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PubMed1998

Psychology and the study of marital processes.

The divorce rate in the United States is extremely high. It is estimated that between 50% and 67% of first marriages end in divorce. For second marriages, failure rates are even higher. There are strong negative consequences to separation and divorce on the mental and physical health of both spouses, including increased risk for psychopathology, increased rates of automobile accidents, and increased incidence of physical illness, suicide, violence, homicide, significant immunosuppression, and mortality from diseases. In children, marital distress, conflict, and disruption are associated with depression, withdrawal, poor social competence, health problems, poor academic performance, and a variety of conduct-related difficulties. Though intervention techniques might be expected to reduce these grim statistics, our best scholars have concluded that marital therapy is at a practical and theoretical impasse. This article discusses the progress of research on the study of marriage.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Assessment of personality and demographic aspects of cohabitation and marital success.

The outcomes of 68 marriages of four-year duration were compared on the basis of whether the partners had or had not cohabited premaritally. Background characteristics and personality data were assessed on those couples when there were newly married, and they were followed-up four years later to determine their current marital status, level of satisfaction, difficulty with various problem areas and the number of children born to them. No reliable differences on marital satisfaction or divorce rates between premarital cohabitors and noncohabitors were found. Cohabitors who divorced did so while reporting less marital distress than noncohabitors who divorced. Premarital cohabitors had significantly fewer children than noncohabitors. Degree of difficulty experienced on various problem areas differed between the groups. Certain personality and background variables predicted marital success differently for the two groups. Using the same selected set of six predictor variables, multiple regression equations were generated for cohabitors and noncohabitors. The cohabitors equation (R2 = .56) predicted marital success significantly more effectively than the noncohabitors equation (R2 = .28), When comparing the tri-weight vectors for these two equations, none of the predictor variables had the same influence in both groups. Theoretical implications of the findings were discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial correlates of women's health in middle adulthood.

Psychosocial variables are not only highly salient to health, but also potentially modifiable if women receive accurate information from care providers. Employing a multivariate multitheoretical approach, psychosocial predictors of health (locus of control, well-being, role quality, stress, social network ties, and optimism) were examined in a secondary analysis of data collected by Baruch and Barnett on 238 midlife women. Mean age was 43.6 years; 60% were college educated; 76% were employed outside the home. The sample included women from four family statuses: never married (n = 50), married without children (n = 54), married with children (n = 88), and divorced with children (n = 46). These family statuses were crossed by employment status: half the married women were employed, as were all of the never married or divorced women. The employed women were equally distributed by occupational prestige into high, medium, and low groupings; unemployed women were classified according to the prestige of their husbands' occupations. Of the 134 women who were mothers, 23% had younger children (< or = 7 years), while 66% had no child under age eight at home and 11% had an "empty nest." Health was regressed on psychosocial and demographic predictors using a backward elimination procedure. Twenty-seven percent of the variance in self-reported health of mothers (whether married or divorced) was accounted for by stress (beta = -.29), optimism (beta = .17), employment outside the home (beta = .14), occupational prestige (beta = .18), and quality of experience in the maternal role (beta = .14). Twenty-two percent of the variance in health of wives was explained by stress (beta = -.36), quality of experience in the wife role (beta = -.12), employment (beta = .15) and occupational prestige (beta = .14). Using t tests, healthiest and least healthy women were compared. Women in better health in middle adulthood had fewer concerns regarding their roles as workers (t = -2.03, p = .04), wives (t = -4.57, p = .0001) and mothers (t = -3.89, p = .0002), as compared to their less healthy counterparts. Women in the least healthy group appeared to be more unsure of themselves as mothers, worrying more and having more arguments with their children. They also reported more conflicts with spouse about housework and children. To summarize, stress was the strongest predictor of health in this sample. Concerns reported by women in connection with their primary roles differentiated healthiest and least healthy women. Implications for research and practice were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Determinants of self-efficacy among persons with spinal cord injuries.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting self-efficacy among persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). The study population consisted of 105 persons with SCI who were discharged from one of eight hospitals in north central Alabama between October 1989 and September 1992. Data were derived from a retrospective acute-care medical record review and 12-month annual follow-up telephone interviews. The findings indicate that high self-efficacy is significantly associated with less severe neurological impairment, being white, employed at injury, having a high-school education or beyond, and having an unintentional injury. In terms of marital status our data indicate the odds of divorced persons having high self-efficacy are 8.2 (CL = 0.919, 74.1) times those of married persons. In addition, 64% of those who were divorced during the 12 months after injury had high self-efficacy compared to 50% of those who were divorced prior to injury.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1975

Relationships in Canada between mortality from tumours of the gastrointestinal tract and marital status.

