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PubMed2004

Therapeutic oligonucleotides: the state-of-the-art in purification technologies.

Currently, there are over 40 oligonucleotide-based pharmaceutical products in various stages of clinical development for the treatment of an assortment of life-threatening diseases. As a result, the production of synthetic oligonucleotides has become increasingly important, with applications in antisense-, aptamer-, ribozyme-, immunostimulatory CpG molecule- and RNAi-related therapeutics. Due to the enormous commercial interest in these technologies, the manufacturing and purification processes for oligonucleotide production have been furtive and practiced in a confidential environment. As a result, limited information on large-scale processing is available in the scientific literature. The purpose of this article is to review the current state-of-the-art in oligonucleotide purification technologies, which have resulted in drug products meeting stringent therapeutic specifications. An indication of new and emerging purification technologies, including simulated moving bed- and membrane-based separation, is given.

Chromatography↗
PubMed1992

Exodonture. Technique and art.

An extraction technique and art form are described for extraction of fully erupted, normally placed teeth in the dento-alveolar arch. The use of few instruments, handled with experience and comfort, is strongly advised. The technique described is based on tooth morphology and root placement.

Bicuspid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sedation in pediatric neuroimaging: the science and the art.

Sedation of infants and children for neuroimaging is a "necessary evil" that will be with us for the foreseeable future. Sedation must be accompanied safely in all patients with a high frequency of success on the first attempt. A carefully-considered written sedation plan that addresses the issues raised in this review will assure maximum safety and success in sedating infants and children at each facility involved in pediatric neuroimaging. An affirmative approach and careful attention to both the science and the art of pediatric sedation by all concerned professionals will produce excellent results and facilitate application of current imaging technology in the diagnosis of pediatric neurologic disease.

Child↗
PubMed2004

I-wear for health care and wellness--state of the art and future possibilities.

The background of the development of i-wear for health care and wellness are two actual trends: The wellness trend with its expectation to stay fit and healthy and the increasing life expectancy of the Europeans and the challenges, which are resulting thereof for the medicine and the technology that goes with it. Already in 2040 the amount of people over 60 years in Europe will amount to 40% of the entire population [1,2]. In recent years the co-operation of physicians, biologists, physiologists, engineers for electronics and information technologies and textile scientists has produced a multitude of innovative applications for textiles, especially in the medical and wellness field. This presentation will cover the state of the art and some future aspects of textile-integrated solutions for health and wellness services, with intelligent application forms or integrated electronics (i-wear), which are an increasing market for textiles.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

"Saba"--application of knowledge and state-of-the-art technologies in the field of psychiatry for development of new diagnostics prevention and therapeutic tools for schizophrenia.

The aim of project is to build a European network, which will integrate the research capabilities of a group of research institutes and university departments to provide an infrastructure for the highest quality research in psychiatric disorders, particularly in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disturbances. This network will integrate original computer expert advisory system called "Saba" with modern brain imaging techniques and neurophysiological methods, which allows for the delineation of specific subtypes and particular episodes of mental disorders and their neural bases will be studied by state-of-the art (high tech) imaging techniques. This approach will lead to new investigatory, diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Together the members of this network will comprise an unmatched critical mass of human and other resources aimed at fundamental and applied research into a group of disorders, which impose a huge burden on social and material capital. The relationships and mutual responsibilities between neuroscience and the society it serves will be addressed specifically. Top brain research is performed at several locations in Europe. In particular, in the area of linking classical psychiatric and psychological assessment methods and the newest brain imaging techniques in mental disorders, major progress can only be made when various research groups join their efforts. Large-scale studies using different databases are critically required, which demands standardization of the description of mental disorders and of the applied techniques and methods of analysis. Imaging techniques, including functional MRI (fMRI), Evoked Potentials (EPs), brain mapping, and the computer gathered information will be shared, standardized and further developed within the network. Developing new information technology tools for simulation, visualization and data-mining will be required to enable effective search for links between mental disorders and brain characteristics (function, structure) in very large scale data-sets acquired and stored in various research facilities.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

[The state of the art of hereditary cancer studies].

