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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Occurrence of some enzymes in starchy endosperm and hormonal regulation of isoperoxidase in aleurone of wheat.

Peroxidase, indoleacetic acid-oxidase, alkaline, and acid phosphatases were detected in dry starchy endosperm (minus aleurone) of wheat grain. The isoperoxidase pattern differed in different parts of the dry grain. Several new isoperoxidases were found in embryos after soaking. The intensity of isoperoxidases in aleurones was enhanced in the presence of embryo or 2 muM GA(3) after 24 hours of soaking, but decreased after 72 hours. Indoleacetic acid and kinetin had no effect on isoperoxidase of aleurone. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide had no effect on isoperoxidases of aleurones from embryonectomized or naturally occurring embryoless grains. However, these two inhibitors increased the intensity of isoperoxidases in aleurones of intact embryonated grains after soaking.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Synaptic activity modifies the levels of Dorsal and Cactus at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila.

The Drosophila Rel transcription factor Dorsal and its inhibitor Cactus participate in a signal transduction pathway involved in several biologic processes, including embryonic pattern formation, immunity, and muscle development. In contrast with embryonic muscle, where Dorsal is reportedly absent, this protein and Cactus accumulates in the neuromuscular junctions in the muscle of both larvae and adults. The phenotype of homozygous dorsal mutant larvae suggested that Dorsal and Cactus maybe necessary for normal function and maintenance of the neuromuscular system. Here we investigate if these proteins can respond to synaptic activity. Using larval body wall preparations and antibodies specific for Dorsal or Cactus we show that the amount of these proteins at the neuromuscular junction is substantially decreased after electrical stimulation of the nerves or incubation in glutamate, the principal transmitter in this type of synapse. The specificity of the response was tested with a glutamate receptor antagonist (argiotoxin 636). Because the effect can be reproduced using a calcium ionophore (ionomycin treatment) as well as blocked by the inhibition of the muscle ryanodine receptor (tetracaine treatment), the involvement of calcium in this process seems likely. We also observed that the inhibition of the calcium dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin prevents the effect of glutamate on the fluorescence for Dorsal and Cactus, suggesting its participation in a signal transduction cascade that may activate Dorsal in the muscle independently of Toll. Our results are consistent with a novel function of the Rel factor Dorsal in a molecular pathway turned on by neural activity and/or contractile activity.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1989

On the role of calcium in indole-3-acetic acid movement and graviresponse in etiolated pea epicotyls.

To determine whether Ca2+ plays a special role in the early graviresponse of shoots, as has been reported for roots, we treated etiolated pea epicotyls with substances known to antagonize Ca2+ (La3+), to remove Ca2+ from the wall (spermidine, EGTA), to inhibit calmodulin mediated reactions (chlorpromazine), or to inhibit IAA transport (TIBA). We studied the effect of these substances on IAA and Ca2+ uptake into 7 mm long subapical 3rd internode etiolated pea epicotyl sections and pea leaf protoplasts, on pea epicotyl growth, and graviresponse and on lateral IAA redistribution during gravistimulation. Our results support the view that adequate Ca2+ in the apoplast is required for normal IAA uptake, transport and graviresponse. Experiments with protoplasts indicate that Ca2+ may be controlling a labile membrane porter, possibly located on the external surface of cell membrane, while inhibitor experiments suggest that calmodulin is also implicated in both the movement of IAA and graviresponse. Since a major transfer of Ca2+ through free space during graviresponse has not yet been demonstrated, and since inhibition of calcium channels does not affect IAA redistribution (Migliaccio and Galston, 1987, Plant Physiology 85:542), we conclude that no clear evidence links prior Ca2+ movement with IAA redistribution during graviresponse in stems.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1992

The role of calcium in growth induced by indole-3-acetic acid and gravity in the leaf-sheath pulvinus of oat (Avena sativa).

