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PubMed1995

NPY increases food intake in white-crowned sparrows: effect in short and long photoperiods.

To determine if altered sensitivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY) underlies premigratory fattening, white-crowned sparrows held on short day length (9:15-h light-dark) received injections into the third ventricle (ivt) of saline or several doses of NPY. An inverted-U function occurred with food intake increasing 30 and 60 min after doses of 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms NPY. When photostimulated (20:4-h light-dark), birds increased daily caloric intake and gained weight rapidly. Birds maintained on long day lengths significantly increased food intake after 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms of NPY and did not respond to higher doses. The effective dose range for NPY to increase food intake moved to the left, suggesting an increase in sensitivity to the peptide on long day lengths. In summary, white-crowned sparrows consume more food when administered NPY ivt and have increased sensitivity when photostimulated and gaining weight. Hence NPY may be a natural stimulator of food intake in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

High-fat diet preference and overeating mediated by postingestive factors in rats.

The role of postingestive factors in the preference for and overconsumption of high-fat (HF) foods, relative to high-carbohydrate (HC) foods, was investigated using a self-regulated intragastric feeding procedure. On one-bottle training days, rats drank one flavored saccharin solution [conditioned stimulus (CS) + HF] paired with intragastric infusions of an HF liquid diet, a second flavored solution (CS+HC) paired with an HC liquid diet, and a third flavored solution (CS-) paired with intragastric water. The diets had the same energy and protein content; the CS solutions and infusions along with chow were available ad libitum. The rats drank more CS and self-infused more diet on HF than HC training days. In two-bottle choice tests, the rats preferred the CS+HF to the CS+HC and both CS+HF and CS+HC to the CS-. The rats consumed more CS+HF than CS+HC by taking more bouts per day; bout sizes did not reliably differ. In a subsequent experiment, rats preferred the CS+HF even though diet intakes in training were matched. In a final experiment, the CS+HC and CS+HF intakes were equated in training by diluting the HC diet. Now the rats did not reliably prefer the CS+HF to the CS+HC, yet caloric intakes were much higher on CS+HF than CS+HC training days. Thus, relative to an isocaloric HC diet, the postingestive effects of HF diets stimulate overeating and condition a stronger flavor preference. Reduced satiety rather than increased reinforcement may be the direct promoter of overeating. However, postingestive reinforcement may enhance the selection of HF foods when a choice of HF and HC foods is available.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Opioid receptor involvement in the effect of AgRP- (83-132) on food intake and food selection.

Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) is a receptor antagonist of central nervous system (CNS) melanocortin receptors and appears to have an important role in the control of food intake since exogenous CNS administration in rats and overexpression in mice result in profound hyperphagia and weight gain. Given that AgRP is heavily colocalized with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and that orexigenic effects of NPY depend on activity at opioid receptors, we hypothesized that AgRP's food-intake effects are also mediated by opioid receptors. Subthreshold doses of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone blocked AgRP-induced intake when given simultaneously but not 24 h after AgRP injection. Opioids not only influence food intake but food selection as well. Hence, we tested AgRP's effect to alter food choice between matched diets with differing dietary fat content. AgRP selectively enhanced intake of the high-fat but not the low-fat diet. Additionally, AgRP selectively increased chow intake in rats given ad libitum access to a 20% sucrose solution and standard rat chow. The current results indicate that AgRP influences not only caloric intake but food selection as well and that the early effects of AgRP depend critically on an interaction with opioid receptors.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMed1995

Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence that dietary antioxidants may prevent atherosclerotic disease is growing. The relationship between the intake of dietary and supplemental vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, and provitamin A carotenoids and average carotid artery wall thickness was studied in 6318 female and 4989 male participants 45 to 64 years old int he Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Intake was assessed by use of a 66-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Carotid artery intima-media wall thickness was measured as an indicator of atherosclerosis at multiple sites with B-mode ultrasound. Among men and women > 55 years old who had not recently begun a special diet, there was a significant inverse relationship between vitamin C intake and average artery wall thickness adjusted for age, body mass index, fasting serum glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, HDL and LDL cholesterol, total caloric intake, cigarette use, race, and education (test for linear trend across quintiles of intake, P = .019 for women and P = .035 for men). An inverse relationship was also seen between wall thickness and alpha-tocopherol intake but was significant only in women (test for linear trend, P = .033 for women and P = .13 for men). There was a significant inverse association between carotene intake and wall thickness in older men (test for linear trend, P = .015), but the association weakened after adjustment for potential confounders. No significant relationships were seen in participants < 55 years old. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide limited support for the hypothesis that dietary vitamin C and alpha-tocopherol may protect against atherosclerotic disease, especially in individuals > 55 years old.

Antioxidants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Accelerated nitrogen loss after traumatic injury is not attenuated by achievement of energy balance.

BACKGROUND: We wanted to determine if achievement of energy balance decreases myofibrillar protein catabolism and nitrogen loss during posttraumatic catabolic illness. METHODS: Surgical intensive care unit of a level I trauma center in a university medical center. Trauma patients expected to be mechanically ventilated for at least 4 days were randomly assigned to one of three parenteral feeding groups: (1) nonprotein calorie group: dextrose and lipid intake equal to measured energy expenditure; (2) total calorie group: dextrose, lipid, and protein intake equal to measured energy expenditure; and (3) hypocaloric group: dextrose and lipid intake equal to 50% of measured energy expenditure. Target protein intake for all groups was 1.7 g/kg body wt. On day 4 of nutrition support, a 24-hour balance study was conducted. Urine urea and total nitrogen production, 3-methylhistidine excretion, energy expenditure, and substrate utilization were measured. RESULTS: Despite significant differences in nonprotein and total calorie balance among the groups, nitrogen loss, nitrogen balance, and catabolic rate were not significantly different. Nitrogen loss correlated with catabolic rate but not with energy expenditure or energy balance. Catabolic rate was associated with energy expenditure but not with energy balance. Nitrogen loss was positively correlated with the percentage of nonprotein energy expenditure met by nonprotein calorie intake. CONCLUSIONS: Achievement of energy balance (nonprotein or total energy) failed to decrease catabolic rate or nitrogen loss acutely in multiple trauma patients. Provision of caloric intake equal to energy expenditure does not seem necessary during the acute phase of posttraumatic catabolic illness.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of a carbohydrate drink on nutritional status, body composition and mood during desert training.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional intake by military personnel is typically inadequate during field exercises, potentially compromising health and performance. HYPOTHESIS: Drinking a supplemental carbohydrate (CHO) beverage will increase total caloric intake and maintain nutritional status during military training in the desert. METHODS: A total of 63 volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive either a CHO or placebo beverage with military rations during an 11-d desert field exercise. Fluid intake was ad libitum and adequate rations were provided. Blood samples were collected twice to assess nutritional status, and nutrient intake was determined with consumption data. Mood state was examined by questionnaire. RESULTS: Energy intake was significantly higher in the CHO group (3050 kcal x d(-1) vs. 2631 kcal x d(-1)), with additional CHO from the beverage providing energy with some compensation by reduced fat and protein intake. Intakes of energy, folacin, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc in both groups were inadequate, with intakes significantly lower (p<0.05) for calcium, magnesium, and zinc in the CHO beverage group. Blood parameters of nutritional status remained within normal ranges with no differences between groups, but significant decreases were seen in pre-albumin. No changes in mood were seen during the training, nor after exposure to desert conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The operational ration supplemented with a CHO beverage significantly increases CHO and energy intakes compared with standard rations and maintains nutritional status for short exercises. Fortification with micronutrients most at risk for deficient intake from foods may be needed for longer deployments.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Obesity and cardiovascular risk.

