[Display screens, eye symptoms, eyeglasses].
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Accommodation, Ocular↗
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Recognition performance of subjects with color-vision deficiencies on a polychromatic sonar screen for ship navigation.
To facilitate differentiation between objects that are approaching, stationary, and moving away, these objects are represented in different colors on the screens of sonar locating devices used in ship navigation. Yellow represents stationary objects, and represents approaching objects, and green represents those objects moving away. A total of 46 subjects with normal color vision and 184 individuals with color-vision deficiencies, among them 29 deuteranopic, 100 deuteranomalous, 21 protanopic and 34 protanomalous individuals, were investigated for their ability to identify different signals. Ten different objects were presented for a period of 64 s each. As a minimal requirement it was established that 50% of the respective experimental group be capable of recognizing the objects within half of this time. Whereas 73.3% of the subjects with normal color vision could meet this requirement, none of the subjects in the different groups with color-vision deficiencies could do so. Only 16.1% of the deuteranopic subjects, 33.1% of the deuteranomalous individuals, 16.2% of the protanopic subjects, and 37.6% of the protanomalous individuals detected all objects within 32 s. No appreciable difference in the ability to recognize signals occurred among the different groups of subjects with color-vision deficiencies.
Color Perception↗
["Prophylactic" video-laparoscopic cholecystectomy].
The authors examine the prophylaxis of infections caused by cholelithiasis in kidney and heart transplant candidates as a new indication for videolaparoscopic cholecystectomy (VLC). The study included 6 patients in dialysis for chronic renal insufficiency and one patient suffering from cyanogenic congenital cardiopathy with asymptomatic gallbladder calculosis. The results obtained show that there are no substantial differences compared to patients without associated pathologies and justifies the inclusion of "prophylactic" VLC in preparatory treatment protocols for kidney and heart transplant in patients suffering from cholelithiasis. The authors emphasise the necessary technical measures to prevent hemorrhage, intraoperative loss of CO2 and postoperative laparoceles.
Adult↗
The influence of long-term visual near-work on accommodation and vergence: a field study.
A study of the influence of sustained, visual near-work upon a set of oculomotor functions (ZCSV i.e. Zone of Clear Single Vision) was carried out on a randomly drawn group (N = 43) of young, female, healthy and experienced accountants (mean age 24.6 years) who were daily engaged in full-time interactive VDT work. PRA (Positive Relative Accommodation), NRA (Negative Relative Accommodation), PRC (Positive Relative Convergence) and NRC (Negative Relative Convergence) was measured twice: 1) in the morning before the subjects started work and 2) at the end of the working day. Results showed significant reductions in the four ZCSV components over the working day. Vergence reductions accounted for over 60% of the ZCSV changes.
Accommodation, Ocular↗
[An ergonomic and work physiology assessment of the risk factors for the musculoskeletal system in jobs performed by women].
The purpose of the present work is to study the relation between the characteristics of the work activity and especially the parameters of the working posture and work place as well as the complaints of the musculoskeletal system (MSS) among professions where women are mainly engaged. The object of the study were 3 professional group: 1st group--telephone operators on video display (VD), IInd group--hairdressers and IIIrd group--television (TV) tuners. For the investigation was used inquiry-questionnaire for MSS complaints, which includes localization and type of the complaints, subjective evaluation of the working posture, organization and arranging the working place. A 3-step scale was used for each of the observed indices. The results point out, that the frequency of MSS complaints is very high in the examined professions. The complaints of the telephone operators on VD concern mainly the neck [66% of the examined], the shoulders and back [respectively 58% and 50%]; of the hairdressers--the shoulders and back [85% and 80%] and the legs [75%]; of the TV tuners--the fingers of the hand [60%], neck and shoulders [43% and 40%]. The MSS complaints are in positive correlation to the age and length of service of the workers [from 0.75 to 0.91]. The expert ergonomic evaluation shows that for the three examined professions, the working posture is the determining factor for MSS complaints. For hairdressers and TV tuners are the same degrees, followed by the telephone operators on VD. In the organization of the working place there are numerous ergonomic discrepancies: for the telephone operators the most considerable deviations of the ergonomic requirements are in the dimensions of the working places: for the hairdressers and TV tuners--in the dimensions of the working zones and the arrangement of the working place. A statistically positive correlation dependence was received between MSS complaints and the working posture for the three professional groups (r from 0.85 to 0.89) and between the complaints and the ergonomic discrepancies of the working place (r between 0.75 and 0.85).