Leaf-sheath pulvini of excised segments from oat (Avena sativa L.) were induced to grow by treatment with 10 micromoles indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gravistimulation, or both, and the effects of calcium, EGTA, and calcium channel blockers on growth were evaluated. Unilaterally applied calcium (10 mM CaCl2) significantly inhibited IAA-induced growth in upright pulvini but had no effect on growth induced by either gravity or gravity plus IAA. Calcium alone had no effect on upright pulvini. The calcium chelator EGTA alone (10 mM) stimulated growth in upright pulvini. However, EGTA had no effect on either IAA- or gravity-induced growth but slightly diminished growth in IAA-treated gravistimulated pulvini. The calcium channel blockers lanthanum chloride (25 mM), verapamil (2.5 mM), and nifedipine (2.5 mM) greatly inhibited growth as induced by IAA (> or = 50% inhibition) or IAA plus gravity (20% inhibition) but had no effect on gravistimulated pulvini. Combinations of channel blockers were similar in effect on IAA action as individual blockers. Since neither calcium ions nor EGTA significantly affected the graviresponse of pulvini, we conclude that apoplastic calcium is unimportant in leaf-sheath pulvinus gravitropism. The observation that calcium ions and calcium channel blockers inhibit IAA-induced growth, but have no effect on gravistimulated pulvini, further supports previous observations that gravistimulation alters the responsiveness of pulvini to IAA.

Avena↗
PubMed1976

The end products of the metabolism of aromatic amino acids by Clostridia.

The end products of the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan by growing cultures of clostridia have been identified. The species used were Clostridium aminovalericum; C. bifermentans; C. botulinum proteolytic type A; C. botulinum proteolytic type B; C. cochlearium; C. difficile; C. ghoni; C. histolyticum; C. lentoputrescens; C. limosum; C. lituseburense; C. malenomenatum; C. mangenoti; C. propionicum; C. putrefaciens; C. sordellii; C. sporogenes; C. sporosphaeroides; C. sticklandii; C. subterminale; C. tetani; C. tetanomorphum. The mixture of aromatic compounds formed, which depended upon the species, included phenyl acetic acid, phenyl propionic acid, phenyl lactic acid, phenol, p-cresol, p-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid, p-hydroxy phenyl propionic acid, indole, indole acetic acid and indole propionic acid.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2006

Inoculation effects of Pseudomonas putida, Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans, and Azospirillum lipoferum on corn plant growth under greenhouse conditions.

Alcohol production from corn is gaining importance in Ontario, Canada, and elsewhere. A major cost of corn production is the cost of chemical fertilizers and these continue to increase in price. The competitiveness of alcohol with fossil fuels depends on access to low-cost corn that allows growers to earn a sustainable income. In this study we set out to determine if we can identify root-associated microorganisms from Ontario-grown corn that can enhance the nutrient flow to corn roots, directly or indirectly, and help minimize the use of extraneous fertilizer. Bacteria were isolated from corn rhizosphere and screened for their capacity to enhance corn growth. The bacteria were examined for their ability to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphate, and produce indole acetic acid (IAA) and antifungal substances on potato dextrose agar. Bacterial suspensions were applied to pregerminated seed of four corn varieties (39D82, 39H84, 39M27, and 39T68) planted in sterilized sand and unsterilized cornfield soil. The plants were grown under greenhouse conditions for 30 days. Three isolates were identified as having growth-promoting effect. These bacteria were identified as to species by biochemical tests, fatty acid profiles, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Corn rhizosphere isolates, Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans DS1, Pseudomonas putida CQ179, and Azospirillum lipoferum N7, provided significant plant growth promotion expressed as increased root/shoot weight when compared to uninoculated plants, in sand and/or soil. All strains except P. putida CQ179 were capable of nitrogen fixation and IAA production. Azospirillum brasilense, however, produced significantly more IAA than the other isolates. Although several of the strains were also able to solubilize phosphate and produce metabolites inhibitory to various fungal pathogens, these properties are not considered as contributing to growth promotion under the conditions used in this study. These bacteria will undergo field tests for their effect on corn growth.

Azospirillum lipoferum↗