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PubMed1997

The effect of changes in alcohol consumption on mortality and admissions with alcohol-related diagnoses in Stockholm County--a time series analysis.

AIM: To study the effect of changes in per capita alcohol sales and indicators of alcoholism treatment on admissions to inpatient care and mortality for liver cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcohol intoxication and alcohol psychosis (AAA). DESIGN: Bivariate and multivariate time series analyses was conducted by applying the ARIMA-modelling technique. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: All analyses were conducted on quarterly data from Stockholm County 1980-94 with a population of 1.7 million people. MEASUREMENTS: Data on sales of alcohol and disulfiram/calcium carbimide were used as input variables. Inpatient data (from the Stockholm Inpatient Care Register) and mortality data (from the Cause of Death Register) on all cases with alcoholism, alcohol psychosis and alcohol intoxication (AAA) and liver cirrhosis as underlying or contributory diagnoses were used as output variables. FINDINGS: Alcohol sales affected the cirrhosis rate. For cirrhosis mortality, but not for cirrhosis admissions, the effect was not only direct but also distributed over time. Significant direct and time lag effects of alcohol sales on both AAA series and cirrhosis admissions were found only during earlier, shorter periods, e.g. 1980-90. All four output series showed significant effects of sales of disulfiram/calcium carbimide and were the only significant predictors for the two AAA endpoints for the whole study period. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that to reduce the rate of alcohol-related problems caused by socially deteriorated and severely alcohol-dependent subjects (i.e. AAA), reduction of overall consumption should be complemented by treatment of alcohol-dependent subjects.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2003

Suppression of natural killer cells after acute intoxication with alcohols and cholinotropic preparations and their reactivation with T-activin.

Acute poisoning with alcohols and cholinotropic preparations carboxyphosphamide and atropine (0.8 LD(50)) was modeled on male outbred mice weighing 18-24 g. The decrease in activity of natural killer cells was most pronounced after injection of atropine, but insignificant after treatment with ethanol. The inhibitory effect of ethylene glycol, methanol, and methanol on functional activity of natural killer cells in vitro directly depended on their concentration. The effects of alcohols in equimolar concentrations of 10, 100, and 500 mM were similar. Therefore, immunotoxicity of alcohols was associated with the action of their metabolites. The ability of products formed after biotransformation of ethylene glycol, methanol, and ethanol in equimolar concentrations to cause damage to natural killer cells decreased in the following order: glyoxylic acid>formic acid>acetaldehyde>glycolaldehyde>glycolic acid. T-Activin injected subcutaneously in doses of 2.5 and 5.0 microg/kg for 3 days normalized activity of natural killer cells suppressed after acute poisoning with alcohols and cholinotropic preparations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

The role of acetaldehyde in the actions of alcohol (update 2000).

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in the field of acetaldehyde (AcH) research have raised the need for a comprehensive review on the role of AcH in the actions of alcohol. This update is an attempt to summarize the available AcH research. METHODS: The descriptive part of this article covers not only recent research but also the development of the field. Special emphasis is placed on mechanistic analyses, new hypotheses, and conclusions. RESULTS: Elevated AcH during alcohol intoxication causes alcohol sensitivity, which involves vasodilation associated with increased skin temperature, subjective feelings of hotness and facial flushing, increased heart and respiration rate, lowered blood pressure, sensation of dry mouth or throat associated with bronchoconstriction and allergy reactions, nausea and headache, and also reinforcing reactions like euphoria. These effects seem to involve catecholamine, opiate peptide, prostaglandin, histamine, and/or kinin mechanisms. The contribution of AcH to the pathological consequences of chronic alcohol intake is well established for different forms of cancer in the digestive tract and the upper airways. AcH seems to play a role in the etiology of liver cirrhosis. AcH may have a role in other pathological developments, which include brain damage, cardiomyopathy, pancreatitis, and fetal alcohol syndrome. AcH creates both unpleasant aversive reactions that protect against excessive alcohol drinking and euphoric sensations that may reinforce alcohol drinking. The protective effect of AcH may be used in future treatments that involve gene therapy with or without liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: AcH plays a role in most of the actions of alcohol. The individual variability in these AcH-mediated actions will depend on the genetic polymorphism, not only for the alcohol and AcH-metabolizing enzymes but also for the target sites for AcH actions. The subtle balance between aversive and reinforcing, protecting and promoting factors will determine the overall behavioral and pathological developments.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1992

Mortality in alcohol-related diseases in Sweden during 1971-80 in relation to occupation, marital status and citizenship in 1970.