In this paper the general concepts of the relationship between body weight, food intake and susceptibility to vascular disease are re-examined in the light of recent evidence. Several studies suggest that the traditional view of the relationship between mortality and adiposity as direct and linear are mistaken and that the relationship is 'U' shaped with minimal mortality at 'average' rather than 'ideal' weight. Furthermore, the notion that higher levels of food energy intake may be responsible for the enhanced susceptibility to arterial disease are also challenged by those in the lower than the upper ranges of total caloric intake. This may account for some of the anomalous inverse relationships found within countries between food (including fat) intake and arterial disease deaths, findings which have stood for years in irreconcilable contrast with the direct relationship between fat intake and cardiovascular mortality between countries. These apparently paradoxical relationships may be explained by the further unexpected finding of low order but highly significant inverse correlations between food energy intake and adiposity. This has supported the notion of a spectrum of energy conservation/dissipation with the energy conserver storing fat even on low intakes and the dissipator expending a high intake yet remaining lean. Adaptive responses to excess intake and to food deprivation may also be involved in this constitutional variation in energy handling.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1995

Management of premature infants with extensive bowel resection with high volume enteral infusates.

To avoid long-term parenteral nutrition (PN), three premature infants with extensive bowel resections were fed high volume enteral infusates (HVEI). Following surgery an elemental hypo-osmolar gastric infusate was initiated. The infants were weaned of PN and were subsequently maintained on HVEI feeding. Rather than using the volume of the ileostomy outputs or the presence of reducing substances as guides for adjustment of enteral intake, we tolerated large ileostomy output and focused instead on the patients' hydration, serum electrolytes and acid base status. During HVEI feeding, the patients had sustained weight gain, while the mean +/- SD enteral intakes were 373 +/- 67, 689 +/- 132, and 415 +/- 108 ml/kg per day; osmolarity of enteral infusates were 250 +/- 25, 225 +/- 40 and 228 +/- 27 mosmol/l; caloric intakes were 163 +/- 29, 258 +/- 54, and 153 +/- 44 Kcal/kg per day; and ileostomy outputs were 113 +/- 47, 228 +/- 59, and 175 +/- 69 ml/kg per day, respectively. Gut adaptation lasted 122, 141, and 205 days, respectively. Re-anastomoses of the intestines were performed at the ages of 8, 78, and 36 months. At 18, 108, and 58 months, infants' weights were in the 50th, 20th, and 5th percentiles, respectively. No infant developed cirrhosis. High volume enteral infusate feeding in infants with extensive bowel resection may help achieve gut adaptation and may serve as an alternative nutrition modality to prolonged PN.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1996

Renal insufficiency in the neonatal period.

Prevalence of renal insufficiency and renal failure of newborns in an intensive care unit is considerably high. Most patients have prerenal failure which is associated with the underlying disease, some have had heart surgery and only few patients have congenital renal malformation. In a retrospective analysis in our institution main risk factors were: prematurity, age < 10 days, obstetric complications, male gender, Cesarean delivery and pulmonary disease. We could not confirm, however, that asphyxia is significant for renal failure. Much more common than manifest renal failure is renal insufficiency in diseased newborns during intensive care. The cause is sometimes primary renal insufficiency as a harbinger of renal failure, but it is often iatrogenic, because fluid intake is inadequate, either unintentional or for a purpose. This strategy, however, conflicts with a conservative approach to renal insufficiency, which requires adequate fluid and caloric intake. A skilled approach to this situation demands a daily re-evaluation of the fluid regimen with regard to possible liberalization. If renal failure progresses dialysis may be indicated, but this remains controversial in neonates. However, with growing expertise, skill and adequate equipment, different techniques of dialysis nowadays can be applied even to small infants. Mortality in infants with acute renal failure ranges from 25 to 78%, but death is seldom caused primarily by renal disease. In our survey 0.9% in a total of 34% mortality was attributed to renal disease. Attention has to be paid to the bulk of diseased newborns, who experience only slight increase in serum creatinine in their early life with only mild (or even without) oliguria, who may be prone to residual renal morbidity as well as those, who have manifest renal failure.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

Learned caloric adjustment of human intake.