Adult↗
AT&T Bell Lab's ergonomic program aims to cure VDT workstation ills.
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Computer Terminals↗
A DNA sequence editor with voice input and output.
DNA sequence editors for IBM PC-compatible computers are often line-oriented, with complicated methods of entering and modifying sequences. This paper describes SE, a full-screen sequence editor that is operated like a word processor. Features include keyboard entry of new sequences, ability to search for patterns or sequence features, ability to switch strands, and ability to renumber and rotate circular sequences. The entry of new sequences can be confirmed by a spoken voice, and for proofreading, SE will read a sequence aloud using the PC's speaker. If the computer is fitted with a sound board and speech-recognition software, SE will also allow voice-input of sequences. Sequences are saved on a file in a format that is compatible with most sequence-analysis programs.
Computer Terminals↗
The safe use of visual display units.
The use of visual display units (VDUs) has been increasing throughout the world in the last decade. The most common type of VDU uses the cathode ray tube, and this has resulted in concern among the public about possible adverse effects of radiation exposure from VDU use. Radiation emission from the VDU is negligible and has not been shown to be harmful to health, or to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, many full-time VDU users often complain of visual discomfort, musculoskeletal discomfort of the neck, lower back and upper limbs, and psychosocial problems. The likelihood of having such complaints is positively associated with the duration of hours worked per day, the nature of the work, work schedules and workload, and workstation design and layout, rather than the VDU technology per se. Such complaints are often transient and resolve rapidly when stopping work. Other alleged adverse health effects of VDU use, such as skin complaints, have been discounted. Guidelines on the safe use of VDUs have been issued by various industrial corporations and national institutions. The guidelines generally address three main areas, viz (1) the provision of a suitable workstation and work environment, (2) good work technique and work schedules, and (3) preplacement and periodic health examinations for the detection and correction of personal impairments. The implementation of these guidelines will resolve many of the potentially correctable factors which result in many of the adverse health effects associated with VDU use.
Computer Terminals↗
Multifunctional aesthesiometer "TELMEST".
A multifunctional device "TELMEST" has been developed for checking of actual temperature and for testing the perception threshold of electric current, mechanical vibration and temperature. The operational microprocessor system delivers appropriate stimuli by applicators to the finger tips or to other areas of skin, and the sensory responses of the proband are displayed on the screen of the monitor and stored in the memory. The estimation of tegumental temperature and perception thresholds of the above mentioned sensory stimuli supply valuable indices of sensory and vascular dysfunctions due to exposure to mechanical vibration transmitted to the hands. The results of such tests are exemplified.
Computer Terminals↗
Video-assisted thoracic surgery. The Chang Gung experience.
Thoracoscopy has assumed a major role in the management of a variety of surgical diseases of the chest. This technique, which was primarily devised for diagnostic purposes, has subsequently come to be used for therapeutic applications in most centers today. In this report we review 300 cases of therapeutic thoracic procedures in which a video-assisted technique was used. We describe mainly our own experience and the basic approach strategies we found helpful in the video-assisted procedures. No complications or deaths were attributable to these procedures. Our conclusions were as follows: (1) Video-assisted thoracic surgery can be as effective therapeutically as many formal thoracotomy. (2) Excellent exposure can be obtained by the use of double-lumen endotracheal tubes. (3) Video-assisted thoracic surgery is an excellent alternative treatment for pneumothorax, blebs, and bullous disease. (4) Video-assisted thoracic surgery allows safe, complete, visually guided wedge resection of lung lesions, lobectomy, pericardiectomy, removal of mediastinal tumor, esophagectomy, and reconstruction of the thoracic esophagus. (5) Video-assisted thoracic surgery also allows management of a broad scope of other general thoracic diseases such as empyema, pleural effusion, and chest trauma (hemothorax), as well as cancer staging. (6) Video-assisted thoracic surgery will not compromise the primary diagnostic and therapeutic goals set forth for the patient. (7) Because conventional instruments and extended manipulation incisions can be used, video-assisted thoracic surgery offers the promise of expediency, safety, minimal discomfort, less postoperative pain, quick functional recuperation, excellent cosmetic healing, shortened stays in the hospital, and therefore savings in cost. Accordingly, we are now using video-assisted thoracic surgery to treat the majority of patients with surgical diseases of the chest.
