as to aid in education, diagnosis, and statistical analysis.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

Giftedness and intelligence: one and the same?

Giftedness, like other rare phenomena, is often explained by principles beyond those used to explain the normal variation of mental ability. Before parsimony is abandoned and additional principles are invoked, the following five points should be considered. (1) Gifted samples often have restricted ranges, reducing correlations with intelligence and making standard tests insensitive to relationships that may exist. Though this is an obvious point, it is frequently overlooked. (2) Theories of intelligence that view g as a single global ability are inadequate. Intelligence is better seen as a complex system of independent but interrelated parts. Measures of g are global ratings of system functioning, but global measures do not explain mental ability in terms of either more basic cognitive abilities or underlying brain functioning. More basic explanations of intelligence are essential for understanding giftedness. (3) Correlations among intellectual abilities are lowest for persons of high intelligence. Specific skills will be less highly correlated among the gifted. (4) Heritability of cognitive abilities may differ across the intelligence range, though evidence on this point is mixed. (5) Achievement and intelligence are different things. Discrepancies between intelligence and achievement are due to environment. Such a finding is consistent with the idiosyncratic development of giftedness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Neural network feature detector for real-time video signal processing.

The application of artificial neural networks to real-time image processing tasks requires the use of dedicated, high performance hardware. A linear array processor called HANNIBAL has been developed which implements the backpropagation neural learning algorithm on-chip. This paper considers the design of a complete neural system which integrates HANNIBAL into an existing image processing environment. The goals for the design of the system have been set partly by the primary application, namely feature recognition, but mainly by the desire for a flexible, high performance hardware tool for the study and evaluation of range of neural image processing applications.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Webifying a patient interview support application.

This paper reports on the software engineering challenges, and resultant benefits experienced, in porting an interactive, knowledge-based system from Microsoft Windows to the World Wide Web for evaluation purposes. The Patients Interview Support Application (PISA) is a program intended for operation by a non-expert clerk to interview an ambulatory primary care patient. The PISA code had to be re-written substantially to address the 'connectionless' nature of Web dialog and to work in terms of dynamically generated HTML forms; however, it was possible to avoid any revision of the central knowledge-base or inference engine. The resultant Web environment attracted thought-provoking and detailed feedback from users, indicating that significant attention can be obtained from the global community by mounting an interactive system on the Web. Specific enhancements to the PISA's artificial intelligence are suggested by user reaction. A future global health informatics 'marketplace' with a multidue of Web-based system components available for composition of health information systems is envisioned.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1997

Combining a neural network with case-based reasoning in a diagnostic system.

This paper presents a new approach for integrating case-based reasoning (CBR) with a neural network (NN) in diagnostic systems. When solving a new problem, the neural network is used to make hypotheses and to guide the CBR module in the search for a similar previous case that supports one of the hypotheses. The knowledge acquired by the network is interpreted and mapped into symbolic diagnosis descriptors, which are kept and used by the system to determine whether a final answer is credible, and to build explanations for the reasoning carried out. The NN-CBR model has been used in the development of a system for the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases (CHD). The system has been evaluated using two cardiological databases with a total of 214 CHD cases. Three other well-known databases have been used to evaluate the NN-CBR approach further. The hybrid system manages to solve problems that cannot be solved by the neural network with a good level of accuracy. Additionally, the hybrid system suggests some solutions for common CBR problems, such as indexing and retrieval, as well as for neural network problems, such as the interpretation of the knowledge stored in a neural network and the explanation of reasoning.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Building an abbreviation dictionary using a term recognition approach.

MOTIVATION: Acronyms result from a highly productive type of term variation and trigger the need for an acronym dictionary to establish associations between acronyms and their expanded forms. RESULTS: We propose a novel method for recognizing acronym definitions in a text collection. Assuming a word sequence co-occurring frequently with a parenthetical expression to be a potential expanded form, our method identifies acronym definitions in a similar manner to the statistical term recognition task. Applied to the whole MEDLINE (7 811 582 abstracts), the implemented system extracted 886 755 acronym candidates and recognized 300 954 expanded forms in reasonable time. Our method outperformed base-line systems, achieving 99% precision and 82-95% recall on our evaluation corpus that roughly emulates the whole MEDLINE. AVAILABILITY AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The implementations and supplementary information are available at our web site: http://www.chokkan.org/research/acromine/

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed1991

SENEX: a computer-based representation of cellular signal transduction processes in the central nervous system.