The time course of caloric compensation of food intake was studied in human subjects presented with a new calorically dilute snack food under naturalistic conditions. In a preliminary test, two versions of the snack food, normal in calories (NC) or low in calories (LC), were found equally palatable by the subjects (15 to 17-year-old boys). In the first part of the experiment two groups were presented with a 125g serving of either NC or LC version as an afternoon snack. Intakes during the subsequent dinner (1 h later) were measured. In the second part of the experiment, the same subjects were allowed to habituate to NC or LC, i.e. on five consecutive days, subjects were served NC or LC food ad libitum at afternoon snack-time; servings and left-overs were weighed. On the sixth day, the snack was a 125 g serving of the habitual food and dinner intakes were measured. It was shown that in these adolescent males a 200 kcal difference in the afternoon snack was not immediately compensated for by dinner intake. However, precise caloric adjustment occurred after habituation. This casts in question the value for weight control of such a use of food products having lower caloric content than conventional products.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Vaginal cyclicity, sexual receptivity, and eating behavior of the female rat following treatment with chlordecone.

The effects of 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg chlordecone on vaginal and behavioral estrus were examined following treatment of intact rats during estrus, diestrus 1, or diestrus 2. Chlordecone accelerated vaginal estrus, but sexual behavior was eliminated, delayed, or reduced. Chlordecone treatment led to the presence of vaginal estrus within 2 days, but reduced or eliminated sexual behavior on the evening of predicted proestrus. Of the females that received chlordecone, 20% to 50% showed some behavior on the day after the evening of predicted proestrus and 20% to 35% never showed behavior during the 8-day observation period. Although the lordosis to mount ratio was still reduced, the occurrence of behavior a day late suggested that the pesticide had delayed behavioral estrus. Chlordecone also rapidly suppressed food intake and led to a significant decline in body weight; these nutritional factors could have contributed to the disrupted estrous cycle. Some support for this possibility was derived from a reduced sexual receptivity on the evening of proestrus when the caloric intake of untreated female rats was matched to that of the chlordecone treated animals. However, the effects of caloric reduction on proestrous lordosis behavior were less robust than seen following chlordecone. Chlordecone treatment on diestrus 2 reduced the number of progesterone receptors in uterine tissue of females on the predicted day of proestrus. This suggested that the tissue sensitivity to circulating levels of progesterone would be reduced within 2 days after chlordecone treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Drinking patterns in French adult men--a cluster analysis of alcoholic beverages and relationship with lifestyle.

BACKGROUND: Establishing patterns of alcohol consumption may be useful for investigating the relationship between alcohol and diseases. METHODS: We used a hierarchical agglomerative clustering method to describe the intake of eight types of alcoholic beverages and to determine drinking patterns in a cohort of 1797 men enrolled in a French 8-year intervention study involving nutritional doses of vitamins and minerals, the SU.VI.MAX study. RESULTS: Cluster 1, referred to as 'abstainers', was defined a priori and included 329 men who drank less than 5 g of alcohol per day. Six drinking patterns were defined in alcohol drinkers, with increasing mean alcohol intake: cluster 2, 'low drinkers', included 670 subjects, who drank little of any type of alcoholic beverage; cluster 3, 'high quality wines', included 584 men with a high intake of champagne, high quality wines, and high-alcohol aperitifs; cluster 4, 'beer and cider', included 190 subjects with a high intake of beer and cider; cluster 5, 'digestives', included 54 men with a specifically high consumption of digestive beverages; cluster 6, 'local wines', included 238 subjects with a high intake of local wines and low-alcohol aperitifs; cluster 7, 'table wines', included 61 men with a high intake of table wines and high-alcohol aperitifs. These clusters were significantly associated with socioeconomic and lifestyle variables such as place of residence, occupation, mean caloric intake and distribution of energy intake throughout the day, body mass index, and smoking habits. CONCLUSIONS: They will be useful in future studies of the relationship between alcohol intake and medical conditions or risk factors.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

ICV beta-hydroxybutyrate: effects on food intake, body composition, and body weight in rats.