During the last two decades, many genes responsible for hereditary cancer syndromes have been isolated. Based on the accumulating genetic information, genetic testing for both patients and the relatives is carried out in hospitals and clinics, and the clinical significance has been investigated. In addition to the genetic analyses of known genes and the functional analyses of the gene products, the recent research trends in hereditary cancer studies tend to move into the second era of research strategies including the isolation of novel genes responsible for remaining hereditary cancers, associated studies for finding cancer-susceptibility variants and the comprehensive analyses of expression profiles in tumors. Such new strategies are not only important to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanism of each hereditary cancer but may provide a potential application of tailor-made cancer therapy depending on the mutation status because many of the gene products seem to participate in the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. Furthermore, the research efforts have been expected to develop novel strategies for cancer prevention, diagnostics and therapeutics. In this paper, we have outlined the state of the art of studies on hereditary cancer syndrome, focusing on familial breast cancer and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer.

BRCA1 Protein↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Art. 192 Polish Penal Code--lawyers comments and medical practice].

Art. 192 was enacted in the Polish Penal Code in 1997. Performance of a "medical intervention" without the patient's consent has been penalized. The binding norm is not generally acclaimed in medical circles, but lawyers seem very interested in them. In essence the regulation is clear in medical circles but teaching of lawyers has its differences. Inconsistent interpretation are concerned with objectivity of legal protection, extent of disposition of the legal norm and other determinant factors. The literature does not permit for an unambiguous and effective interpretation of this regulation. Urgent amendment of this law is necessary.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed2005

A combined application of ART-fluoride varnish for immigrant junior field-workers: 12-months follow-up field trial in rural Anatolia.

PURPOSE: Immigrant junior-field-workers in south eastern Anatolia, Turkey, had an impact on agriculture economy, and to provide an optimal dental service is crucial due to their multiple medical and dental problems. So, a combined preventive-operative method including ART-fissure sealant/restoration and fluoride varnish application was evaluated in terms of caries increment, cariogenic bacteria and lesion behavior at one-year follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 27 children with 147 pit and fissure lesions displaying discoloration were included in this study. Of these, 15 children with 75 lesions and 12 children with 72 lesions were divided as test and control groups, respectively. Baseline caries values of each groups were 3.4 +/- 1.4 and 2.5 +/- 1.6 for test and control groups respectively (p < 0.05). Bacteriologic sampling was undertaken with the dip-slide method (Vivadent). A combined preventive-operative method was performed for the test group but not for the control group. After six months and one year, children were re-examined with respect to cariogenic bacteria in plaque, new caries occurrence and lesion characteristics. RESULTS: Mean caries increment (deltaDMFT) for both the control and the test group were 1.91 +/- 1.53 and 0.26 +/- 0.43, respectively. The difference was found to be statistically significant (t = 8.35, p < 0.0001). More lesions in the control group did progress to cavitation than in the test group. A linear relationship was observed between plaque MS-score and cavitation, indicating that when plaque MS levels are high, cavitation does easily occur in the control group and vice versa in the test group (p < 0.0001for all variables). CONCLUSION: It could be argued from these findings that a combined preventive-operative method could be applicable not only to treatment of dentinal lesions but also to retard, even prevent, the initial caries on pits and fissures of permanent teeth in rural districts where any other routine dental/preventive care is not feasible, and compliance of the individual's hygiene is inadequate.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Animal cloning by nuclear transfer: state-of-the-art and future perspectives.

Model organisms are essential to study the genetic basis of human diseases. Transgenic mammalian models, especially genetic knock-out mice have catalysed the progress in this area. To continue the advancement, further sophisticated and refined models are crucially needed to study the genetic basis and manifestations of numerous human diseases. Coinciding with the start of the new era of post-genomic research, new tools for establishment of transgenesis, such as nuclear transfer and gene targeting in somatic cells, have become available, offering a unique opportunity for the generation of transgenic animal models. The new technology provides important tools for comparative functional genomics to promote the interpretation and increase the practical value of the data generated in numerous mouse models. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art of the nuclear replacement technology and presents future perspectives.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Communication--a theatre art.

The art of communication is not easy. We communicate with patients by speech, writing, illustrations, gesture, touch and smell, sometimes singly, sometimes all at the same time. The firmness of a handshake carries meaning as clearly as words, in the same way that a smile radiates confidence and friendliness. Good communication carries its own reward: the trust of a patient.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

[Suspension of ART coverage: results of a survey in France].

