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PubMed1987

The significance of the United Nations international population conferences.

"In this paper the four international population conferences held under the auspices of the United Nations are placed in historical perspective. Although each was unique, together they comprise a coherent whole reflecting the changing world situation and the increasing understanding of population dynamics and policies." The specific contributions of the Rome, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Mexico City conferences are summarized. The author concludes that "taken together, the four conferences transformed demography from a purely statistical discipline to a multidisciplinary science extending into the domain of population policies and programmes."

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Soviet fertility as viewed by Soviet authors: the Franco-Soviet demographic meeting of Suzdal (USSR).

The author reports on the Franco-Soviet Seminar of Demography, held in Suzdal, USSR, in 1986. She examines "how the problem of fertility is viewed by Soviet authors, why and when they began to study its theoretical aspects, and what means they propose to raise fertility." Topics considered include sources of information on fertility in the USSR; analysis of fertility and reproductive behavior; the study of selected determinants of fertility, including geographical and ethnic differences, female labor force participation, and the relationships among family planning, health, and reproductive behavior; and means of developing an effective population policy.

Congresses as Topic↗
PubMed1988

Estimating the effects of successful malarial control programmes on mortality.

"This paper proposes a new, empirically based model to measure the expected effects of successful malaria control programmes on human mortality levels and structure.... The model produces a range of estimated death rates. The range depends on uncertainty about the effective success of control measures. A numerical example, based on the data of the Garki project in northern Nigeria, is discussed. Some alternatives to the model are mentioned. Some strengths and weaknesses...are described and evaluated. And some recommendations are offered for the collection and analysis of data in the intersection of malarial epidemiology and demography."

Africa↗
PubMed1989

[The plural family in a rural African environment. An example of plantation economy: the Dayes plateau in Southwest Togo].

"Study of the transition to a plantation economy in populations on the Dayes plateau (SW Togo) shows the progressively preponderant role of the domestic group. Responsibility for production, for continuity of the labour force and for the demographic continuity of groups which used to be held by lineal authorities is now exercised at [the] domestic unit level. Although this results in greater autonomy for women, it also results in radical changes in the marriage rate. The loss of control of lineal structures over marriages appears to have led to increasing conjugal instability to link in particular with the number of unmarried couples. The authors carry out a comparative study of autochthonous groups (Ahlon and Ewe) and an immigrant group (Kabye) and study the consequences of this situation with regard to both demography and family structures. They show that autochthonous and immigrant groups are interdependent in the forming of demographic structures and report that there are many family models, essentially in the autochthonous population." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Africa↗
PubMed1993

[New perspectives in life-event history analysis].

"In the last decade, life-event history analysis, also called failure time data analysis or survival analysis, has been widely adopted by demographers. This methodology in demography allows [us] to overcome major hurdles especially when analyzing longitudinal survey data. This paper describes the new perspectives opened to research in that field, and is illustrated by new results and examples of research projects. The authors concentrate on four issues: the analysis of incorrect and imperfect data, the analysis based on more complex data and lastly the study of interaction between phenomena." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1995

Australia's indigenous population: policy implications of demographic change.

"The demography of Australia's indigenous population is quite distinct from that of the mainstream.... Given the pressing policy significance of demographic analysis in indigenous affairs, three questions, in particular, appear of immediate relevance: How fast is the population growing and how is it likely to grow over the coming years? What is the age structure of the population and how is this likely to change? What is the spatial distribution of the population and how is this changing? This paper outlines the basic facts regarding each of these questions and considers the broad policy implications of indigenous population change into the new millennium."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1996

Demographic change in Northern Ireland.

"This paper has two objectives: firstly, to provide an assessment of the current state of Northern Ireland demography, focusing on recent trends and the prospects for the future; secondly, to highlight the more significant ramifications of these trends for the wider society." Aspects considered include past and future population trends, consequences of stagnant or slow population growth, and implications of population trends.

Demography↗
PubMed2002

External forces impacting U.S. health care: implications for future of dental practice.

Prognostication requires extrapolation of existing conditions and trends into the future. Alternative perspectives and starting points will suggest alternative futures. Since dentistry does not exist independently of the larger health care environment, it is useful to start by considering external forces that impact the overall health care system in order to anticipate both short-term and long-term changes in the dental profession. This contribution to the Future of the Dental Profession symposium considers dentistry's role within the larger health care environment, examines a variety of forces influencing health care--specifically demography, equity, population health, and social determinants of health, identifies likely demands on the profession, and iterates nine likely changes in the profession.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2002

A general practice minimum data set for New Zealand.