This study examined the effect of long-term intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta HB) on food intake, diet selection, body weight, and body composition in rats. Female rats were divided into 2 groups and implanted with a 28-day osmotic pump connected to a lateral cerebroventricular cannula. One group was infused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and the other with beta HB for 28 days. The rats had free access to both a high-fat/low-carbohydrate and a low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet (isocaloric) for the 28-day infusion period. The group infused with beta HB had a significantly lower body weight gain during the infusion period. Cumulative food intake increased in the same manner in both groups. Fat pad weights and carcass lipid content were significantly higher in beta HB rats, despite the equivalent caloric intake in both groups and the decreased body weight. Our observations are in accord with earlier studies indicating that beta HB infused ICV reduces body weight, but not necessarily food intake. Increased adiposity in association with decreased body weight change in beta HB-infused rats strongly suggests that energy is being partitioned to fat deposition at the expense of lean tissue growth when ketone bodies are infused into the cerebroventricles.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed1983

Macronutrient self-selection in three forms of hypothalamic obesity.

Adult female rats were adapted to a macronutrient self-selection regimen which allowed them ad libitum access to separate sources of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. The rats were then given either ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions, paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) lesions, parasagittal knife cuts through the medial hypothalamus (CUT), or sham lesions and their macronutrient selection was studied for 60 days. Following surgery the VMH, PVH, and CUT rats overate and became obese compared with controls. The hyperphagias of the three groups were similar, although the CUT group gained more weight than did the PVH and VMH groups. All groups overate primarily by increasing their carbohydrate intake. The VMH and CUT groups, in addition, increased their protein intake such that their percent protein intake remain unchanged. The PVH group failed to increase its absolute protein intake and thus decreased its percent protein intake. Except for a transient increase, fat consumption was not affected by the lesions or knife cuts. During the 2nd postoperative mo (static phase) the total caloric intakes and the carbohydrate intakes of the VMH, PVH, and CUT groups returned to near normal levels. Rats with misplaced PVH lesions displayed minimal hyperphagia and failed to outgain controls but yet showed the same altered macronutrient selection pattern as did rats with obesity-inducing PVH lesions. Measurements of resting insulin levels at the end of the experiment revealed hyperinsulinemia in the VMH and CUT groups but normal insulin values in the PVH group. These results demonstrate that VMH lesions, PVH lesions, and medial knife cuts produce similar hyperphagia syndromes associated with carbohydrate-specific overeating, but that they differentially affect protein selection and resting insulin levels.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food-intake and nutrients pattern in Italian adult male subjects.

Energy is necessary for all physiological functions of the body. Most of the vitamins are enzymes that require additional mineral as cofactors. Aim of the study was to evaluate the food intake and nutrients pattern in an adult population. 620 subjects underwent a complete medical visit, and filling the EPIC alimentary questionnaire. Comparison between nutrients intake and level assumption recommended nutrients (LARN) was assessed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test. The daily medium caloric intake was 1837 +/- 654 Kcal. The daily mean iron assumption was 15.72 mg/die, statistically significant compared to 10 mg/die (LARN value) (p < 0.001). The calcium and zinc assumption was respectively 908.36 mg/die and 12.73 mg/die statistically different compared to 800 mg/die and 10 mg/die (LARN values) (p < 0.01). The assumption of the niacin was 20.24 mg/die significant different to 1.8 mg/die (LARN value) (p < 0.001). The assumption of vitamin A and C was respectively 1012.6 mcg/die and 142.92 mg/die significant different compared to 700 mcg/die and 60 mg/die (LARN values) (p < 0.01). The alimentary habits of the examined subjects did not present significant disequilibrium and evidenced a regular and good intake of micronutrients with anti-oxidative and anti-neoplastic activity.