Adolescent↗
[Ultraviolet radiation in selected computer monitoring].
Bearing in mind that computer monitors have become quite popular nowadays among both professionals and hobbyists, the authors analysed the UV radiation emitted by them. Chromatic and monochromatic monitors were used in the study. The ultraviolet radiation of monitors was compared with the UV emission of sterilamps and fluorescent lamps. The same order of radiation intensity was found in all sources under study. In addition, the effectiveness of two popular screen filters in suppressing the UV emission of computer monitors was studied. The suppression of radiation was observed together with a parallel absorption of the visible part of radiation.
Computer Terminals↗
[Objective evaluation of visual strain in computer screen and office work by recording visually evoked cortical potentials (VECP) and determining changes in contrast sensitivity and refraction].
Visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP) elicited with checkerboard pattern reversal stimuli of high spatial frequency and low contrast were recorded. The changes in the VECP depending on the duration of task-oriented activity at video display units (VDU) and in the office were determined. The testing procedure can be used to decide on adequate recovery periods (breaks) for any visual workload and requires only a short time. We investigated 30 probands: 10 subjects tested before and after 4 h of VDU work under controlled standard conditions had statistically significant increases of latency (P < 0.001) and decreases of amplitude in VECP recordings (P < 0.05). Another 10 subjects tested at the same intervals but exposed to standard office working conditions also showed statistically significant increases of latency (P < 0.0001) and decrease of amplitude in VECP recordings (P < 0.01). The 10 control subjects tested at the same intervals spent the time between recording sessions on leisure activity (walking) and showed no significant VECP changes. Statistical evaluation was performed with Student's t-test for paired samples. Contrast sensitivity (Ginsburg test) decreased in both VDU and office groups after completion of their workload, but remained within normal limits. The maximal changes in refraction amounted to +/- 0.25 D after 4 h and +/- 0.5 D after 6 h and showed no bias. Extended periods of working at VDUs and conventional office work increase the latency and decrease the amplitude of the pattern-evoked VECP. This method can be used to determine optimal scheduling of breaks in for people working at VDUs and doing conventional office work.
Adult↗
[Hygienic bases of the educational and training regimen of adolescents 15-17 years of age].
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Adolescent↗
Bedside/point-of-care technology: the 'window' into the integrated clinical database, Part 3.
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Computer Terminals↗
[Fertility disturbances in males working as professional computer operators].
From 2376 patients who were diagnosed as infertile between 1986-1991, 20 professional computer operator males in the age of 26-40 were chosen (0.8%). Their working time was at least 5 hours daily and they have been working for 2-12 years (mean 7.7 +/- 3.3 years). The mean number of spermatozoa in 1 ml of sperm was 45.5 +/- 23.7 X 10(6)/ml, the percentage of properly motile spermatozoa equaled 21.5 +/- 12.2% and the percentage of pathological forms equaled 26.6 +/- 6.1%. The percentage of properly motile spermatozoa was decreased in all patients. There was not significant tendency of decreasing of the number of spermatozoa in 1 ml of sperm and percentage of properly motile spermatozoa dependent on the years of working in front of computer monitors. Whereas percentage of pathological forms increases statistically significantly in dependency of the years of working.
Adult↗
[Effect of working conditions on vision in microcomputer users].
The paper presents the conditions of the ocular strain due to accommodation and convergence, and adaptation to the varying lighting in computer users. It discusses the features of a screen monitors, work unit lighting and organization. Bad working conditions as well as undetected or uncorrected refraction defects are the basic cause for subjective and objective symptoms of eye discomfort. The paper shows the need for an adaptation of glasses to the atypical working distance.
Accommodation, Ocular↗
[Effect of work with computer monitors on the visual system].
Computer users complain of numerous visual discomforts. The paper discusses those connected with eye fatigue and changes in visual functions associated with the work with monitor screens; these can be alleviated with an ergonomic organization of the work unit. There is a need for a determination of the requirements in visual functions for computer users.
Computer Terminals↗