A new Swedish population register, created by linking Census data to the Cause of Death Registry and covering over 99% of the population, has been used to study the relationship between occupational category, marital status and citizenship in 1970 and mortality in closely alcohol-related diseases during 1971-1980 for the ages 25-64 years. Age-standardized rate ratios (SRR) have been computed for mortality in alcoholism, alcohol intoxication and alcohol psychosis ("AAA") and in liver cirrhosis. SRR-values for both diagnose categories and both sexes were higher than average among not gainfully employed (SRR = 3.71 among males and SRR = 1.96 among females in 1976-80 for "AAA"), among employees in the service sector, engine-drivers and unskilled workers and increased in liver cirrhosis among artists and authors. Among females there were smaller variations in mortality for occupational groups than among males. The SRR-values showed a tendency to be higher in 1976-80 than in 1971-75, probably due to health-related selection to some extent. The alcohol-related mortality was also increased among divorced, widows (SRR = 1.37 for "AAA" and 2.81 for liver cirrhosis in 1976-80) and widowers and among never married males. SRR was much higher among Finnish citizens in Sweden (SRR for "AAA" = 3.85 among males and 2.35 among females in 1976-80) than among males and females living in Finland (SRR for "AAA" = 1.13 among males and 0.36 among females) and also higher than among immigrants from other countries, summed (SRR for "AAA" = 0.62 among males and 0.64 among females).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The status of the ethanol-oxidizing enzyme systems in fatal alcohol poisonings].

The alcohol dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol-oxidizing, and catalase-peroxidase enzymatic systems of the liver, myocardium, and kidneys were studied in 357 experiments by simulating acute and chronic alcohol poisoning and in 45 forensic medical expert evaluations of acute alcohol poisoning, 17 lethal cases of coronary disease, and 9 lethal cases of alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy. Graphic models representing the activities of ethanol-oxidizing enzymatic systems have been developed. The results appreciably extend the diagnostic potentialities and, together with analysis of pathomorphological and forensic chemical findings, help disclose the numerous variants of thanatogenesis in alcoholic intoxication, alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy, and coronary disease, which are individual and depend on the genetically determined activity of the enzymatic systems, presence and severity of concomitant diseases, duration and regularity of alcohol consumption, and other causes.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1987

Lack of observable intoxication in humans with high plasma alcohol concentrations.

Judging the degree of human alcohol intoxication is an important clinical, social, and medicolegal matter. Assessing the degree of intoxication is not always easy by direct patient observation. Observational instruments have been used in forensic science, medical, and social situations in an endeavor to measure alcohol intoxication. The validity of these observational instruments must be questioned. In this study, twenty-one patients with alcohol related complaints presenting to major city emergency departments were studied using one such observational instrument, the Alcohol Symptom Checklist (ASC). Three independent emergency medicine physicians applied the criteria of ASC to the twenty-one patients and obtained a plasma alcohol concentration (PAC) for correlation purposes. Individual correlation coefficients (r = 0.182, r = 0.202, r = 0.200) and a composite correlation coefficient (r = 0.235) demonstrated lack of correlation between PAC and ASC. This lack of correlation is supported by clinical observations of experienced emergency department personnel.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Two-week-old infant with isopropanol intoxication.

Isopropyl alcohol continues to be a frequent toxicologic exposure. However, no cases involving the newborn period have been described. A 14-day-old male infant presented to the emergency department (ED) with the mother's chief complaint that "He is not himself." Physical examination observed the infant to be lethargic and hypotonic. Laboratory evaluation revealed a positive urine drug screen for isopropanol and acetone. Elevated serum levels (in mg/dl) of isopropanol/acetone at 2:45, 4:15, 11:10, and 29:53 hours postpresentation were 101/136, 81/149, 20/155, and 5/72, respectively. Overall, this patient did remarkably well with minimal supportive care and was noted to have a normal neurologic examination within 10 hours of presentation despite rising serum acetone levels. This case brings into question the hypothesis that acetone, a metabolite of isopropanol, prolongs central nervous system depression in acute isopropyl alcohol intoxication. The importance of urine drug screens in children who present to the ED with unusual neurologic examinations is appreciated.