The objective of the study was to investigate the criteria of patient selection and ART cycle cancellation in public and private fertility centers in France. A specific questionnaire was sent to 105 fertility centers. 81 centers have answered. Age was used as the main selection criteria. Others factors to consider are the number of previous IVF attempts, ovarian response and FSH levels. Less than 10 percent of centers investigate antral follicle count.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Endovascular treatment of carotid disease. The state of the art, technical aspects and occupational training].

AIMS: The aim of this study was to carry out a review of the state of the art in the endovascular treatment of carotid disease, taking into account the findings currently available, its indications, the technical aspects linked to the intervention as well as those related to the occupational training of the specialists involved in performing the technique. DEVELOPMENT: Surgical treatment of carotid artery disease can be of benefit to symptomatic patients with stenoses above 70% and to subgroups of patients with symptomatic stenoses between 50-69%. The benefit of carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients is the object of a great deal of controversy that is concerned with the reduction in risk that is obtained and also the large number of patients to be treated in order to prevent the occurrence of ischaemic events. The endovascular treatment of carotid disease comes to the fore, then, as an alternative to surgical treatment. At the present time, a number of randomised multicentre studies are being conducted that will allow the two techniques to be compared in homogeneous groups of patients. Preliminary data nevertheless seem to suggest that this technique offers a number of benefits, especially in groups of subjects with a high surgical risk, and thus they could allow the indications for revascularisation to be extended. We analyse the technical and medical aspects linked to this procedure, the findings from studies carried out to date, its indications and the occupational training of the specialists involved in performing the technique. CONCLUSIONS: The endovascular treatment of carotid disease constitutes an alternative to surgical treatment in specifically selected patients. The potential increase in its indications is conditioned by the results from the multicentre studies currently being carried out.

Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation↗
PubMed2006

[Our profession--as much an art as a science--Tidsskriftet 1881 - 1906].

The Norwegian journal entitled The Journal of Practical Medicine: (Tidsskrift for praktisk Medicin) was established in 1881. From the eighth volume and onwards, publishing responsibility was taken over by the Norwegian Medical Association. In 1890, the name of the journal was changed to the Journal of The Norwegian Medical Association (Tidsskrift For Den norske laegeforening):, which this year celebrates its 125th anniversary. Why did a new medical journal emerge in the 1880s and why did it survive? How was the journal influenced by its time and how did it itself influence time, profession and field? Investigating the 25 first years of the history of the journal might give us some answers to these questions. The journal was more or less established as a protest against the strong theorisation of medicine and the dominant role of the natural sciences. The aim of the "founding fathers" was, through practical examples, to strengthen the art and practice of medicine. Practical experience is, the editors proclaimed, an essential source of medical knowledge and understanding. Under the auspices of the Medical Association, a new editorial line was established. From now on hygiene and social medicine were highlighted as key issues within medicine. In this the journal reflected dominant traits within society in general. Around 1900 there was an increasing demand for the competence of the professions in solving general problems. Steadily more areas were politicised and theorised. The journal reflected these traits and played an important role in the process of professionalisation and education in citizenship--in raising doctors' attention and responsibility towards societal issues.

Editorial Policies↗
PubMed2006

The state-of-the-art in predictive toxicogenomics.

Predictive toxicogenomics, ie, the acquisition of advanced knowledge of the safety profile of a compound using genomic biomarkers, is a technology that provides much optimism for improving early drug discovery decisions. Toxicogenomics creates an opportunity to shift attrition to earlier stages in drug development to a point where course-corrective action can be taken with relatively lower financial costs, thus improving the efficiency of the drug development process. This review will survey the current state-of-the-art in toxicogenomics for predicting toxicity, both in vivo and in vitro, with emphasis on the use of classification algorithms and the importance of toxicogenomic databases for biomarker discovery and validation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

[PCI: state of the art].

