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PubMed1990

The pH of hydrogen peroxide disinfection systems over time.

We evaluated the pH of four hydrogen peroxide systems over a 28-day period of normal daily use to determine if pH changes occurred which could cause ocular discomfort. Using a Corning Model 10 pH meter, we measured the initial pH of the disinfection and neutralization solutions and the final pH of the neutralization solutions over each system's disinfection and neutralization cycle. The final pH of the four systems did not change significantly over the 28-day period; however, the final pH of two of the hydrogen peroxide systems were consistently closer to the physiological pH of tears than the other two systems evaluated. These findings suggest that initial discomfort experienced over a 28-day period of normal daily use of any of the hydrogen peroxide disinfection systems studied may be due to the individual system used, but not due to pH changes within a system. However, individual sensitivities to pH should be considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dimensional stability of impression materials immersed in an iodophor disinfectant.

The potential for disease transmission has increased the importance of infection control in the dental laboratory. Impressions must be disinfected without altering their accuracy. The purpose of this study was to determine the dimensional stability of three impression materials: irreversible hydrocolloid, reversible hydrocolloid, and poly(vinyl siloxane). Thirty-six impressions were made with each material and divided into control, 10-minute, and 30-minute immersion groups using an iodophor as the disinfectant. A microscope was used to measure dimensional changes in the stone casts made from each group of impressions, and the percent change was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. All dimensional changes after iodophor disinfection were small and within established limits.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

[The depletion of chemical disinfectants during their use (local consumption)].

The concentration of chemical disinfectants decreases in the contact volume, where bacteria and the chemical disinfectant meet. This can be described quantitatively if one assumes that the latter is consumed in proportion to the number of bacteria killed. The local consumption is controlled by diffusion and hence depends on the thickness of the contact volume which determines the concentration gradient. Local consumption may drastically affect quantitative tests of chemical disinfectants if no precaution is taken.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1989

Disinfectant effect of Persteril in combination with detergents.

In laboratory conditions, the microbicidal effect, pH and changes in the content of peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide were tested in Persteril at concentrations of 5 ml/l and 0.5 ml/l as well as in mixtures of these Persteril solutions with the detergents Jar, Pur, Hit, Corona, Sapon, Rekord and Universal. The efficiency and stability of Persteril solution in combination with the detergents were similar to those of Persteril aqueous solution. The tested mixtures ensured satisfactory bactericidal effect after 19-day storage. The sporicidal effect could be guaranteed during 5 days only at a concentration of 5 ml/l and provided disinfection was carried out by submerging. The above mixtures of Persteril and detergents have been recommended for one-stage disinfection in all types of medical facilities requiring simultaneous disinfection and washing.

Acetates↗
PubMed1989

[Requirements for the effectiveness of disinfectants for the food-processing industry].

An effective disinfection depends on the tested efficiency of commercial products. The recommendations given by producers must be justified by facts. As no official registration procedure exists in Germany, the results obtained by voluntary testing institutions of scientific or branch-specialized associations have to be considered. A remarkable progress could be achieved in that field in the last years. Established were precisely prescribed test methods for disinfectants for (1) hospitals, kitchen areas included, by the DGHM (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie); (2) processing areas for food of animal origin, kitchen areas also included, by the DVG (Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft); (3) the beverage, especially the brewing industry by the MEBAK (Mitteleuropäische Brautechnische Analysen-Kommission); and (4) milk producing establishments by the DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft). Each test method requires a different volume of procedures. This paper demonstrates by comparing the test factors which results may be achieved. Also taken into consideration were the methods prescribed by AFNOR (French Standardizing Organization) and by a Commission of the European Council. A disinfectant to be applied in the food industry should meet the following requirements: it should be (a) effective under application periods shorter than usually recommended for hospital areas or animal husbandry; (b) tested on less and heavier protein-loaded areas; (c) tested also under low-temperature conditions; (d) classified by groups of food products, in order to minimize the amount of substance applied to avoid unnecessary residues. The most comprehensive results may be obtained by the methods of the DGHM, DVG and MEBAK. The most specific data are provided in the DVG-list, the DGHM-list offers a somewhat reduced amount of specifics and the DLG-list is limited only to that informations which serve as basis for a quality seal. More coordination between the different testing and evaluation procedures would be appropriate in order to allow a comparison of the same products judged for different areas of application. An official test proceeding seems not necessary in Germany as enough reliable data are available from the above indicated institutions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Comparison of the sporocidal effects of two different disinfectants i a model experiment with pathogenic and nonpathogenic clostridial spore as well as with Bacillus cereus].

