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Results for “Contraception Failure”

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PubMed2006

Prevalence and risk factors of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

The aim of the study was to provide a survey and generalization of literature data on the epidemiological situation of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in various countries, preventive screenings and risk factors of the infection. We performed a survey of articles published during 1998-2005 and selected from bibliographical medical search databases presenting data on the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the main risk factors for this sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydial infection is the most common among sexually transmitted genital infections worldwide. It has been found that the main risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis infection are age, irregular and/or accidental sexual relationships and change of sexual partners, failure to use or erratic use of barrier contraception during intercourse, and insufficient knowledge about sexual life and care for one's sexual health. Most countries do not have national preventive screening programs or exhaustive information about the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The comparison of the prevalence and incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among different countries is complicated due to the different diagnostic methods and sample selection techniques applied; however, in order to decrease the prevalence of chlamydial infection and its impact on the reproductive health of the society, significant attention should be paid to sexual education, preventive screening of people in high-risk groups, as well as to early diagnostics and timely treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Burst sheaths.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Contraception Behavior↗
PubMed1980

Body weight and amenorrhea.

Twenty-four women with primary and secondary amenorrhea were compared as to body weight, weight loss, estimated body fat content and loss, and history of failure to menstruate after discontinuing use of oral contraceptives. Simple weight loss is associated with menstrual dysfunction when over 30% of body fat is lost. Women using oral contraceptives who lose minor degrees of weight or body fat are at risk for the development of secondary amenorrhea.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

Midwifery care for orthodox Jewish women.

Midwives need to understand the restrictions that Shabbos (the Sabbath) and other Jewish Feasts place on a woman while she is in hospital. Jewish women usually decline alphafetoprotein (AFP) or Triple tests and would not wish to terminate a pregnancy for abnormality. However, most will take up the offer of an ultrasound scan. The husband may not support his wife physically during labour. Most Jewish women retire to bed for the 'lying-in' period of ten days, resting and establishing feeding. Most Jewish women breastfeed, and failure to do this is often kept secret. Contraception is generally not allowed in the Jewish faith.

Female↗
PubMed1977

Implantation of pure crystalline pellets of estradiol for conception control.

Estradiol pellet implantation for contraception offers another alternative in conception control. The occurrence of only two pregnancies in 1,668 cycles (Pearl index: 1,42) reflects its efficacy. The advantages over oral contraceptives are: (1) absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, (2) minimal untoward effects, (3) no patient failure, and (4) convenience. Progressive stepdown in dose reduces the total amount of steroid used in long-term contraception. Contraceptive effect may not occur during the first month of implantation; adequate precaution should be taken. Because of the efficacy, minimal untoward side effects, and excellent patient acceptability, this regimen may be considered for contraception in developing countries and when other modalities are contraindicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of a new approach to family planning services in rural Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: In 1993, the government of Pakistan started a new approach to the delivery of contraceptive services by training literate married women to provide doorstep advice and supplies in their own and neighboring communities. This report assesses whether this community-based approach is starting to have an impact on contraceptive use in rural areas. METHODS: A clustered nationally representative survey was used to collect data on contraceptive use and access to services in each cluster. Two-level logistic regression was applied to assess the effects of service access, after potential confounders were taken into account. RESULTS: Married women living within 5 km of 2 community-based workers were significantly more likely to be using a modern, reversible method of contraception than those with no access (odds ratio = 1.74; 95% confidence interval = 1.11, 2.71). CONCLUSIONS: After decades of failure, the managers of the family planning program have designed a way of presenting modern contraceptives that is appropriate to the conditions of rural Pakistan. The new community-based approach should be steadily expanded.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1980

[What type of contraceptive method can the physician recommend?].

Contraceptives should be reliable, innocuous and compatible. With reference to their reliability (Pearl-index) they can be devided into four groups. Only the oral contraceptives can be classified as "reliable". The risk of women over 40 for myocardial infarction is only barely raised by the pill according to new data. "Relatively reliable" are intrauterine devices, the mini-pill, the temperature method and the foam ovula containing 4 p-Nonyphenoxypolyethylenglycol. Failures are ten times as frequent as with the oral contraceptives. Adnexitis caused by intrauterine devices ist seven times more frequent in nulliparae than in the average female population. Among oral contraceptives, the mini-pill is the only one without appreciable side-effects, risks, or contraindications. Grade three preventives ("medium reliability") should be used for child spacing. The fourth group of unreliable methods comprises the Knaus-Ogino method, coitus interruptus and the long-established chemical preventives.

Contraception↗
PubMed2003

Contraceptive use before and after marriage in Shanghai.