The mortality from tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in the Canadian population in 1970-72 was 16% higher in single than in married men (on the basis of age-adjusted rates), 25% higher in widowed men and 28% higher in divorced men. All these differences were unlikely to be due to chance. The rates were 4% higher for single women, 14% higher for widows and 22% higher for divorced women, compared with the married. The differences for single and divorced women were not significant. Substantial excess mortality was found in the unmarried for tumours of the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, and rectum; for tumours of the stomach and colon the excess was small or nonexistent. This variation between sites suggests that systematic errors in the census data used as denominators are not responsible for the high mortality for the unmarried from certain tumours. The effect is found in conditions for which treatment can have made little difference (e.g., a 75% excess mortality for tumours of the esophagus in single men compared with married) and in conditions for which differences in the use of medical facilities may have been important (e.g., a 44% excess mortality for tumours of the rectum in widowers).

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Family transitions during the adolescent transition: implications for parenting.

This study explored how family transitions affect parenting practices in a sample of 7,000 ethnically diverse students in 9th, 10th, or 11th grade over a period of 2 years. Adolescent perceptions of parental control and parental responsiveness were assessed in three groups: (1) adolescents moving into mother-custody households following a marital separation or divorce, (2) adolescents from stable never-divorced households, and (3) adolescents from stable mother-custody households. The study examined pre- and posttransition data to determine whether adolescents in newly formed single-parent families experienced a larger drop in parental control and responsiveness than did adolescents in stable nondivorced and stable mother-custody households. Adolescents from all family types reported significant declines in behavioral control, but not parental responsiveness. However, the lack of family-type differences contrasts sharply with findings from the childhood-divorce literature. Findings suggest that adolescent individuation may overshadow family-type differences during middle adolescence. As expected, boys reported lower parental control than did girls. Ethnic differences revealed that European American adolescents reported the highest levels of parental responsiveness, and African American adolescents reported the highest levels of parental control. Contextual and individual pathways in adolescence are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Quid Nunc? The relationship between the medical world and society in Belgium and in Europe of the 25 at the dawn of the 21st century].

Since about twenty-five years, we observe important transformations of the socio-economic structures of our society, modifying the main references which reign over the social structures and thus over the medical world. As a result, we observe a social syndrome which we can define as a divorce between the medical world and the society. The consequences of this phenomenon can constitute a real danger for the whole society; nevertheless, actually we can still consider that Belgium can assure a very high level of medical care for the greatest part of the population for a really social prize. The main "clinical signs" of this divorce are mentioned and analyzed, the deeper reasons of them as well. Among them, we cite the recent law about the quite exclusive rights of the patients, an incoherent legislation concerning medical activities, the hostility of the world of media against the physicians, the insuffiencies to finance health care and the attacks against several medical organizations and--at least--the fact to give more and more preference to the non-scientific parallel medicine. This whole social process should be kept back because this divorce is not only an economical problem, but rather a question of humanism and of social culture.

Belgium↗
PubMed2005

[Intimate partner abuse of women: identification of victims in medical practice].

Intimate partner abuse is world-wide much more prevalent than often suspected. Three female patients consulted their family doctor with a variety of complaints. A 53-year-old woman, mother of three grown-up children, and divorced a year ago, sought help after four days, for a large infected wound of her right hand. A 32-year-old single mother of a 2-year-old girl asked the practice assistant for an iteration of a tranquillizer because of tension headache. A 36-year-old divorced mother of three sons was sent by her company doctor to ask for a referral to a psychiatrist because of chronic fatigue. All three women appeared to have been severely abused by their partners, recently or in the past, and were reluctant to disclose the abuse. Two women were regular visitors of doctor's offices with diverse unspecific complaints. The third woman was a victim of sexual abuse as a child and was severely depressed. Active asking about experiences of intimate partner abuse helped these women to disclose the real nature of their problem. Important effect is that abused women can accept help and experience support to improve their situation. Doctors should suspect intimate partner abuse more often in patients who are heavy medical consumers, depressed or victims of sexual abuse in childhood. Single and divorced mothers can hide a history of abuse. Doctors should ask clear and specific questions about relationships and listen without passing judgement so as to help women to disclose abuse.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social and environmental factors and atypical depression in old age.

This community-based epidemiological survey is concerned with relationships between social and environmental factors and atypical depression in a Finnish population aged 60 years or over. The occurrence of atypical depression was related to older age, widowed or divorced marital status, having moved during the previous few years, living in a small dwelling near the local population center, having neighbors living in the same building, living alone, being frequently alone, a low number of hobbies and many long-standing or current social stress factors. In addition, the atypical depressive persons felt that elderly people were not appreciated. The log-linear model constructed for atypical depressive persons revealed five subgroups. The first was characterized by living alone and being widowed or divorced, the second by living alone and having a low number of hobbies and a high incidence of long-standing social stress factors, the third by being frequently alone and being widowed or divorced, the fourth by a low number of hobbies and a low incidence of actual social stress factors, and the fifth by living alone and having a high incidence of long-standing social stress factors and a low incidence of actual social stress factors.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1993

The status of the mentally ill in Jewish law.

