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PubMed2006

[Survey of PCB and organochlorine pesticide residues in meats and processed meat products collected in Osaka, Japan].

Residues of PCB and organochlorine pesticides in meats (beef, pork and poultry) and processed meat products collected in Osaka, Japan were surveyed. For 35 years from 1970 to 2004, the concentrations of PCB, HCH isomers, DDT analogues and dieldrin in all meats appeared to decline with each passing year. The concentration of each isomer of HCH in all meats declined rapidly from the early to the late 1970's and showed a gentle decline thereafter; beta-HCH showed the highest residue rate of the isomers in all the time periods surveyed, except for pork and poultry samples in the early 1980's. The concentrations of DDT analogues in all meats also showed sharp declines from the late 1970's to the early 1980's, followed by a smaller decrease thereafter; the main residues were pp'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT, and the residue rate of p,p'-DDE increased over the years. The residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in processed meat products (raw materials: beef, pork, poultry and mixture of ground beef and pork) were surveyed for 15 years (from 1990 to 2004) and there were no significant differences in the values among the materials. The concentrations of each pesticide in processed meat products tended to be lower than those of the corresponding meat samples, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Chlorinated pesticide residues in chicken egg.

Two hundred and twenty-one representative samples of chicken eggs of native and commercial strains of Gallus domesticus were collected during January 1975 to August 1977 throughout the Tehran area and the Northern province of Mazandarane. The samples were analyzed for chlorinated pesticide residues by gas-liquid chromatography. The insecticides [1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethanel] (DDT), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl) ethane] (TDE), [1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (P-Chlorophenyl)ethylene] (DDE), isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC), Aldrin/Dieldrin, Heptachlor/Heptachlor epoxide, Dieldrin, and endrin were detected in varying concentration in the eggs. The eggs of native bred chickens, mainly as a result of their food sources, showed greater concentration of all pesticides except BHC isomers than those of commercial types. Though concentration of DDT compounds in 22% of native bred and 5% of commercial eggs exceeded WHO tolerance limit, the mean concentrations of pesticides residues were not exceeding these limits. There was no correlation between concentrations of pesticides and egg shell thinning.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1977

Organochlorine poisoning of ring-billed gulls in southern Ontario.

Clinical, necropsy, bacteriologic, parasitologic, histopathologic, toxicologic and animal inoculation studies suggest that organochlorine (PBC, dieldrin and DDE) poisoning was an important factor in causing deaths of free-flying ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) in southern Ontario in 1969 and 1973. The brains of gulls dying with clinical signs of neurologic involvement, and dead gulls with no other apparent cause of death, contained organochlorine residues of significantly greater levels than those found in healthy gulls shot for comparison.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Insecticide residues on stream sediments in Ontario, Canada.

Insecticide residues on suspended and bottom sediments of streams of Ontario, Canada, have been studied in a tobacco-growing and a vegetable muck area. The proportion of TDE to DDT was less than 1 in water and greater than 1 in bottom sediments. The ratio of TDE to DDT in bottom material increased linearly from the contamination point at stream source to the mouth of Big Creek in Norfolk County, Ontario. Bed load samples contained three to six times greater concentrations of insecticides than bottom material. Adsorption of insecticides on suspended sediment decreased in order DDT greater than TDE greater than dieldrin greater than diazinon, which is consistent with the water solubility of these compounds.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1978

Residues of pesticides and PCBs in estuarine fish,1972-76--National Pesticide Monitoring Program.

This report summarizes 1524 analyses of juvenile fish collected semiannually in 144 estuaries nationwide from July 1972 through June 1976. Pooled samples of 25 whole fish were screened for 20 common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The three most common residues, DDT, PCBs, and dieldrin, were found in 39, 22, and 5 percent of the samples, respectively. Data indicate that estuarine pollution levels continue to decline.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in milk and milk products - situation and evaluation (author's transl)].