Data from a cohort study of 7,336 newly married fertile couples conducted between 1987 and 1995 were used to analyze contraceptive method choice, switching, and discontinuation in two districts of Shanghai. Twelve percent of couples reported that they had had sexual intercourse before marriage. Only one-third of those exposed to premarital risk of conception were protected by some form of contraception, mostly by withdrawal and periodic abstinence. As a consequence, a majority of these couples conceived, prompting rapid marriage in most cases and induced abortion among one-fourth of them. After marriage, about half of the couples used contraceptives to postpone the birth of their first child, but of these, 40 percent experienced an unintended pregnancy. Method choice was dominated by condoms, withdrawal, and abstinence. After the birth of their first child, almost all couples (98 percent) adopted contraceptives, but one-third of them used ineffective methods. Failure and discontinuation rates were high, giving rise to a high incidence of induced abortion. Increasing numbers of couples switched to the IUD, and this was the preferred method for the majority by the third year following childbirth. These results suggest that wider method choice that includes hormonal contraceptives should be provided to meet couples' needs in Shanghai and that the family planning program's attention should be focused specifically on sexually active unmarried individuals and on the availability of postpartum services.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Contraception in patients with congenital heart defects].

The number of women with congenital cardiac disease, who mature into adulthood is increasing. Unfortunately, there are no prospective data published about the relative risk of different forms of contraception for these patients. Most women with congenital cardiac disease can safely use oral contraceptives, especially low-estrogen combination or progestin-only preparations, with the exception of those, who are at particular risk because of thromboembolic complications (especially in cyanosis, pulmonary hypertension, Eisenmenger reaction, rhythm disturbances), fluid retention (especially in reduced ventricular function and congestive heart failure), arterial hypertension (important in coarctation), infectious complications (endocarditis) or hyperlipidemia. Oral contraceptives should be avoided in patients at increased risk for thromboembolic events. Intrauterine devices are very effective, have no metabolic side effects and merely carry a small risk of endocarditis. Newer devices containing progesterone only may put the patients at a still smaller risk. Contraceptive subdermal implants (e.g. levonorgestrel) are used with good results in the United States for patients with contraindications to estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and may well become more widely accepted in patients in Germany in the coming years. Barrier methods can be used, but have a higher failure rate, which may be unacceptable in patients at risk (e.g. Eisenmenger's). Especially in Eisenmenger's, permanent sterilisation should be advised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A closer look at traditional contraceptive use in Turkey.

Withdrawal is the main method used amongst couples in Turkey to prevent pregnancy. Discontinuation of use is most likely to be due to the desire to become pregnant or failure of the method. Withdrawal users are less likely to switch to another contraceptive method; however, among users who do switch, they will most likely switch to a modem method. The strongest three determinants that predict withdrawal use are using withdrawal as one's first method, the woman's age, and the husband's education. The woman's work status and the couple's ethnicity are also important predictors of withdrawal use. Family planning programs should target different segments of the population and focus on correct knowledge of all methods. Results indicate that men and women need to learn about family planning options earlier in their lives or prior to marriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Injectable contraceptives: underused and undervalued?

Injectable progestogen-only contraceptives can be considered for the woman who is unwilling or unable to use oral contraceptives or an IUD. They have a very low failure rate. They appear to have few serious life-threatening side-effects. The woman does not have to remember to take a daily pill. The method requires little compliance from the client and is independent of patient error. Short-term uses include for partners of men undergoing vasectomy, women being immunised against rubella and for women awaiting sterilisation. Noristerat can be used immediately after an abortion or birth of a baby. Breast feeding is not inhibited. Main side-effects are menstrual irregularities and delayed return of fertility after use. It is essential that women are counselled about the method and its side-effects before injectable contraceptives are given.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Clinical aspects of hypertension under contraceptive steroids].

In Europe, about 1 per cent of women using oral contraceptives develop hypertension. The frequency seems to increase with age and in women who had earlier shown hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. A failure in the feedback mechanisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is suggested to be an important factor in the etiology of hypertension induced by oral contraceptives. Usually, blood pressure returns to normal after cessation of treatment with contraceptive steroids; on the other hand, some cases of irreversible hypertension and kidney failure have been described. Besides the measurement of blood pressure before any treatment with hormonal contraceptives is started, blood pressure should be controlled after three months. In the differential diagnosis of hypertension induced by oral contraceptives, primary aldosteronism and renal artery stenosis have to be excluded; these hypertensive disorders show similar biochemical changes, but should be treated by surgical intervention. The choice of other contraceptives by women with this type of hypertensive disease is discussed.

Adult↗