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PubMedDate not supplied

Cigarette taxes. The straw to break the camel's back.

Teenage cigarette smoking is sensitive to the price of cigarettes. The most recent research suggests that a 10% increase in price would reduce the number of teenagers who smoke by 7%. If the proposed 43-cent hike in the Federal excise tax rate on cigarettes contained in the Hatch-Kennedy Bill were enacted, the number of teenage smokers would fall by approximately 16%. This translates into more than 2.6 million fewer smokers and more than 850,000 fewer smoking-related premature deaths in the current cohort of 0 to 17-year-olds. Adjusted for inflation, the current 24-cent-a-pack tax costs the buyer about half of the original cigarette tax of 8 cents imposed in 1951. A substantial tax hike would curb youth smoking; this strategy should move to the forefront of the antismoking campaign.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Yolk sac development in two-humped camel embryogenesis].

The early formed yolk sac is observed in the embryo of Camelus bactrianus at the stage of 7 pairs of somites at the age of 22-24 days. The yolk placenta is formed at the stage of 17-22 pairs of somites at the age of 27-28 days. The yolk placenta of the Camelus bactrianus is functioning for a long time: during the embryonic and prefetal periods. Yolk hemopoiesis lasts from the middle of early embryonic period up to the second half of the late prefetal period. A continuous existance of the yolk sac in Tylopoda is likely to be a primitive feature of their development.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Development of a live cell culture camelpox vaccine.

A Saudi isolate of camel orthopoxvirus was serially propagated on monolayers of camel kidney cell cultures. The attenuation of the 78th passage was tested in two susceptible camels. Two other susceptible camels were inoculated with vaccinia virus four times propagated in camel kidney cell cultures. The four inoculated camels showed no postinoculation clinical symptoms and formed neutralizing antibodies against both the camel orthopox and vaccinia viruses. No postchallenge clinical symptoms were observed in these four camels, while two non-inoculated contact control camels showed typical symptoms of generalized camelpox. These results indicated the safety and potency of the 78th passage of the Saudi isolate of camel orthopoxvirus (designated Jouf-78) to be used for production of live attenuated cell culture camelpox vaccine. The field testing of the vaccine was carried out on two farms using at least 10(3) TCID50 as a recommended field dose. None of the inoculated camels showed any postvaccination reaction and the serological tests showed seroconversion of many vaccinated field camels. The relationship between camel orthopoxvirus and vaccinia virus as well as the advantages of the live attenuated camelpox vaccine are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The occurrence of infectious diseases in mixed farming of domesticated wild herbivores and livestock in Kenya. II. Bacterial diseases.

The prevalence of antibodies to Brucella spp., Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the Mycoplasma spp. causing contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia was determined in various species of ruminants on a ranch in the semi-arid zone of southeastern Kenya. Antibody titers to Brucella spp. were found in eland (Taurotragus oryx), oryx (Oryx beisa) and camels (Camelus dromedarius). Reactors were not found in buffalo (Syncerus caffer), sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus). Brucella sp. was not isolated from eland and camels. Antibody titers to M. paratuberculosis were found only in camels and goats. Mycobacteria were not detected in feces of two serologically positive camels. Significant serum antibody titers to Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides were found only in camels. Antibody titers to Mycoplasma sp. (strain F38), which causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, were found in buffalo, cattle and camels but not in the other species. Attempts to isolate the Mycoplasma sp. from nasal secretion of the buffalo and camels failed. The possible occurrence of tuberculosis in camels is discussed. Under the conditions at the ranch, contagious bacterial diseases appear to be of minor importance in the domesticated wild herbivores. The introduced camels, however, might be a source of various infections such as brucellosis, mycoplasmosis and possibly tuberculosis for the other susceptible species.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids.