Diet↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quality of life, dietary intake and nutritional status assessment in hospital admitted cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the quality of life (QoL), nutritional status, and quantitative food intakes of non-terminal admitted cancer patients receiving oral feeding. As well as to evaluate what kind of relation exists between the quality of life, and the nutritional status and current intake. SCOPE: Medical Oncology and Radiotherapy Service ward at the Hospital Clinic de Barcelona. SUBJECTS: Fifty admitted patients in the Service ward. INTERVENTIONS: There was a follow-up of the dietary intake during 3 working days through direct observation, as well as an assessment of anthropometrical and biochemical parameters, a record of symptomatology related data, and a QoL assessment through the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. RESULTS: Our data show that 32.6% of the patients did not reach 25 kcal/kg/day, and 23.3% did not even fulfill 1 g protein/kg/day. Concerning QoL, mean score for global health status and overall QoL for all patients was 46.2. Compared to the general population, there were important deficits among cancer patients regarding physical, role and social functioning. The most pronounced differences in the symptom scales were for fatigue, and in single items for appetite loss and constipation. A low protein intake was associated to a poorer perception on physical functioning (p = 0.01), and fatigue was close to significance (p = 0.058). No significant differences were found regarding caloric intake and QoL. CONCLUSIONS: A significant percentage of patients who received exclusive oral feeding did not cover a minimum acceptable quantity of their protein-energy requirements. Our results point-out that poor food intakes can affect QoL by themselves.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire: comparison with a 1-year diet record.

The validity of a self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was evaluated for a group of 27 men and women aged 20 to 54. Intakes of 18 nutrients computed from the questionnaire were compared with those derived from 1-year diet records completed approximately 18 months earlier. The questionnaire estimates of mean nutrient intake were within 10% of the mean diet record measurements for 11 of the 18 nutrients evaluated, and the difference was less than 25% for all but one nutrient (total vitamin A). Correlation coefficients comparing unadjusted nutrient intakes measured by the two methods ranged from 0.38 (vitamin C) to more than 0.65 (total calories, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, oleic acid, and cholesterol). The overall mean of correlation coefficients comparing intakes of the 18 nutrients measured by questionnaire and by diet record was 0.60. Coefficients for macronutrients decreased somewhat after adjustment for age and gender or caloric intake. The data provide further evidence that a simple and relatively inexpensive questionnaire can provide useful information on dietary intake over an extended period.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Parenteral nutrition in the septic patient: nitrogen balance, limiting plasma amino acids, and calorie to nitrogen ratios.

A series of eight septic patients was provided varying levels of beef fibrin protein hydrolysate by central vein in the presence of adequate calories for evaluation of nitrogen retention under septic conditions. The mean nitrogen intake to achieve nitrogen equilibrium was 240 mg/kg of body wt per day. This represents a 40% increase over that required to produce nitrogen equilibrium in normal adults. The mean caloric intake of these patients was 43.3 kcal/kg of body wt per day. The calorie to nitrogen ratio based on the above intake was calculated to be 180:1. In order to utilize effectively calorie to nitrogen ratios in the nutritional care of patients, it is suggested that ratios be standardized using daily total coloric expenditures. Correcting the mean measured resting calorie expenditures of these patients for minimal daily activity, a caloric to nitrogen ratio of 138:1 was obtained. The plasma amino acid ratios in these septic patients confirm the finding that valine and phenylalnine are limiting amino acids in a beef fibrin hydrolysate at infusion levels below 240 mg of N/kg of body wt per day. Analysis of the urinary excretion of total nitrogen, urea, and amino acids in two patients suggests that 30 to 50% of the infused peptides of a beef fibrin hydrolysate are lost in the urine in these septic patients.

Abscess↗