AIM: To assess the completeness of primary care data collected by the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners' (RNZCGP) Dunedin Research Unit, and assess the feasibility of creating a New Zealand national minimum data set for primary care. METHODS: Patients from 42 practices contributing data to the Dunedin Research Unit made up the study population. A six-month sample of data was evaluated for completeness, and compliance to a minimum data set structure. Rates of recording patient identifiers, sex, ethnicity, community services card status, consultation identifier and date, prescriptions and Read codes were calculated for each practice and registered patient. RESULTS: Patient demography, NHI and community services card status were all well recorded (date of birth 99.3%, sex 98.9%, NHI 94.8%, CSC 100.0%). Read codes and ethnicity were still poorly recorded, although there was wide variation between practices. CONCLUSIONS: The completeness of data collected by the Dunedin Research Unit appears to be improving, although there is wide variation between contributing practices. The capability to create a primary care national minimum data set exists, but this will not become a reality until suitable education programmes and support are supplied for general practitioners and other staff members who record patient information.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2000

A retrospective analysis of gunshot injuries to the maxillo-facial region.

This study analysed the prevalence, demography, soft- and hard-tissue injury patterns, management and complications of gunshot injuries to the maxillo-facial region in 301 patients treated at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. The number of patients presenting with maxillo-facial injuries caused by gunshot increased over the 15-year study period. The majority were caused by civilian type low-velocity hand-guns and were purposefully and intentionally inflicted by others. Males in their third decade of life and of low socioeconomic status were most often the victims. The wounding effects of these low-velocity injuries were characteristic--small rounded entrance wounds, causing fragmentation of teeth and comminution of the underlying bone, usually without any exit wounds. A comminuted displaced type of fracture pattern was most frequently observed. Special investigations included plain film radiographs with more sophisticated investigations being requested where indicated. Definitive surgical management was initiated by early soft-tissue debridement. Both the mandibular and maxillary fractures had more open than closed reductions. Bone continuity defects as a result of the initial injury were usually reconstructed secondarily using free autogenous bone grafts. All the patients received anti-tetanus toxoid on admission and the majority received antibiotic treatment. The most common complications were sepsis, ocular and neurological complications and limitation of mouth opening. The postoperative sepsis rate was high (19%). The wounding effects of these low-velocity missile injuries are devastating and pose a treatment challenge to the maxillo-facial surgeon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Ecotoxicology and spatial modeling in population dynamics: an illustration with brown trout.

We developed a multiregion matrix population model to explore how the demography of a hypothetical brown trout population living in a river network varies in response to different spatial scenarios of cadmium contamination. Age structure, spatial distribution, and demographic and migration processes are taken into account in the model. Chronic or acute cadmium concentrations affect the demographic parameters at the scale of the river range. The outputs of the model constitute population-level end points (the asymptotic population growth rate, the stable age structure, and the asymptotic spatial distribution) that allow comparing the different spatial scenarios of contamination regarding the demographic response at the scale of the whole river network. An analysis of the sensitivity of these end points to lower order parameters enables us to link the local effects of cadmium to the global demographic behavior of the brown trout population. Such a link is of broad interest in the point of view of ecotoxicological management.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed2005

The demographic situation in the European Union.

This article is an update of a similar article published in Population Trends 104 and complements the article on European-wide issues in population statistics, published in Population Trends 118. The main areas of demography are covered, namely population change, population composition, fertility and mortality. Eurostat are currently working on a new set of population projections which should be available shortly, but were not completed when this article was drafted.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1992

Information needs for monitoring dental health and for planning local dental services.

The working party was established by the Council of The British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry in response to health circular HC(89)2 and its equivalents in areas other than England, to consider the information necessary to monitor the dental health of adult populations and for planning local dental services. Recommendations are made as to the type of information required and its availability. A key issue is the definition of local geographical units suitable for planning purpose. Effective collaboration between District Health Authorities and Family Health Services Authorities is essential in achieving in agreed approach which is the foundation of a comprehensive information system. Information for monitoring the dental health of the population and for planning dental services should include data on local demography, the needs, demands and expectations of the population, the local availability of dental services and the distribution of facilities, and the activity of dentists and the uptake of dental care. It is the view of the working party that much useful information about adult dental health can be obtained from the use of self-reporting questionnaires and that clinical examinations are not generally required. However there are circumstances which may justify the collection of clinical data and it is desirable that such studies are conducted in a manner which permits comparisons. Criteria for the standardised clinical assessment of adult dental health have been prepared and it is recommended that these are adopted for general use. Further research is required to test and validate appropriate questions for inclusion in self reporting studies. This should lead to the selection of a set of core questions which can be widely used to allow local and regional comparisons of adult dental health.

Community Dentistry↗
PubMed1992

The situation of the elderly in Denmark.

In this paper, basic socio-economic and demographic data about the elderly are presented. Since the younger elderly are more active and have better health than previous generations and since the older elderly comprise the group likely to make most demands on society, the paper concentrates mainly on those aged 75 and over. The demography of the elderly is considered by way of introduction, followed by more specific topics of particular interest for the group in question, such as finance, household composition, institutions and service, health and family structure. In conclusion, the inter-action between the public sector, the private sector, the independent sector (volunteers) and the family (social) network is considered in relation to ensuring acceptable quality of life for elderly persons in Denmark.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

[Demographic and epidemiologic changes in Colombia during the 20th century: facts and explanations].

