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At least 1,351 records · Page 75Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A new fungicide produced by a Streptomyces sp. GAAS7310.

Directed bioassay guided fraction led to a new macrodiolide antimycin A(17) (1), isolated from a Streptomyces sp. GAAS7310, which showed significant antimicrobial activity against eleven fungal species, including Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed, Rhizopus nigrtcans Ehrb and Colletotrichum nigrum EL. et Halst. The structure was unambiguously established by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data and comparison with the known antimycin A(1a).

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1998

Solution structure of thanatin, a potent bactericidal and fungicidal insect peptide, determined from proton two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance data.

Thanatin is the first inducible insect peptide that has been found to have, at physiological concentrations, a broad range of activity against bacteria and fungi. Thanatin contains 21 amino acids including two cysteine residues that form a disulfide bridge. Two-dimensional (2D) 1H-NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling have been used to determine its three-dimensional (3D) structure in water. Thanatin adopts a well-defined anti-parallel beta-sheet structure from residue 8 to the C-terminus, including the disulfide bridge. In spite of the presence of two proline residues, there is a large degree of structural variability in the N-terminal segment. The structure of thanatin is quite different from the known structures of other insect defence peptides, such as antibacterial defensin and antifungal drosomycin. It has more similarities with the structures of various peptides from different origins, such as brevinins, protegrins and tachyplesins, which have a two-stranded beta-sheet stabilized by one or two disulfide bridges. Combined with activity test experiments on several truncated isoforms of thanatin, carried out by Fehlbaum et al. [Fehlbaum, P., Bulet, P., Chernysh, S., Briand, J. P., Roussel, J. P., Letellier, L., Hétru, C. & Hoffmann, J. (1996) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1221-1225], our structural study evidences the importance of the beta-sheet structure and also suggests that anti-Gram-negative activity involves a site formed by the Arg20 side-chain embedded in a hydrophobic cluster.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Internalization of tenecin 3 by a fungal cellular process is essential for its fungicidal effect on Candida albicans.

Tenecin 3 is a glycine-rich, antifungal protein of 78 residues isolated from the insect Tenebrio molitor larva. As an initial step towards understanding the antifungal mechanism of tenecin 3, we examined how this protein interacts with the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans to exert its antifungal action. Tenecin 3 did not induce the release of a fluorescent dye trapped in the artificial membrane vesicles and it did not perturb the membrane potential of C. albicans by the initial interaction. Fluorescence confocal microscopy and flow cytometric analysis revealed that tenecin 3 is rapidly internalized into the cytoplasmic space in energy-dependent and temperature-dependent manners. This internalization is also dependent on the ionic environment and cellular metabolic states. These results suggest that the internalization of tenecin 3 into the cytoplasm of C. albicans is mediated by a fungal cellular process. The internalized tenecin 3 is dispersed in the cytoplasm, and the loss of cell viability occurs after this internalization.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Macrophage-independent fungicidal action of the pulmonary collectins.

Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is a facultative intracellular fungal pathogen that causes acute and chronic pneumonia. In this study, we investigated the role of the pulmonary collectins, surfactant proteins (SP) A and D, in the clearance of Hc yeast from the lung. Exposure of yeast to either collectin induced a dose-dependent decrease in [3H]leucine incorporation by several strains of Hc. This decrement was attributed to killing of the collectin-exposed yeast since it failed to grow on agar medium. Exposure to SP-A or -D resulted in increased yeast permeability based on a leak of protein from the organism and enhanced access of an impermeant substrate to intracellular alkaline phosphatase. Inbred and outbred SP-A null (-/-) mice were modestly more susceptible to pulmonary infection with Hc than strain and age-matched SP-A (+/+) control mice. The increase in susceptibility was associated with a decrement in the number of CD8+ cells in the lungs of SP-A-/- mice. Neither SP-A nor SP-D inhibited the growth of macrophage-internalized Hc. We conclude that the SP-A and SP-D are antimicrobial proteins that directly inhibit the growth of Hc by increasing permeability of the organism and that Hc gains asylum from collectin-mediated killing by rapid entry into pulmonary macrophages.

Agar↗
PubMed1994

Arrays of Candida albicans pseudohyphae that protect the organisms from neutrophil fungicidal mechanisms in experimental infections of mice.

Experimental subcutaneous Candida albicans infections in mice were used to examine the manner in which this pathogen is cleared in animals recovering from cyclophosphamide-induced leucopenia. In this system, infections at the inoculation sites progressed rapidly during a 6 day period of leucopenia to form arrays of parallel filamentous organisms that effectively isolated those in the interior from contact by neutrophils, even when the leucopenia had resolved. Dense collections of organisms also developed at sites of metastatic infection in the kidneys. A majority of the organisms were found to be viable when they were retrieved from the infected subcutaneous sites of animals that had recovered from leucopenia and whose abscesses had begun to drain spontaneously. Removal of the protective arrays of fungal cells appeared to be accomplished by drainage of abscess contents through the surface of the skin or into the collecting system of the kidney. Drainage of the subcutaneous abscesses did not occur in the cyclophosphamide-treated animals until after the neutrophilic infiltrates had developed, suggesting that this drainage process was mediated by neutrophils rather than by the organisms themselves. In summary, the above findings demonstrate that C. albicans infections in leucopenic hosts may progress to the extent that they would be very difficult to clear solely through the microbicidal processes of returning neutrophils. However, neutrophils also appear to promote the removal of masses of viable fungal cells to the exterior of the body.

Abscess↗
PubMed2006

Fungicidal activity of Artemisia herba alba Asso (Asteraceae).

The antifungal activity of Artemisia herba alba was found to be associated with two major volatile compounds isolated from the fresh leaves of the plant. Carvone and piperitone were isolated and identified by GC/MS, GC/IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Antifungal activity was measured against Penicillium citrinum (ATCC 10499) and Mucora rouxii (ATCC 24905). The antifungal activity (IC50) of the purified compounds was estimated to be 5 microg/ml, 2 microg/ml against Penicillium citrinum and 7 microg/ml, 1.5 microg/ml against Mucora rouxii carvone and piperitone, respectively.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1980

Statute and legislative history of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and its impact on agriculture.

This report discusses the responsibilities of government for the legislation of pesticides, and describes the impact of various statutes on the use of pesticides in agriculture. Governmental responsibilities for management of the economy, education, and enactment of laws and regulations are discussed, and the history of U.S. legislation of pesticides and related substances is presented. Finally, the impact of pesticide regulation on international trade is considered.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Design and fungicidal activity of mucoadhesive lactoferrin tablets for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis.

Lactoferrin (Lf) is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of oropharyngeal Candida infections. However, for an effective therapeutic treatment an appropriate dosage form is required. Therefore a mucoadhesive tablet for buccal application was developed. Tablets of sufficient strength could be produced on high speed tabletting machines, but they could only be obtained when the protein contained at least 7% moisture. The tablet contained sodium alginate both for its release-controlling properties as well as for its mucoadhesive properties. Furthermore, phosphate buffer was added to keep the pH of the saliva in the mouth within the range of 6.5 to 7.5. In this pH range, Lf has shown to have its highest activity against Candida growth inhibition. The tablet formulation containing Lf had the same antifungal properties as compared with Lf alone, because in most cases identical inhibitory concentrations were observed against several clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. In human volunteers the tablets, containing 250 mg Lf and placed in each pouch, were able to keep the Lf concentration in the saliva at effective levels for at least 2 hr, while the pH of the saliva remained within the desired range. We concluded that the developed mucoadhesive tablet can improve the therapeutic efficacy of Lf and that it is suitable for further clinical research.

Adhesiveness↗