Official methods concerning the examination of sporocidal effects of disinfectants are presently lacking in the Federal Republic of Germany. Spore resistance of selected clostridial species towards formaldehyde and peracetic acid was examined by suspension tests and germ-carrier tests in comparison to spores of Bacillus cereus. Formaldehyde in concentrations between 5% and 20% as well as peracetic acid in concentrations between .004% and .125% were tested. Spore concentration of 10(6) spores/ml in the suspension-tests and 10(4) spores/ml in the germ-carrier tests with wooden germ-carriers were used. Against formaldehyde spores of Cl. septicum had the lowest resistance in the suspension tests followed by Cl. difficile, Cl. tertium, Cl. bifermentans and Cl. perfringens. Cl. sporogenes strain NCTC 532 had the most resistant spores. Concerning peracetic acid the situation was nearly the same. The resistance of all spores of pathogenic species under investigation towards chemical disinfectants was covered by those of Cl. sporogenes NCTC 532 treated with isopropanol. Isopropanol treated spores of B. cereus offer an alternative solution for practical disinfectant testing because spore production as well as growth of clostridia entail great expense. In order to cover the resistance of spores of Cl. perfringens A, the most resistant pathogenic clostridial species tested here, increased spore concentrations of B. cereus would be necessary.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Passivity of certain disinfectant substances in the presence of acrylic resins].

On the basis of data published in the specialized literature the authors have experimented the effects of five substances currently used for the disinfection of prostheses. These included: Denclen (a British product), Super Quick's (made in the FRG), and Leodent also a West German product), as well as two general disinfectants of the buccal cavity: perogen and bromocet, on the acrylic resins used for the dental prostheses: Superpont (made in Czechoslovakia) and Romacryl (a Romanian product). The study showed that these substances, both the special ones and the general disinfectants are not completely passive when in contact with the acrylic prostheses. They should be used with care, and in accordance with the indications concerning concentration and duration of application.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1989

Disinfection of visible-light-curing devices.

Assays were developed for evaluating disinfection of visible-light-curing devices which were deliberately contaminated with an indicator organism, Streptococcus mutans, and devices which were contaminated during routine clinical use. Results indicated that wiping the surface with a substituted phenolic agent followed by wrapping in gauze saturated with the same solution was most effective for disinfecting the device handle and tip surfaces. Longer contact with the disinfectant is recommended to ensure virucidal/sporicidal action.

Dental Equipment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disinfection of prosthodontic impression materials: a literature review.

With the steadily growing frequency of AIDS, many dental researchers and clinicians have become more interested in disinfection and sterilization procedures. Impressions made in the clinic are potential contamination pathways. All patients may be considered as potentially infectious and the impressions must be treated the same as those made on so-called high-risk patients. Zinc oxide-eugenol, polysulfide and silicone rubber, and probably polyether materials are compatible with effective disinfectant solutions. The solutions do not substantially diminish the dimensional stability and the sharpness of surface detail reproduction of these impression materials. Impression compound as well as reversible and irreversible hydrocolloid, however, are not compatible with effective disinfectant solutions.

Dental Impression Materials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disinfection associated spoilage of high water content ionic matrix hydrogels.

Chemical analysis was carried out on clinically obtained hazy white hydrogel lenses that had been exposed to hydrogen peroxide disinfection. Analysis revealed that hazing was a surface phenomenon limited to high water content ionic matrix hydrogels (type IV), the type associated with the deposition of large amounts of lysozyme. We subjected unworn lenses to cycling studies involving doping in a variable artificial tear solution followed by exposure to disinfectant; this allowed us to duplicate the clinical situation and to derive a mechanism for this phenomenon. Hazing proved independent of the presence of hydrogen peroxide but dependent on the interaction of lens-bound lysozyme and stannate anion, the latter derived from sodium stannate present in the disinfectant as a stabilizing agent. Hazing is restricted to the type IV hydrogels because only these polymers have a sufficient number of anionic binding sites and are of sufficient porosity to allow the penetration and binding of a thick layer of lysozyme. Lysozyme is essential to hazing. No other tear protein is small enough to penetrate the hydrogel matrix or basic enough to have a marked affinity for the lens and to provide binding sites for stannate anion. These findings highlight the unique vulnerability of the type IV hydrogel to interaction with trace or transient ionic constituents in tears and lens care solutions.

Contact Lenses↗
PubMed1989

[Formaldehyde chamber disinfection: not suitable for respirators and anesthesia equipment].

After formaldehyde-chamber-disinfection of respirators considerable quantities of formaldehyde deposit (presumably deep adsorption) within the devices. When the apparatuses are re-employed the respired air contains more than 1,000 (in individual cases more than 4,000) micrograms/m3. Thus all limits are exceeded by far. The liberation of the formaldehyde deposited in considerable amounts comes off according to an exponential equation dependent on the time of employment slowly, that with following chamber disinfections the quantities of formaldehyde in the apparatuses are still increased and still higher loadings of the respired gas occur. Even after employing them for a long time either non-stop or intermittently "saturated" respirators can not be used again. The disinfection according to the principle of the Aseptor-chamber or its imitations has to be refused for respirators and similar medical technical devices, e.g. incubators.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1989

[Antisepsis and disinfection: the necessity of a conceptual demarcation].

Increasing international cooperation in the areas of research, teaching, trade and healthcare has called for standardization of the terminology. In disinfection and antisepsis such efforts have been pursued for almost 20 years but without great success. This contribution to the definition of antisepsis and its clear separation from disinfection is supposed to promote international discussion. German terms for skin, mucosa and wound antisepsis are proposed which permit to restrict the term disinfection to the application of antimicrobial measures to inanimate objects and surfaces.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1986

[2 methods of studying in vitro the virucidal action of disinfectants].