Residues of the most varied chemical substances can be found in milk and in milk products. For the transfer into milk such factors as fat solubility, persistance with respect to metabolic processes and accumulation capacity in certain organic systems are of particular importance. For the description of the situation with respect to residues of chlorinated insectides the results of analyses obtained in 20 supply areas of the German Federal Republic are presented and interpreted. In 1974 the following mean values were found (fat basis): alpha-HCH 0.04, gamma-HCH 0.072, heptachloro-epoxide 0.024, dieldrin 0.021 and DDT 0.20 ppm. These mean values are far below the max. quantities legally permissible and in no way constitute a toxicological risk (referred to ADI). In the German Federal Republic the concentrations of hexachlorobenzene in some cases reach the permissible max. quantity of 0.5 ppm on a fat basis. There is reason to assume that this substance finds its way into the milk not only via its application as a fungicide but probably also via a number of other, in part unknown, sources of contamination in or on vegetable products. With PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls) average concentrations from 0.2 to 0.3 ppm must be expected to be present in milk and milk products (fat basis). At present a toxicological interpretation of the values found is hardly possible.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal body burden of organochlorine pesticides and dioxins.

To investigate the body burden of organochlorine pesticides and dioxins in Japanese women, 125 milk samples were collected from 41 mothers in 1994, 42 in 1995, and 42 in 1996. Of the 125 samples, 82 were from primipara mothers (first delivery) and 43 were from multipara mothers (second or later delivery). By using capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection, beta-HCH and p,p'-DDE were detected as the major chlorine pesticides in human milk. Average levels of beta-HCH and p,p'-DDE were 475 and 368 ng/g lipid, respectively, in primipara breast milk, 314 and 259 ng/g lipid in multipara breast milk, and 420 and 330 ng/g lipid in total breast milk. Dieldrin, heptachor epoxide, oxychlordane, trans-chlordane, and cis-chlordane were detected at lower average levels of 3, 4, 34, 41, and 5 ng/g lipid, respectively. By using high-resolution gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, dioxins were detected in all samples. Average levels of total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), total polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF), total PCDD + PCDF, total coplanar polychlorinatedbiphenyl (CoPCB), and total dioxin were 10.0, 7.8, 17.7, 9.9, and 27.5 TEQ (toxic equivalent) pg/g lipid, respectively, in primipara breast milk; 7.0, 5.8, 12.8, 7.3, and 20.1 TEQ pg/g lipid in multipara breast milk; and 8.9, 7.1, 16.1, 8.9, and 25.0 TEQ pg/g lipid in total breast milk. In primipara breast milk, significant correlations were found among levels of beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE, total PCDD-TEQ, total PCDF-TEQ, total CoPCB-TEQ, and total TEQ except for less correlation between p,p'-DDE and total PCDF-TEQ. Levels of these analytes also significantly increased depending on mother's age, except for total Co-PCB-TEQ. For the correlation with food habit, the only positive correlation was between total PCDF-TEQs and fish intake.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

[DDT and related pesticides in maternal milk and other tissues of healthy women at term pregnancy].

Ten healthy patients with term pregnancy resolved by abdominal via. During the surgical procedure samples of umbilical chord serum and maternal adipose tissue, were taken. In all the samples, together with the maternal milk collected the day 10 of puerperium, the concentrations of the following organochlorine pesticides, were measured up: (PCC); beta-BHC; gamma-BHC; heptachloride; aldrin; dieldrin, DDE, DDD, DDT and methoxychloride. The identification and quantification of pesticides was done by the comparison with standards certified by NIST (National Institute of Standard Technology). The general characteristics of the participants were: primigestas of 24.1 years aged, married and of a low socioeconomical level. As to the neonates, of 39 weeks of gestational age, female sex; 3,311 g of corporal weight and size of 51.1 cm. In all the analyzed samples at least one of the organochlorine pesticides was present. The results of correlation analysis between DDT concentration, present in the maternal serum with those identified in the adipose tissue and serum from the umbilical chord were highly significant: a = 0.97 and 0.87, respectively. In the maternal milk the highest concentrations of total DDT, were found, average of 2053 ng/g lipidic base, which is 2.8 times more of daily accepted intake. Likewise, DDT concentration in maternal serum kept exponential relation, growing with age (a = 0.99).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on expression of cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 and 2- and 4-hydroxylation of 17beta-estradiol in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) are environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate and hence are detected in human tissues. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the increased incidence of a variety of human cancers, such as lymphoma, leukemia and liver and breast cancers, might be attributed to exposure to these agents. The ability of CHCs to disrupt estrogen homeostasis is hypothesized to be responsible for their biological effects. The present study examined the effect of CHCs on the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 mRNAs and the consequent 2- and 4-hydroxylation of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were administered a single dose of the LD(50) of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (25 microg/kg), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (375 mg/kg) and dieldrin (DED) (38 mg/kg) by gavage. Seventy-two hours after treatment, increased expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 was observed in the liver, kidney and mammary tissue. Since CYP1A and CYP1B1 are the major enzymes catalyzing 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E(2), respectively, the effect of these CHCs on the metabolism of E(2) was investigated in rat tissues. Formation of 2- and 4-catechol estrogens was increased in a tissue-specific manner in response to treatment. TCDD was the most potent inducer for CYP1 enzyme mRNA and for the 2- and 4-hydroxylation of E(2). 2,4-D and DED induced similar responses, but less than that of TCDD. These results suggest that induction of CYP1 family enzymes and consequent increases in estrogen metabolism by CHCs in target tissues may be factors contributing to the biological effects associated with exposure to these agents.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1979