INTRODUCTION: Research, education, organization and administration activities in health need an updated panoramic view of demographic and epidemiologic changes and tendencies. OBJECTIVES: To describe the main changes in demography and epidemiology during the 20th century in Colombia and to comment on the causative models used by some authors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive and longitudinal study. Second hand information from various sources was used. The final section of the review includes a discussion on the interpretation of data given by the original authors. RESULTS: In 1905-2005, population increased from 4,737,588 inhabitants to 48,864,013. The age distribution of the population showed dramatic changes: the true pyramid, as seen in 1951, changed into a distorted figure (no apparent differences between 0 and 14 years of age). Both children and youngsters lost representation on age structure, while adult and older individuals gain representation. During 1905-1938, the birth rate was 43% and by the end of 2005 it will be 22%. Mortality dropped a 75%, falling from 23% in 1905-1912 to 6% in 1885-1993, but it rose a 33% after 1993, and will reach 8.3% in 2010. In 1938, the urban population was 31% and in 2002, 72%. Mortality discriminated by cause changed in a significant manner during the second half of the 20th century. Infectious-parasitic and perinatal diseases, the main cause of death by the end of the 1960-1969 decade, lost importance on behalf of degenerative diseases, accidents and homicides which are now the most frequent. Conclusions. Our present population density is relatively low. The demographic change has been profound but the velocity has been more important. The aging of population has serious implications for the country. These notable modifications in Colombian families raise challenges in all social fields. The demographic and epidemiological changes (structure and level of morbimortality) require a serious analysis, and easy explanations do not have to be accepted without repairs.

Colombia↗
PubMed2005

Comparative study on biological parameters of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) collected on four host plants from Varamin-Iran.

During 2003 biological parameters of sweetpotato whitefly, B. tabaci (Genn.) (Horn. Aleyrodidae) as a major pest of field crops, vegetables and ornamentals were studied. In this study, the infested leaves of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with whitefly nymphs and pupae were collected from Varamin-Iran, and were transferred to the laboratory. The newly emerged males and females of each population were released separately into a large cage set on cotton plants. Experiments were carried out in a growth chamber on cotton, (Varamin 76 variety) at 24+/-2 degrees C, 55+/-3% RH and 16:8 h (L: D) photoperiod. The adults of every collected population after emergency were reared in the large cages (40 x 50 x 70) containing pots of cotton plant. The preimaginal developmental time and reproductive parameters of 40 mated females were calculated for each population. The results revealed that the intrinsic rates of increase (r(m)), on cucumber, zucchini, eggplant and cotton were 0.093, 0.068, 0.085 and 0.078 respectively, gross fertility rate, were 67.92, 59.08, 76.13 and 63.14 respectively and mean generation time (T(c)) were 27.4, 27.74, 27.73 and 27.52 days respectively. Other demographic parameters such as intrinsic birth rate (b), intrinsic death rate (d), finite rate of increase (lambda), doubling time (DT), net fecundity rate, net fertility rate , gross fecundity rate, mean age gross fecundity and fertility, mean age net fecundity and fertility, mean age hatch, number of eggs/female/day and daily reproductive rate were also calculated. The results revealed that there were not significant differences between parameters of demography in different populations and the host plant has no significant influence on biological parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Postnatal depression and socio-cultural practices among postnatal mothers in Kota Bahru, Kelantan, Malaysia.

This is a cross sectional study to determine the relationship of postnatal depression (PND) and socio-cultural practices post-delivery among women in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Four hundred and twenty one pregnant women were screened for depression between 36 - 42 weeks of pregnancy, 1 week and 4 - 6 weeks postpartum using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The women also completed questionnaires on socio-demography, psychosocial support and traditional postnatal care. The prevalence of PND at 4-6 weeks postpartum was 20.7%. Depressive symptoms at the end of pregnancy (p<0.05) and one week postpartum (p<0.05), worry about the baby (p<0.05), use of traditional medication (p<0.05) and traditional massage (p<0.05) were significantly associated with PND.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[A new demographic classification of the family for the use in primary health care].

The approach to the health-disease problem in the family requires a knowledge of demographic features. We propose a demographic classification based on the nuclear family. In addition to the extensive and single-parent families, the lack of family and the familial equivalents we subdivide the nuclear family depending on whether it has close relatives or not, the number of children, the existence of extended family or not, with relatives or aggregates, and the binuclear families or those of divorced people. On this basis, we have evaluated the demographic distribution of 917 families from the basic health areas of Albaicín and Cartuja in Granada, the Valle de Jaén, and Telde in Las Palmas. We have found the predominance of the nuclear family (76.8%) over the extensive (5.2%), as well as the relevance of the single-parent (8.9%) and the lack of family (7.7%) types. Among nuclear families, those with relatives in near areas come first (62.2%), followed by the extended type (19.6%). There is a remarkably low rate of numerous families (9.3%), while binuclear families are exceptional. As familial demography is a factor to be considered in clinical practice owing to its influence in the familial function and resources, we propose the routine use of this classification in the family history.

Demography↗