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PubMed1989

[Pathogenetic characteristics of diseases of the peripheral nervous system in workers having contact with chromium compounds].

When analyzing the results of clinical neurologic, neurophysiologic, psychologic and laboratory instrumental study of 105 chromium-exposed patients with lumbosacral diseases of the peripheric nervous system there were detected clinical and pathogenetic characteristics of this pathology: distinct manifestations of segmental (homolateral) and generalized vegetovascular disorders, deficiency of sympathetic activation, emotional shifts accompanied by disquieting, depressive and hypochondriac tendencies, elevation of the cerebrovascular tension, body sensitization to chromium, increase in its blood serum and urine content. The account of these characteristics is very important for the improvement of the diagnostic process and raising efficacy of treatment of diseases of the peripheric nervous system in chromium-exposed patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Protective effects of certain natural and synthetic complexans on the toxicity of chromium and tin to a N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena doliolum.

The effects of chromium and tin on survival, growth, carbon fixation, nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, and nitrogenase activity of a N2-fixing cyanobacterium. Anabaena doliolum, and their amelioration by synthetic and natural complexans, viz., EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), pyridine dicarboxylic acid (PDA), and citrate, have been studied. Chromium proved to be much more toxic than tin, as it inhibited growth yield (49%), carbon fixation (53%), and nitrate reductase (79%), glutamine synthetase (30%), and nitrogenase activities (77%) at its sublethal concentration, whereas tin induced less inhibition of growth yield (42%), carbon fixation (50%), and nitrate reductase (66%), glutamine synthetase (32.4%), and nitrogenase activities (70%). Despite its inhibitory effects at 10 micrograms ml-1. EDTA supplementation in metal-spiked medium counteracted the toxicity of chromium and tin more significantly than NTA, PDA, and citrate. When supplemented with LD50 of Cr, EDTA protected growth, carbon fixation, NR, GS, and N2ase, respectively, by 32.6, 50.0, 33.3, 17.7, and 65.4%. However, EDTA-induced restoration of the above parameters at a sublethal concentration of tin was only 30.2, 50.0, 28.1, 27.7, and 61.5%, respectively. Although NTA and citrate at 10 micrograms ml-1 each were stimulatory to various processes of test cyanobacterium, they were comparatively less effective than EDTA in the amelioration of metal toxicity. On the basis of these observations, a generalized hierarchical sequence of protective efficiency of synthetic and natural complexing ligands may be given as EDTA greater than NTA greater than citrate greater than PDA. It seems plausible that the toxicity of various heavy metals may be regulated by a large array of organic complexing agents of the aquatic environment because they possess various metal binding sites.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nephrotoxic action of platinum, chromium and cadmium compounds on marine bony fishes].

Intra-abdominal injections of platinum, chromium and cadmium salts to Myoxocephalus scorpius produce nephrotoxic effect which includes the disturbances in magnesium secretion. Basic ultrastructural changes in the nephron cells of the fish after the injection of nephrotoxic substances are similar to those in mammals. Cis-platinum induces significant damage in the terminal part of the proximal tubules. One day after the injection of chromium compounds, total damage of the proximal tubule is observed, whereas cadmium salt affects cells within the whole nephron. After 5 days of administration of cadmium and chromium salts, partial recovery was found with respect to both functional and ultrastructural properties of nephron cells. Administration of nephrotoxic substances which selectively injure different parts of the nephron enabled to perform more exact differentiation of the nephron elements in marine teleosts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of dietary inorganic trivalent chromium (Cr3+) on the development of glucose homeostasis in rats.

Inorganic chromium (Cr3+) is classified as an essential trace element on the basis of a small dietary requirement for the maintenance of efficient glucose homeostasis. The present study has carefully scrutinised this claim by examining food intake, body weight gain, glycosylated haemoglobins, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in two groups of Wistar rats fed either a Cr3+-deficient (0.03 mg/kg) or Cr3+-containing (1 mg/kg) diet for 32 days from weaning at 3 weeks. At 53 days of age, control rats weighed 183 +/- 7 g (body weight gain 155 +/- 6 g, mean +/- SEM) and consumed 17 +/- 1 g diet/rat/day. Glycosylated haemoglobins, plasma glucose and plasma insulin were 2.5 +/- 1%, 6.4 +/- 0.3 mmol/l and 1.2 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Compared with control rats, the rats fed the Cr3+-deficient diet consumed the same total amount of diet and exhibited up to a maximum 40% decrease in the chromium content of selected tissues at 53 days of age. At no time during the study did food intake, body weight, glycosylated haemoglobins or plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin differ between the two groups of rats. Furthermore, body weight gain and both glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were identical at 50-53 days of age. These results cast doubt on the significance of dietary trivalent chromium for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis in healthy animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bacteria reducing chromium in nature and in effluents of industrial plants].