The Jewish law goes into great detail discussing the status of the mentally ill. There are many aspects to this question over and above the legal aspects of such a person's rights, obligations, doing business, etc. What is the Halachic approach to a mentally ill person in general? Is this person subject to the code of Jewish law the same as the normal Jew? Should we make an effort to help this type of person fulfil the commandments and prevent him or her from transgressing them or perhaps since such a person is incapable of controlling his or her behaviour, there is no purpose in these efforts? Marriage and divorce are other serious issues to which the Jewish law gives special attention in this context. Marriage must be entered into by a rational and judicious person or the act will not be valid. A very serious problem arises when a husband is mentally ill and due to that halachically cannot divorce his wife and she remains an Agunah. The situation is more complicated as the definition of mentally ill encompasses a broader spectrum of cases. Which psychiatric disorders come under the definition of a mentally ill person who is unable to control his or her behaviour? Which symptoms attest the inability of a person to enter into marriage or to grant a divorce? The Talmud discusses these matters in several places and the Halacha bases its rulings on their conclusions.

Bible↗
PubMed1993

Toward a new understanding of early menarche: the role of environmental stress in pubertal timing.

A recent theory (Belsky, Steinberg, & Draper, 1991) suggests that environmental stress may trigger early menarche in adolescents. This is in contrast to a more traditional view that early menarche is biologically determined and serves as a risk factor for developing girls. The purpose of the present study was to examine two family stressors, divorce and interparental conflict, in light of the Belsky et al. theory. Participants were 71 adolescent females and their mothers. Of these, 44 were from intact families (i.e., the parents were married), and 27 were from divorced families. Age at first menarche was obtained via self-report. Maternal reports of interparental conflict as well as adolescent perception of conflict were obtained. Mothers reported on marital status. Results showed that, compared to girls from intact families, those from divorced families had an earlier onset of menarche. In addition, higher maternal reports of interparental conflict were significantly related to earlier menarche in the total sample. Results are discussed in relation to the Belsky et al. theory as well as traditional views of early menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective study of risk factors and decision making in discontinuation of dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Discontinuation of dialysis is a common cause of death. We performed a prospective study to determine if a detailed description of patients could be used to identify those at risk for discontinuing dialysis. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-five dialysis patients were studied for 3 1/2 years. Using questionnaires, medical chart analyses, and interviews, 300 sociodemographic, quality-of-life, medical and dialysis variables were prospectively obtained. The association of these variables with death from discontinuation of dialysis was studied in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients (32%) died during the follow-up period, 31 (41%) of cardiovascular problems, 13 (17%) of discontinuation of dialysis, and 32(42%) of other causes. Patients who discontinued dialysis were older (mean age, 66 vs 54 years), were more likely to be divorced or widowed (46% vs 16%), were more likely to live in nursing homes (31% vs 6%), spent less time outdoors (23% vs 53%), had twice as much comorbidity as other patients (major comorbidity score, 1.2 vs 0.6), had the same psychological quality-of-life score (60 vs 62) but a lower score on the Karnovsky Scale, and a higher physical discomfort index. In multivariate analysis, comorbidity, widowed or divorced status, and severe pain were independent predictors of discontinuation of dialysis, but no reliable predictive model could be created. A detailed analysis of the final event indicated that a relentless succession of problems often led nursing home patients to discontinue dialysis. These problems are common to all dialysis patients, especially those who have no one to support them in their suffering. CONCLUSIONS: Discontinuation of dialysis is common, and can been seen as a failure of and a relief from long-term dialysis. We believe mortality caused by discontinuation of dialysis could be decreased by better psychological support and improved management of ischemic problems and pain. We found no predictable model for such patients, but many successive acute problems in widowed and divorced patients seem to trigger the decision.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Father by law: effects of joint legal custody on nonresident fathers' involvement with children.