1-Propanol↗
PubMed2006

Heart rate response to alcohol and intoxicated aggressive behavior.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the elevated heart rate (HR) response to alcohol intoxication, thought to reflect an increased sensitivity to alcohol-induced reward, as a potential factor in the increased likelihood of alcohol-induced aggression. METHODS: Three groups, intoxicated high (n=37) and low (n=37) HR responders and sober controls (n=73), participated in a laboratory measure of physical aggression, the Taylor Aggression Paradigm. RESULTS: Results revealed that intoxicated high HR responders were more aggressive than the intoxicated low HR responders and sober controls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are interpreted within a hypothetical model relating increased alcohol-induced aggression to a dysregulation in the motivational system responding to rewards.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Alcohol introxication and violent crime: implications for public health policy.

Despite extensive public health campaigns, the consequences of alcohol intoxication continue to be a serious public health concern. Alcohol intoxication, for example, is a prevalent feature of crime, especially violent crime. Previous studies of alcohol intoxication and violent crime have used samples of police reports, correctional populations (arrestees, jail detainees, or convicted offenders), or community surveys. Studies using police reports and correctional populations are biased because few police-citizen encounters result in police reports or arrest. Community surveys avoid these biases but rely on the subject's assessment of both the victims' and the suspects' intoxication. We took a different approach and directly observed 2,365 police-citizen encounters. Observers used the Alcohol Symptom Checklist to determine the level of alcohol intoxication or impairment. We compared the prevalence of suspects' and victims' alcohol intoxication (equivalent to a blood alcohol level [BAL] of .05 or above) by type of encounter and computed odds ratios to assess the association between intoxication and type of encounter. We also controlled for demographic characteristics (race, gender, age, and socio-economic status) to assess the relationships among perpetration, victimization, and intoxication. Overall, suspects are far more likely than victims to be intoxicated; not surprisingly, suspects in public order/vandalism encounters are the most likely to be intoxicated. Alcohol intoxication appears to contribute substantially to violent victimization. The role of alcohol intoxication is largest among groups that, if not intoxicated, are generally less vulnerable to violence: whites, males, and persons of higher socio-economic status. We discuss the implications of these findings for services and public health policy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Visuospatial information processing in intoxicated, recently detoxified, and long-term abstinent alcoholics.

Visuospatial information processing has been shown to be particularly sensitive to acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol abuse. This study extended previous studies by determining if recently detoxified alcoholics recover visuospatial processing after long-term abstinence. If visuospatial function returns to the level displayed by intoxicated alcoholics, then the deficit displayed by recently detoxified alcoholics may represent a short-term adjustment due to the removal of alcohol. However, if the visuospatial deficit remains in long-term abstinent alcoholics, then the superior processing of the intoxicated alcoholic could reflect a normalization of processing produced by alcohol ingestion. Twenty active and 40 recovering alcoholic male volunteers participated. The active alcoholics were seen intoxicated at the time of admission into a 21-day alcohol detoxification and treatment program. Of the recovering alcoholics, 20 were designated as recently detoxified alcoholics and had just completed the same treatment program. The remaining 20 long-term abstinent alcoholics had completed alcohol treatment several years previously with no relapse. Participants selected were similar in general demographic status, alcohol treatment histories, and psychomotor ability. Two main effects emerged from the results: First, the intoxicated alcoholics displayed visuospatial learning that was superior to the learning of alcoholics recently detoxified or abstinent for several years; a second principal finding was nearly identical visuospatial learning displayed by recently detoxified and long-term abstinent alcoholics.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Histomorphometric indices of the pancreas in intoxication with alcohol and narcotics].

The results of histomorphometric examinations of the pancreas in drug- and alcohol-addiction as well as in acute intoxications are described. They show that, in chronic alcoholic intoxication as compared with opiomania, there are more pronounced interlobular sclerosis and lipomatosis, which is manifested by an enlarged middle lobe of the stroma (containing fat and connective tissue fibers), by a higher density of islands of Langerhans and by their higher sectional area. Autolysis and edema of the stroma are more severe in an acute intoxication with drugs than in other cases of fatal outcome. A possibility is demonstrated to differentiate between various types of the so-called long-term exogenous intoxication and to discriminate between different types of thanatogenesis typical of various cases of acute intoxications. Data are presented that demonstrate the advantage of the quantitative analysis of histological preparations over the qualitative one.

Adolescent↗