Bacteria capable of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) reduction can be found in Cr6+-containing sewage and sediments of purification tanks of industrial plants. They cannot be detected in water and soil samples containing no chromium compounds. Bacteria reducing chromium belong to the genera Aeromonas, Escherichia, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter. Their activity of Cr6+ reduction correlates with the high resistance to the elevated content of this ion in the medium. The fine cell structure of these bacteria is described.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1988

Effect of glucose loading on concentrations of chromium in plasma and urine of healthy adults.

We report here a small study designed to identify the effect of a 75-g oral glucose load on concentrations of chromium in plasma and urine of apparently healthy volunteers. We detected a consistent and significant (P less than 0.01) decline in plasma chromium after glucose administration, the nadir of the chromium response coinciding with the zenith of the glucose concentration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reparative DNA synthesis in the lymphocytes of persons coming in contact with chromium compounds in industry].

The intensity of repair DNA synthesis in the lymphocytes of persons who were in contact with chromium compounds was studied depending on the contact duration. It is discovered that the intensity of repair DNA synthesis is reduced with the increase of the contact duration with chromium compounds. It is suggested that the mutagenic effect of chromium compounds is connected with the influence on the repair DNA synthesis in human cells.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1983

Influence of supply of heat to cobalt-chromium frameworks during soldering and subsequent hardening heat treatment of wrought clasps.

Retentive clasp arms of wrought gold alloy wire were soldered to frameworks made of three dental cobalt-chromium alloys. The clasps were then subjected to a conventional hardening heat treatment. Microstructure and hardness of the cobalt-chromium alloys were determined before and after these operations. The results reveal that the supply of heat during soldering and hardening heat treatment of the clasp does not influence the microstructure and hardness of the cobalt-chromium alloys.

Chromium Alloys↗
PubMed1982

Patch testing with hexavalent chromium salts in different vehicles and with nickel and cobalt in petrolatum.

In approaching the question as to which test preparations are most suitable for patch testing of metals, 25 chromium sensitive patients were tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate either in water or petrolatum. The aqueous solution proved better than the petrolatum preparation at a 48 h reading with Neodermtest Roc. No difference in sensitivity was recorded between 4 hexavalent chromium salts. 3 patients who were only sensitive to chromium solution in water also reacted positively to a 1% cobalt chloride solution and a 5% nickel sulfate solution in petrolatum.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Ascorbic acid in the prevention of chromium dermatitis.

A worker with strong chromium sensitivity was obliged to handle freshly printed paper with inks containing chromium. Because of his importance to the firm, he continued in the position despite a severe hand dermatitis. Gloves and barrier creams were unacceptable, as were oral antihistamines and corticosteroids. A solution of 10% ascorbic acid was applied to his hands at the worksite in order to reduce the active hexavalent chromium to the inactive trivalent form. This inexpensive, easy-to-use method resulted in a speedy recovery and long-term employment of a valued employee.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Structural preferences for the binding of chromium nucleotides by beef heart mitochondrial ATPase.

The mono- and bidentate forms of adenosine 5'-diphosphate, chromium (III) salt (CrADP) were separated using Sephadex G-10 column chromatography. The isomeric purity of the two forms was monitored using high voltage electrophoresis and column chromatography. The same techniques were employed to assess the purity of the mono-, bi-, and tridentate forms of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, chromium (III) salt (CrATP). Distinct differences in the interaction of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase with the various isomers of chromium nucleotides were seen in kinetic studies. Monodentate CrADP was a competitive inhibitor of the ATP hydrolysis activity of both purified ATPase and submitochondrial particles. However, when ITPase activity was examined, noncompetitive inhibition was observed. The bidentate isomer of CrADP did not affect ATPase activity. Enzymatic synthesis of the transition state analog of ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, Pi-CrADP occurred exclusively with the monodentate isomer of CrADP. It was also found that only the mono- and tridentate forms of CrATP were potent inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis by beef heart mitochondrial ATPase. These results are discussed in terms of possible ATP synthesis and hydrolysis mechanisms.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1983

Electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopic determination of chromium in plant tissues.