The restenosis issue which has not been resolved during the history of PCI is now being solved by drug eluting stent. In RAVEL trial which is a randomized control trial addressed to simple lesion, the restenosis rate was 0%. In SIRIUS trial addressed to more real world lesions, the restenosis rate was higher (8.9%) than expectation, especially the proximal margin restenosis was high (5.8%). The new trials preventing the edge injury at the deployment could reduce the edge restenosis rate to 2.1%. Because of the drastic decrease of restenosis rate, the indication of PCI is spreading to the lesions whose main problem is the restenosis before the DES era. They are diffuse diseases, small vessel diseases, bifurcation lesions, chronic total occlusions, instent restenosises and left main diseases in which superiority of DES for BMS is reported. Although there are no evidences so far, DES may have higher incidence of subacute and/or late stent thrombosis than BMS. Because the mortality of late stent thrombosis is high, antiplatelet therapy is considered to be continued for longer time. In Japan, because the DES was introduced before the approval of clopidogrel, it was concerned about that incidence of thrombosis would be higher than other countries. In j-Cypher trial, a observational registry trial in Japan, revealed that the subacute thrombosis rate was lower level of the other studies and safety of DES utilization with ticlopidine based antiplatelet regimen. There are no evidences that DES improves the long-term prognosis of the patients with coronary artery disease. Although in terms of the long-term prognosis in multivessel disease, PCI with BMS was comparable to CABG except for DM, ARTS II trial revealed the superior survival rate of DES at 1 year. The results of on going more real world trials are mandatory.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗
PubMed2006

[Unique system for education of medical technology and cytotechnology students at Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts].

For students orienting medical technologist (MT) and cytotechnologist (CT), a peculiar system of education is operated in Department of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts. Forty candidates for MT are selected from 90 students at end of the university first year. They study from lectures and practices specialized in medicine and face another selection at end of the third year. Selected candidates (ten and some in number) will challenge examination for CT license as well as that for MT license in the forth year in "double-license course". Prior to these selections, education for CT is started at the first year in order to clarify suitability of each student as a CT from earlier stage. In parallel, education for basic medical research is opened to all students at the first year for developing another suitability in them. Topics in cytopathology, neuroscience, cellular culture and regenerative medicine are presented to stimulate their interest in graduate school. Kake Educational Institution Cytopathological Center is located in the university campus and provides excellent facility for basic medical research. The university develops talent of students both for MT and CT through license acquisition and basic researcher for modern medicine in collaboration with this research center. The premier group of students under application of this system is active at the third year at present. They understand their own suitability and spend their time in the best manner toward their goal. We are confident that this system activates talent of students without overload.

Cell Biology↗
PubMed2006

[Percutaneous radio frequency thermal ablation of non-resectable lung cancer: state of the art].

BACKGROUND: Unfortunately, as of yet, most lung cancers are not operable as soon as diagnosis is available; in these situations chemo- and radio-therapy still play a key role, albeit palliative, improving survival rate moderately, but are not lacking in toxic effects, especially in case of concurrent pathology, reduced cardio-respiratory functionality or being advanced in years. Therefore thermal ablation mini-invasive techniques, already employed as ancillary treatments of hepatic cancer or in place of surgery, have been performed for these pathologies. AIM: Aim of this work is to define the current state of the art for Radio-Frequency Ablation (RFA) to be performed on non-resectable lung cancer, also by means of a thorough review of international literature, from which to infer purposes, suggestions, methodologies, effectiveness, safety, complications and achievements, also in terms of the possible improvement of life quality and/or survival expectancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients have been carefully selected. Pulmonary nodules have been treated with TC or echo-guided percutaneous thermal ablation and, afterwards, evaluated by radiological and clinical (sometimes histopathological) follow-up. RESULTS: The size of the RFA-treated nodules is necessary in order to evaluate full or partial necrosis extent and, therefore, average survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: Availability of more extensive and homogeneous case histories, as well as standard follow-up (TC and/or histopathological sampling) methodologies, is required. Nevertheless several authors agree that RFA is a safe and effective technique within the framework of a substitutive or complementary treatment of non-operable lung cancer. The best results can be achieved for cancers less than 3 cm wide; RFA, performed before chemo- and/or radio-therapy, plays a neoadjuvant role for larger cancers, decreasing cancer volume and weakening the symptoms.

Catheter Ablation↗