Nationwide residues of organochlorine compounds in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), 1976.

Organochlorine pesticide and PCB residues in starlings from 126 sites within the contiguous 48 states were monitored during fall 1976. The average nationwide level of DDE and PCBs has increased significantly since 1974, but the number of sites reporting PCB residues has decreased fivefold. Dieldrin residues have remained unchanged since 1974. Highest DDE levels occurred in samples from parts of Arizona, Arkansas, California, Louisiana, and New Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The metabolism of organochlorine compound by microsomal enzymes of the shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis).

1. The activities of microsomal enzymes of adult male shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) towards the organochlorine substrates HHDN, HCE and Heom were compred with those of microsomal enzymes of the adult male Wistar rat. 2. Liver homogenates showed similar epoxide hydrase activity to kidney homogenates in the shag, but in the rat liver preparations was much more active than the kidney preparation. 3. Liver microsomes of the shag showed smaller than 8% of the epoxide hydrase activity and smaller than 14% of the hydroxylating capacity of liver microsomes from the rat. 4. The relatively low activity of these enzymes is probably the main reason why the shag has been found to contain relatively high levels of dieldrin in ecological studies.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1975

Gas chromatographic resolution of organochlorine insecticides on OV-1/OV-17, OV-210/OV-17, and OV-225/OV-17 mixed phase systems.

The resolution of organochlorine insecticides and their related compounds on OV-1/OV-17, OV-210/OV-17, and OV-225/OV-17 mixed phase column systems was investigated. Four BHC isomers and p,p'-DDT, its isomer, and their metabolites (except p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE) were resolved on the OV-210/OV-17 system. Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were separated on 5% OV-1/2% OV-17 or OV-225/2% OV-17. Resolution of aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin was obtained on 5% OV-210/2% OV-17, p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE could not be separated by any of the systems studied.

Aldrin↗
PubMed1975

Organochlorine pesticide residies in human milk, Western Australia--1970-71.

Milk samples from 22 nursing mothers in the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia, have shown the presence of DDT, DDE, dieldrin, and HCB in amounts consistent with similar surveys in other countries. Although mean values tend to be slightly lower than expected, their wide range, 0.002-0.025 ppm for DDT, suggests that a much larger sample should be examined to obtain a more accurate mean. This view is supported by values obtained in another survey of the same area.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

Immunosuppression in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) induced by pesticide exposure.