This method involves sample digestion in nitric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids. Chromium is concentrated by coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide. Redissolved iron is removed by liquid-liquid extraction, remaining silica is dissolved with hydrofluoric acid, and chromium is determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The sensitivity and detection limits for chromium approach those given by the manufacturers of the various instruments. Recovery studies and analysis of standard materials show that this method is reliable.

Chromium↗
PubMed1980

[Chronic non-specific disease of the respiratory system and measurable alterations in workers in the chromium-plating industry (author's transl)].

Lung function test performed on 26 chromium plating workers showed a high prevalence of obstructive disease and of change in DLCO. The connection between lung function impairment and occupational exposure to chromium is suggested by the relationship between respiratory changes and biological indices of chromium absorption. The prevalence and the severity of ventilatory impairment also show an increasing trend with the duration of the exposure, while the smoking habitus seems not to be important.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Chromium and diabetes. Relationships to serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins].

The authors examined 91 adult diabetic subjects to evidence any possible correlation between the levels of serum chromium and those of cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein. The calculation of Bravais Galton's correlation coefficient did not reveal any correlation between these parameters. However the authors confirmed that the levels of serum chromium in adult diabetic subjects were significantly lower than in normal subjects, although there was no correlation between rate of glycemia and chromium.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[Spirometric alterations in chromium-exposed welders (author's transl)].

Lung function tests were examined on 28 welders using high chromium alloyed electrode for two years. Respiratory function change seem to be related to the duration of employment as welders. On the contrary, obstructive disease and alveolo-capillary impairment were found with same prevalence in groups of workers differently exposed to chromium. It presumably occurs because the exposure to chromium is quite short.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Normal concentrations of chromium in serum and urine--a TRACY project.

The validity of "normal" concentrations for total chromium in serum and urine (S-Cr and U-Cr, respectively) in papers published mainly in the last decade were evaluated and graded by two investigators according to TRACY criteria. The results were in close agreement. Because of possible contamination during sampling from stainless steel needles, the description of the sample collection method was considered important. Documentation of analytical quality control was emphasized. The chromium concentrations were categorized according to nonoccupational conditions that could influence the levels. Eighty-seven publications reporting chromium concentrations in blood and 58 on U-Cr were evaluated, 53 dealing with S-Cr and 41 with U-Cr being found suitable for the TRACY project. In selected publications the arithmetic mean values presented for S-Cr and U-Cr in individuals with no known exposure were within the following ranges: 1-3 nmol.1-1 for S-Cr and 2-10 nmol.1-1 or 0.2-1 mumol.mol creatinine-1 for U-Cr.

Chromium↗
PubMed1994

Measurement of blood volume with an enriched stable isotope of chromium (53Cr) and isotope dilution by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

We used an established isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to measure blood volumes with an enriched stable isotope of chromium. The results were compared with those of the conventional method, which involves radioactive 51Cr. The two methods were compared simultaneously in two male subjects of different sizes, and essentially identical volumes were obtained. The isotope dilution method is insensitive to contamination with natural (unenriched) chromium and can be used to measure all of the stable isotopes of chromium. The method has potential applications in simultaneous erythrocyte survival studies. The absence of radioactivity makes possible an accurate means of studying blood volume changes in children and during pregnancy.

Blood Volume Determination↗
PubMed1995

Chromium fetotoxicity in mice during late pregnancy.

Female mice received 250, 500 or 750 ppm chromium (VI) as potassium dichromate in drinking water on days 14 to 19 of pregnancy. Gestational weight gain of mothers, fetal weight and crown-rump length decreased in the 500 and 750 ppm groups. The high-dose group also had significantly higher incidences of postimplantation loss. Significant increases in drooping wrists, subdermal hemorrhagic patches, kinky and short tails, and reduced ossification were also found in the 750 ppm group. Chromium levels were increased in a dose-dependent manner in maternal blood and placenta and in fetuses. Our study suggests a risk to the developing fetus if the mother is exposed to high concentrations of chromium (VI) during pregnancy.

Administration, Oral↗