The SENEX project is exploring knowledge representation in the neurobiology of ageing through object-oriented programming. SENEX is built from a classification structure of biologic entities and significant relationships among them. For example, an enzyme is an entity and an enzymatic reaction is a relationship among enzyme, cofactor(s), substrate(s) and product(s). There are currently 2600 classes of entities and 50 classes of relationships in SENEX. The class structure serves several functions. One function is to interrelate general and specific categories of molecular and morphologic entities. For example, tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinase are specific types of the more general class of protein kinase enzymes. Another function of the class structure is to serve as a network through which inheritance of attributes may occur. For example, the attribute 'subunits' is inherited by all subclasses of the general class multisubunit protein. Information may be accessed through links established in the class structure and through links relating one object as part of another. Relationships form the basis of separate modules within SENEX. This paper describes the types of relationships currently used and planned in the representation of age-related changes in cellular signal transduction processes of mammalian central nervous systems. We also describe tools for specific retrieval of relationships and for tracing links in complex reaction cascades. Application of these tools to identifying possible signal transduction pathways to guide further exploration through experimentation is discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

The performance of the knowledge-based system VALAB revisited: an evaluation after five years.

In 1988, inundated by the tedious work of validation of laboratory reports in a large hospital biochemistry laboratory, we designed VALAB, a knowledge-based system specially dedicated to this iterative function. Coping at first with a few biochemical tests, the program has been progressively expanded to forty-five common chemical tests. Simultaneously some new rules have been introduced to "weight" the conclusion in different circumstances and rules taking into consideration some clinical data have also been written. Moreover the program moved to other disciplines, pH and blood gases, haematology and coagulation. Accordingly the evaluation protocol has been modified, incorporating a new step, the consensus decision of the pathologists, operating within the initial protocol and based upon the various criteria of epidemiology. These major changes and improvements have led us to check and describe again the performance of this updated VALAB knowledge-based system.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1993

Integrating decision support, based on the Arden Syntax, in a clinical laboratory environment.

A clinical decision support system prototype have been developed in the clinical laboratory environment. The knowledge base consists of Medical Logic Modules, written in the Arden Syntax, and the work describes how these modules can be written, evoked and executed in a system, that is integrated with a laboratory information system, and facilitate real time validation of laboratory data. Tools and methods for building a decision support system are described and design aspects, such as database access, system validation and platform independence, are discussed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1996

[Technical requirements and possibilities of teleconsultation in laparoscopic interventions].

Recent developments in robot technology and communication media have opened the way for their use in various medical techniques. Automated camera guidance as well as new telecommunication systems make it possible to carry out extensive laparoscopic operations precisely and to provide teaching assistance from great distances (so-called telepreceptorship). Long-term cost reduction, reduction of surgical complications and the improvement of quality standards are some of the benefits which could be realized by use of such systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Drug product distribution systems and departmental operations.

Technologies affecting institutional pharmacy practice and the operation of pharmacy departments are reviewed, future developments are outlined, and implications of these developments for pharmacy education are proposed. Computer technology, especially as applied to areas such as artificial intelligence, online information databases, electronic bulletin boards, hospital information systems, and point-of-care systems, will have a strong impact on pharmacy practice and management in the 1990s. Other areas in which growth is likely to be active include bar-code technology, robotics, and automated drug dispensing. The applications of these technologies are described, with particular attention placed on the effects of increased automation on the drug-dispensing function. Technological advances may effect marked reductions in dispensing and medication errors; questions concerning the cost-effectiveness of these new systems remain to be answered. These advances also create new opportunities for clinical involvement by pharmacists; however, a fundamental understanding of computer systems is essential. Current practitioners can benefit from attending seminars, participating in users' groups, and keeping current with the computer literature. Many students now acquire the needed skills in computer laboratories and in the classroom. Technological advances will offer the opportunity for pharmacists to expand their clinical role.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1997

Quality monitoring, standardized documentation and management with a computerized system in oncology.