Family membership and household composition do not always coincide. Joint legal custody after divorce formalizes the relationship between fathers and children who live apart. Policymakers hope that explicit acknowledgment of nonresident fathers' rights and responsibilities will increase their involvement with their children. I use prospective data from the National Survey of Families and Households to examine the association between joint legal custody and two aspects of nonresident fathers' contributions to their children--the frequency of visits between fathers and children and child-support payments. The analysis examines approximately 160 families in which parents divorced between interviews conducted for Wave 1 (1987-1988) and Wave 2 (1992-1994) of the survey. I investigate the effects of joint legal custody holding constant physical custody or replacement by restricting the analysis to children who live with their mothers most of the year. Controlling for socioeconomic status and the quality of family relationships before separation, fathers with joint legal custody see their children more frequently and have more overnight visits than do other fathers. The positive effect of joint legal custody on frequency of visits persists once unobserved differences among families are taken into account. Although fathers with joint legal custody pay more child support than those without joint legal custody, this difference lacks statistical significance when other family characteristics are taken into account. These findings support the view that joint legal custody may encourage some aspects of paternal involvement after divorce.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Living arrangements and social networks of elders. A selection of findings from a NESTOR-Study].

This article presents an overview of the design and results of the NESTOR survey 'Living Arrangements and Social Networks of Older Adults', an empirical study, started in 1992, among a representative sample of 4495 people, aged 55-89, selected from the population registers of 11 municipalities in the Netherlands. Questions were asked about living arrangements, the composition and functions of social networks, and important transitions in the marital, parental and occupational careers. The results indicated a wide diversity in living arrangements and social networks, a diversity which is particularly visible among the young old. They not only have larger networks, but are also more likely to live alone, to be divorced and to participate in shared housing arrangements. The networks vary considerably in size, from 0 to more than 40 important relationships. The decrease in network size with age appears to be directly related to specific life events such as widowhood, physical handicaps, residential moves etc. About 2/3 of the relationships are family relationships: parents, children (in law), grandchildren (in law), brothers and sisters (in law), uncles and aunts. Older people tend to be in touch at least once a month with the majority of close family members. The intensity of supportive exchanges (giving and receiving instrumental and emotional support in the twelve relationships with the highest levels of contact) is moderate, however mostly in balance. Only the very old receive somewhat more instrumental support and give considerably less than the 'young-old'. We studied the shift in balance between giving and receiving over a period of 12 months among a small proportion of the sample, checking a central hypothesis of exchange theory. In some cases a new balance evolves. In others the relationship continues to exist for a number of reasons, despite the imbalance. Early life experiences appear to be important for later life outcomes. Those who experienced the divorce of their parents before the age of 15 or those whose parents lived apart permanently (e.g. unmarried mothers) have a smaller social network and feel more lonely. Marital history has an impact on patterns of informal and formal care. E.g., those respondents without a partner who have children are less likely to use formal care than those who are childless. Among divorced elderly the use of formal care not only varies between men and women but also differs according to the marriage in which the children are born, first or second marriage. Occupational history is strongly related to the income level of older women living alone.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Joint custody and shared parenting. Research and interventions.

Joint custody is a reality for many children of divorce. This article first examines the structure and forms joint custody takes, and then explores what is known about shared parenting from research that is relevant to clinical work with families of divorce. An overview of interventions for children and families of divorce that are relevant to coparenting issues follows, along with what is known about their effectiveness. The final section presents several modes of intervention to assist families in maximizing the effectiveness of shared parenting situations for children and their parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Islamic Family Law Enactment 1987 (No. 3 of 1987), 20 May 1987.

This Islamic Family Law Enactment of Pahang, Malaysia, is based on the model of the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territory) Act, 1984 (Annual Review of Population Law, Vol. 11, 1984, Section 250). It differs from that Law in the following major respects: 1) marriages between Muslims and non-Muslims are prohibited; 2) a wali Hakim (special guardian appointed by the Sultan) is authorized to consent to marriage if the wali (guardian) of the bride unreasonably withholds consent; 3) the grounds for divorce are fewer (failure to maintain and cruelty being omitted), although there is a general provision allowing divorce for any ground that is recognized as valid by Islamic law; 4) a son is to be maintained until the age of 15, not 18; and 5) a religious court, rather than a civil court, may order a putative father to maintain his illegitimate child.

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unemployment and marital status in Great Britain.

During the past decade, the marriage rate has declined and the divorce rate has increased in Great Britain. Becker (1981) attributes such changes to improvements in the economic status of women, in that high-wage women gain less from marriage relative to other women. However, an empirical analysis of data from the General Household Survey 1985 in Great Britain shows that male unemployment is another important determinant of changes in marital status. High rates of male unemployment reduce the incidence of marriage and increase the likelihood of divorce.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The economic costs of marital dissolution: why do women bear a disproportionate cost?

"We review the literature on the economic consequences of marital dissolution for women. Longitudinal studies of the effects of divorce and widowhood indicate that both types of dissolutions have negative and prolonged consequences for women's economic well-being. This is not the case for men, where marital dissolution often leads to an improved economic standard of living. Following an examination of empirical studies and measurement issues in the divorce and widowhood literatures, we describe preexisting and direct sources of women's postdissolution economic insecurity." The primary geographical focus is on the United States.

Americas↗