An injection study and a field study were used to investigate the hypothesis that environmental xenobiotics have the potential to alter the immune function of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Three assays, IgM-specific antibody response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin linked to dinitrophenyl (KLH-DNP), zymozan induced chemiluminescence (CL) of whole blood and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), were used to assay humoral, innate and cell-mediated immune endpoints. Sublethal doses of DDT (923 ng/g wet wt), malathion (990 ng/g wet wt), and dieldrin (50 ng/g wet wt) were used in the injection study. In all pesticide-injected groups, antibody response was dramatically suppressed, DTH reactions were enhanced, and respiratory burst was lower. When the order of administration of pesticides and antigens was reversed, no differences in immune function between the control and dosed groups were apparent, indicating that frogs exposed to pathogens prior to pesticide exposure can still respond. A field study found significant differences in immune function between frog populations in pesticide-exposed and pesticide-free locations. The antibody response and CL were suppressed and the DTH enhanced in frogs from Essex County (ON, Canada). Overall, the results suggest that exposure to these pesticides can cause both stimulatory and suppressive immune changes in adult frogs and is doing so in wild populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1958

The insecticide-resistance problem: a review of developments in 1956 and 1957.

The author reviews the growth of the insecticide-resistance problem throughout the world during the period between July 1956 and November 1957, and the developments in research on the subject during the same period.Three new resistant species have been discovered-Anopheles subpictus, Chrysomyia putoria and Rhipicephalus sanguineus-and eight new types of resistance in already resistant species have been observed. Moreover, the geographical area covered by certain resistant insect populations has considerably increased.THE RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS DURING THE PERIOD UNDER REVIEW INCLUDE: systems of detecting resistance in the field by standard test methods; confirmation of two distinct types of resistance to chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides in mosquitos and bed-bugs as well as in houseflies; evidence that DDT-resistance in the housefly, Anopheles sundaicus and Aëdes aegypti is due mainly to a single genetic factor associated with the ability to dehydrochlorinate DDT, and that dieldrin-resistance of Anopheles gambiae also derives from a single factor present even in untouched populations; a fuller understanding of the physiological mechanism of BHC-resistance in the housefly; and demonstration that selection pressure from organo-phosphorus compounds induces resistance to themselves and to chlorinated-hydrocarbon insecticides.

Aedes↗
PubMed1959

Studies on insecticide-resistant anophelines. 2. Chromosome arrangements in laboratory-developed DDT-resistant strains of Anopheles atroparvus.

The development of several DDT-resistant strains of Anopheles atroparvus is described. They were selected by larval treatment only (RL), selection of larval and adult females (RLAF), and selection of adult females and males (RAFM). Their rate of DDT-resistance was measured in the larval and adult states (mainly in the 32nd generation). The results were compared with those of a dieldrin-selected strain (R/dieldrin) and several normal and semi-normal reference strains. In the larval assay DDT-resistance was of the following order: RL>RLAF>RAFM>R/dieldrin. Topical application to adults gave: RLAF>(RL?)>RAFM>R/dieldrin; while adult tarsal contact gave: RAFM>RLAF>RL>R/dieldrin These different orders of resistance are discussed.The strains were subjected to cytological examination by the method of Frizzi. The percentages of heterozygous inversions found were as follows: R/dieldrin, 77.4%; RL, 55.3%; RLAF, 54.0%; RAFM, 24.4%; all normal and semi-normal strains about 12%-21%.The rate of DDT-resistance could not be correlated with the percentages of heterozygous inversions found in the various strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1961

Field performance of dieldrin/resin wettable powders on sorptive mud surface.

Recent field experiments on the relative performance of dieldrin and dieldrin/resin wettable powders on sorptive mud surface have not confirmed the promising results obtained with the latter products in earlier laboratory tests. In view of this a renewed investigation into the possible factors governing the performance of such products was considered desirable, and further laboratory and field experiments were carried out in co-operation with the Colonial Pesticides Research Unit at Arusha, Tanganyika.The results of these experiments have given a better understanding of the factors involved, and a coherent interpretation of the differences in performance shown by various products under different conditions. The main factors to be taken into account appear to be: mobility of the insects during exposure, as influenced by insect species and exposure conditions; inherent toxicity of the dieldrin/resin particles; and the average relative humidity inside the experimental huts.The sorption phenomenon can be demonstrated in the field, but in view of the humidity conditions it does not seem likely that it will interfere seriously with practical mosquito control. A potential critical condition might be prevalent only in areas where the presence of sorptive mud is coupled with long periods of low humidity inside the huts, but further experimental data are necessary to confirm this.

Animals↗