Within the last years the prerequisite was prepared to develop a computerized tumor--patient documentation system including quality monitoring and oncological therapy recommendations for every day use. In medicine today, there is an increasing need for quality oriented low cost and transparent management--what is especially true in the field of oncology. The German Federal Authority of Health demands the documentation of all tumor disorders for the establishment of an cancer registry. For these reasons our study group established the program "OncoDoc" in cooperation with the laboratory for Artificial Intelligence of the University Bremen.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2003

The interaction of domain knowledge and linguistic structure in natural language processing: interpreting hypernymic propositions in biomedical text.

Interpretation of semantic propositions in free-text documents such as MEDLINE citations would provide valuable support for biomedical applications, and several approaches to semantic interpretation are being pursued in the biomedical informatics community. In this paper, we describe a methodology for interpreting linguistic structures that encode hypernymic propositions, in which a more specific concept is in a taxonomic relationship with a more general concept. In order to effectively process these constructions, we exploit underspecified syntactic analysis and structured domain knowledge from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). After introducing the syntactic processing on which our system depends, we focus on the UMLS knowledge that supports interpretation of hypernymic propositions. We first use semantic groups from the Semantic Network to ensure that the two concepts involved are compatible; hierarchical information in the Metathesaurus then determines which concept is more general and which more specific. A preliminary evaluation of a sample based on the semantic group Chemicals and Drugs provides 83% precision. An error analysis was conducted and potential solutions to the problems encountered are presented. The research discussed here serves as a paradigm for investigating the interaction between domain knowledge and linguistic structure in natural language processing, and could also make a contribution to research on automatic processing of discourse structure. Additional implications of the system we present include its integration in advanced semantic interpretation processors for biomedical text and its use for information extraction in specific domains. The approach has the potential to support a range of applications, including information retrieval and ontology engineering.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1988

Knowledge-based automation.

Future technologic advances in microcomputer hardware will allow us to build complex interactive information systems that go far beyond conventional laboratory management functions to address the needs of laboratorians as well as physicians in patient care activities. These systems will use a "local-area network to transmit not only text but also images to workstations throughout a hospital. Unlike current systems driven from a central computer, future systems will decentralize much of the memory and processing to individual workstations." The expansion of software tools for modeling the decision-making process coupled with the development and testing of useful systems in relatively narrow problem domains will help the laboratory construct the necessary knowledge bases for future applications. Such systems will present complex medical data in a useful, informative manner, leading to a more rapid, consistent, and, it is hoped, cost effective decision making process. Utilizing these techniques, laboratory medicine can play a crucial role in fostering the appropriate and logical use of the laboratory.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of PROforma as a language for implementing medical guidelines in a practical context.

BACKGROUND: PROforma is one of several languages that allow clinical guidelines to be expressed in a computer-interpretable manner. How these languages should be compared, and what requirements they should meet, are questions that are being actively addressed by a community of interested researchers. METHODS: We have developed a system to allow hypertensive patients to be monitored and assessed without visiting their GPs (except in the most urgent cases). Blood pressure measurements are performed at the patients' pharmacies and a web-based system, created using PROforma, makes recommendations for continued monitoring, and/or changes in medication. The recommendations and measurements are transmitted electronically to a practitioner with authority to issue and change prescriptions. We evaluated the use of PROforma during the knowledge acquisition, analysis, design and implementation of this system. The analysis focuses on the logical adequacy, heuristic power, notational convenience, and explanation support provided by the PROforma language. RESULTS: PROforma proved adequate as a language for the implementation of the clinical reasoning required by this project. However a lack of notational convenience led us to use UML activity diagrams, rather than PROforma process descriptions, to create the models that were used during the knowledge acquisition and analysis phases of the project. These UML diagrams were translated into PROforma during the implementation of the project. CONCLUSION: The experience accumulated during this study highlighted the importance of structure preserving design, that is to say that the models used in the design and implementation of a knowledge-based system should be structurally similar to those created during knowledge acquisition and analysis. Ideally the same language should be used for all of these models. This means that great importance has to be attached to the notational convenience of these languages, by which we mean the ease with which they can be read, written, and understood by human beings. The importance of notational convenience arises from the fact that a language used during knowledge acquisition and analysis must be intelligible to the potential users of a system, and to the domain experts who provide the knowledge that will be used in its construction.

Antihypertensive Agents↗