The camelid family comprises the Old World camelids (or dromedary and Bactrian camels) and the New World camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). Although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between New and Old World camelids has been reported. To create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (AV) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = 3) at the appropriate stage of their follicular wave cycle. Similarly, guanaco and llama semen was collected, also by AV, and inseminated into female camels (n = 42). Although several conceptions occurred, only one hybrid (camel sire x guanaco dam) continued to term and was born alive after 328 days of gestation, and another is pregnant at the time of writing (camel sire x llama dam). Further studies are presently being carried out using extraspecific embryo transfer to try and improve the success rate of live offspring being born. Female guanacos (n = 4) are treated with hormones to stimulate their ovaries to produce several follicles before being inseminated with camel semen. Of the 12 camel recipients that have to date received hybrid embryos (camel sire x guanaco dam), 10 conceived, but 9 of these subsequently aborted between 30 and 365 days and only one recipient was still pregnant at the time of writing.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Production and characterization of a new antibody specific for the mutant EGF receptor, EGFRvIII, in Camelus bactrianus.

EGFRvIII is the type III deletion mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with transforming activity. This tumor-specific antigen is ligand independent, contains a constitutively active tyrosine kinase domain and has been shown to be present in a number of human malignancies. In this study, we report the production and characterization of camel antibodies that are directed against the external domain of the EGFRvIII. Antibodies developed in camels are smaller (i.e. IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses lack light chains) than any other conventional mammalian antibodies. This property of camel antibodies makes them ideal tools for basic research and other applications such as tumor imaging and cancer therapy. In the present study, camel antibodies were generated by immunization of camelids (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) with a synthetic 14-amino acid peptide corresponding to the mutated sequence of the EGFR, tissue homogenates of several patients with human glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and aggressive breast carcinoma, as well as EGFR-expressing cell lines. Three subclasses of camel IgG [conventional (IgG1, 160 kD) and heavy chain-only antibodies (IgG2 and IgG3, 90 kD)] were separated by their different binding properties to protein A and protein G affinity columns. The anti-EGFRvIII peptide antibodies from immunized camels were purified further using the EGFRvIII synthetic peptide affinity column. The purified anti-EGFRvIII peptide camel antibodies selectively bound to the EGFRvIII peptide and affinity-purified EGFRvIII from malignant tissues and detected a protein band of 140 kD from malignant tissues by Western blot. Affinity analysis showed that the antibodies from C. bactrianus and C. dromedarius reacted with peptide and antigen purified from a small cell lung cancer ascitic fluid with affinities of 2 x 10(8) and 5 x 10(7)M(-1) to the same extent, respectively. Since the functional antigen-binding domain of the anti-EGFRvIII antibodies in camels is much simpler and located only on the heavy chains of proteins, we are currently developing recombinant and smaller versions of the variable domain of these naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies (V(HH)) for use in tumor imaging and cancer therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The dromedary: ancestry, history of domestication and medical treatment in early historic times].

Research on camel bones from archaeological excavations in North Africa and the Near East contradict the current opinion in textbooks that the dromedary and the Bactrian camel are domesticated forms derived from a single species, the two-humped wild camel (C. ferus). The probable ancestor of the domestic one-humped camel is Thomas' camel (C. thomasi). The wild dromedary was probably domesticated on the Arabian peninsula, perhaps as early as the 4th millennium BC. From the 2nd millennium BC onward there is evidence for the use of the one-humped camel for riding and transport purposes. Camel-keeping also implied the therapy of diseased animals, the main source of information about their treatment being medieval arabic texts dealing with veterinary medicine. An expert of such an early 13th century text is presented and discussed. From this it can be seen that the medieval camel treatment fits the principles of the so-called humoral theory, a medical concept which at that time already existed for more than 1500 years.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed2002

Molecular and morphological characterization of Echinococcus granulosus of human and animal origin in Iran.

Iran is an important endemic focus of cystic hydatid disease (CHD) where several species of intermediate host are commonly infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Isolates of E. granulosus were collected from humans and other animals from different geographical areas of Iran and characterized using both DNA (PCR-RFLP of ITS1) and morphological criteria (metacestode rostellar hook dimensions). The sheep and camel strains/genotypes were shown to occur in Iran. The sheep strain was shown to be the most common genotype of E. granulosus affecting sheep, cattle, goats and occasionally camels. The majority of camels were infected with the camel genotype as were 3 of 33 human cases. This is the first time that cases of CHD in humans have been identified in an area where a transmission cycle for the camel genotype exists. In addition, the camel genotype was found to cause infection in both sheep and cattle. Results also demonstrated that both sheep and camel strains can be readily differentiated on the basis of hook morphology alone.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Hydroxyproline distribution in the plasma of various mammals.