The assessment of the virucidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics is a permanent care. That is why, in recent years, studies have been developed in order to standardize these techniques. The present work describes two methods, the method of instantaneous dilution and that of gel filtration. The kinetics of inactivation of two viruses (the Talfan and the Canine Contagious Hepatitis viruses) which were obtained after contact with 10 disinfectants commonly used in agriculture and the food industry are compared. Usually these products exhibit a weak virucidal activity at the dosages recommended by the manufacturer. The present study emphasizes the necessity to have available viruses with a high titer and the inconvenience of using only the gel filtration technique when a precipitation takes place between the disinfectant and the viral suspension.

Adenoviruses, Canine↗
PubMed1986

[Kinetics of germ killing and damage to selected bacterial enzymes by thermal and chemical influences. III. Damage to enzymes from Bacillus subtilis by disinfectants compared to bacterial count reduction].

In the present paper a trial is reported to determine the efficacy of disinfectants by common bacteriological means as well as by biochemical methods. The results are compared, and they reveal a remarkable correlation (r = -0.9476) between the velocity constants of disinfection (1/kw) and the lg 1/Ki(app). The Ki(app)-value is the inhibition constant for the competitive inhibition of the creatine kinase reaction from Bacillus subtilis by disinfectants. The practical impacts are discussed.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disinfectant testing using a modified use-dilution method: collaborative study.

An initial collaborative study of the AOAC use-dilution method (UDM), used for bactericidal disinfectant efficacy testing, demonstrated extreme variability of test results among the 18 laboratories testing identical hospital disinfectants. In an effort to improve the method, 32 changes were made by the UDM Task Force. These changes represented improvements in quality assurance practices and elimination of method variability; however, the basic framework of the method was retained. A second collaborative trial was conducted to determine if the interlaboratory variability of test results could be reduced to an acceptable level using the modified UDM. Twelve of the original 18 laboratories participated in the second study. Each laboratory processed 60 penicylinders (P) for each of the 6 randomly selected, federally registered disinfectants and 3 test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The number of positive penicylinders (greater than 1 positive P/60 replicates = failure) for the 6 products when P. aeruginosa was used as the challenge organism ranged 1-30, 0-36, 0-15, 0-5, 0-3, and 0-60 for the 3 quaternaries and 3 phenolics, respectively. The results of the variance components analysis for P. aeruginosa and the other 2 organisms showed that the variance components for laboratories were not significantly reduced for any organism in this study. Such interlaboratory variability of results questions the use of the original or the modified UDM for registration purposes.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1978

[Aqueous iodine solutions as disinfectants: composition, stability, comparison with chlorine and bromine solution (author's transl)].

The equilibrium concentrations of aqueous iodine solutions in dependence of the total concentration and the pH-value have been calculated with and without regard of the iodate formation. The values obtained by the latter methode enabled by application of the known rate law to calculate the initial rate of the iodate formation and to draw from this conclusions concerning the stability of iodine solutions. On the grounds of these calculations to aqueous iodine solutions in the concentration and pH-range which is relevant for disinfection (greater than 10(-5) M/l, pH 6--9) one can attribute a stability sufficient for the use in practice and - unlike chlorine and bromine solutions - a content of bactericidal "free halogene" which is higher and independent of the pH-value. The disinfecting action of the iodine cation (H2O+J) which is supposed to be very powerful can be neglected because of its low concentration (10(-3)--10(-6%) of the total concentration). Hypoiodic acid which has already been converted into iodate by disproportionation is as good as lost for the disinfection because of the extremely slow reverse reaction.

Bromine↗
PubMed1987

[Bactericidal activity of disinfectants against certain bacterial strains. Klebsiella pneumonia].

Twenty disinfectants were tested against a strain of K. pneumoniae. A suspension test with incremental addition of microorganisms was used. The influence of interfering substances (proteins and hard water) on the activity of disinfectants was also determined. Iodine compounds were influenced by proteins in distilled and hard water. The presence of mineral ions inactivated the polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine 10% and chloroxylenol preparations against K. pneumoniae. The activity of some iodine products disappeared at the second and third incremental addition of microorganisms; the chloroxylenol and the phenolic compounds were inactivated by proteins at the third incremental addition. The sensibility of K. pneumoniae to the other disinfectants was not influenced by proteins, ions and incremental bacterial additions.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed1987

Agar impression materials, dimensional stability and surface detail sharpness following treatment with disinfectant solutions.

The influence of seven dissimilar disinfectants on the dimensional stability and the surface detail sharpness of two agar impression materials was studied. Two methods for treatment with disinfectant solutions were tested--immersion for 1 hour and spraying. In contrast to immersion the spraying method had no obvious influence on the agar material. It is concluded that if the disinfection method necessitates immersion of the impression in a solution for 1 hour or more the use of agar impression materials should be avoided.

Agar↗