We have investigated the presence of total, free, protein-bound and peptide-bound hydroxyproline (Hyp) in the plasma of different mammals viz., camel, bovine, sheep, human, rabbit and rat. Total Hyp was significantly highest in human followed by rabbit, rat, bovine, sheep and camel (P<0.001). Free Hyp was significantly highest in human followed by rabbit, rat, camel, bovine and sheep (P<0.001). However, the protein-bound Hyp content was significantly highest in rat followed by bovine, human, camel, rabbit and sheep (P<0.001). Peptide-bound Hyp was significantly highest in human plasma followed by sheep and rabbit (P<0.001). No peptide-bound Hyp was detected in the plasma of camel, bovine or rat. In the human plasma, peptide-bound Hyp constituted 60% of the total plasma Hyp, followed by protein-bound Hyp, which was 35% of the total, Hyp and free Hyp, which was 15% of the total plasma Hyp. In the sheep plasma peptide-bound Hyp constituted about 50% of total Hyp followed by protein-bound (40% of the total Hyp) and free Hyp, which formed 10% of total Hyp. In the rabbit plasma protein-bound Hyp constituted 50% of the total Hyp fraction, followed by peptide-bound and free, which constituted about 30 and 20%, respectively, of the total Hyp fraction of the plasma. Peptide-bound Hyp formed 92, 84 and 82% of the total plasma Hyp in rat, camel and bovine, respectively. Free Hyp constituted about 8% of the total plasma Hyp in rat and 18% of total Hyp in bovine and camel, respectively. The causes of the significant variations in different collagen structure and composition with respect to the different species examined are not known, however, these variations may results from differences in turn-over rate of Hyp in those species.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Camelpox and its risk to the human population.

Camelpox is mainly of economic importance due to its relatively high mortality, loss of condition and fall in milk production and weight of affected camels. Clinically, two distinct types can be distinguished: the severe, generalized form, which appeared more frequently among young animals and the milder, localized form encountered more often in older camels. A higher incidence of illness and a twice higher case fatality rate were observed among male camels. Deaths occurred in 30% of the observed outbreaks with the highest case fatality in a single outbreak being 28%. Electron microscopy was found to be the most reliable test for detection of poxviruses in skin specimens taken from diseased animals. From the 465 camel herdsmen handling affected camels, the majority of whom were unvaccinated against smallpox, only a few developed skin eruptions. All skin specimens taken from them remained negative for poxviruses. From 335 specimens taken from skin lesions of persons who might come into direct or indirect contact with diseased animals, none was found to be positive for poxviruses. From an estimated 20 000 persons at risk, only one report of a possible case of human camelpox, which remained laboratory unconfirmed, was received. A few thousand camel herdsmen and their family members, interviewed in observed enzootic areas, strongly believed that camelpox is not transmissible to man. Although there have been reports in previous literature that man can be infected through handling affected camels, experience during the smallpox eradication campaign in Somalia in 1978-1979 suggests that human camelpox very rarely, if ever, occurs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Characterization of zeta-crystallin inhibition by juglone.

Guinea pig lens zeta-crystallin showed hyperbolic saturation curves with 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PAQ). 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (juglone) and NADPH. Whereas camel lens zeta-crystallin showed hyperbolic saturation curves only with PAQ and NADPH, but slightly segmoidal with juglone. For both enzymes PAQ was the preferred substrate. The catalytic center activity (Kcat) values indicated that camel zeta-crystallin catalyzed the reduction of PAQ more efficiently than the guinea pig lens zeta-crystallin, although the Km values of the two enzymes for this quinone were very similar. The guinea pig lens zeta-crystallin catalyzed the reduction of Juglone far more efficiently than that of the camel lens zeta-crystallin. Juglone did not serve as an efficient substrate for both zeta-crystallins compared to PAQ and appeared to act as a potent competitive inhibitor, with Kl values of 75 nM and 20 microM for guinea pig lens zeta-crystallin and camel lens zeta-crystallin, respectively. Thus, the camel lens zeta-crystallin was less active toward juglone as a substrate as well as less sensitive to its inhibitory action, when compared with guinea pig lens zeta-crystallin. The inhibition mechanism of guinea pig and camel lens zeta-crystallin by juglone is discussed.

Animals↗